The Treviño Enclave ( ) in northern

Spain Spain, or the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe with territories in North Africa. Featuring the Punta de Tarifa, southernmost point of continental Europe, it is the largest country in Southern Eur ...

is part of the territory of the

province A province is an administrative division within a country or sovereign state, state. The term derives from the ancient Roman , which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire, Roman Empire's territorial possessions ou ...

Burgos Burgos () is a city in Spain located in the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is the capital and most populous municipality of the province of Burgos. Burgos is situated in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, on the confluence of th ...

(part of

Castile and León Castile and León is an Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community in northwestern Spain. Castile and León is the largest autonomous community in Spain by area, covering 94,222 km2. It is, however, sparsely populated, with a pop ...

), but is completely surrounded by the territory of the Basque Country province of

Álava Álava () or Araba (), officially Araba/Álava, is a Provinces of Spain, province of Spain and a historical territory of the Basque Country (autonomous community), Basque Country, heir of the ancient Basque señoríos#Lords of Álava, Lordship ...

. Thus, it is an enclave of the Basque Country and an exclave of

.Visitando La Puebla de Arganzón
''El Correo'' (Bilbao), 2009-12-14. Accessed online 2010-01-01. It consists of two

municipalities A municipality is usually a single administrative division having municipal corporation, corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality' ...

— Condado de Treviño and La Puebla de Arganzón—and is part of the

Judicial district A judicial district or legal district denotes the territorial area for which a legal court (usually a district court) has jurisdiction. By continent Europe Austria In texts concerning Austria Austria, formally the Republic of Aus ...

(''partido judicial'') of Miranda de Ebro in the province of Burgos. The enclave consists of the municipalities of Condado de Treviño, with an area of and a 2009 population of 1,432, giving it a

population density Population density (in agriculture: Standing stock (disambiguation), standing stock or plant density) is a measurement of population per unit land area. It is mostly applied to humans, but sometimes to other living organisms too. It is a key geog ...

of and La Puebla de Arganzón, with an area of and a 2009 population of 529, giving it a

of . This gives the enclave as a whole an area of and a 2009 population of 1,961, for a population density of .

History

La Puebla de Arganzón obtained its founding ''

fuero (), (), (), () or () is a Spanish legal term and concept. The word comes from Latin , an open space used as a market, tribunal and meeting place. The same Latin root is the origin of the French terms and , and the Portuguese terms and ...

s'' from Sancho VI of Navarre ("Sancho el Sabio", "Sancho the Wise") in 1191. The original ''fuero'' of Condado de Treviño is lost, but is believed to have been granted by the same king in 1161. In 1200, it was conquered by

Alfonso VIII Alfonso VIII (11 November 11555 October 1214), called the Noble (El Noble) or the one of Las Navas (el de las Navas), was King of Castile from 1158 to his death and King of Toledo. After having suffered a great defeat with his own army at Alarc ...

of Castile. After Castile conquered Álava, most of the region was left under the relatively egalitarian ''fueros'' typical of the Basque Country. Treviño was not. First a royal

seigneury A seigneur () or lord is an originally feudal system, feudal title in Ancien Régime, France before the French Revolution, Revolution, in New France and British North America until 1854, and in the Channel Islands to this day. The seigneur owne ...

, ''Treviño de Uda'' and its outlying villages were granted in 1366 to the noble .Juan Antonio Quirós Castillo
Informe de la primera campaña de excavación del castillo de Treviño
, Grupo de Investigación en Arqueología Medieval y Postmedieval, Área de Arqueología de la Universidad del País Vasco, p. 13. Accessed online 2010-01-13. In 1453 Diego Gómez Manrique de Lara y Castilla became a count, hence the ''Condado ountyde Treviño''. His son became Duke of Nájera in 1482, a title that continues in the family down to the present day. In the 16th century these Counts of Treviño, Dukes de Nájera since 1593, built a palace at Treviño, which is now the ''ayuntamiento'' (town hall) of the municipality. As a result, Treviño remained closely tied to Castile. The enclave of Treviño was one of the few enclaves preserved in the

1833 territorial division of Spain The 1833 territorial division of Spain divided the country into provinces, in turn classified into "historic regions" ().

, an island of

Old Castile Old Castile ( ) is a historic region of Spain, which had different definitions across the centuries. Its extension was formally defined in the 1833 territorial division of Spain as the sum of the following provinces: Santander (now Cantabria ...

in the midst of Álava. That arrangement of the territory of Spain remains largely in effect today, Eduardo Barrenechea
Los 'gibraltares' de unas regiones en otras: Treviño, Llivia, Rincón de Ademuz...
''

El País (; ) is a Spanish-language daily newspaper in Spain. is based in the capital city of Madrid and it is owned by the Spanish media conglomerate PRISA. It is the second-most circulated daily newspaper in Spain . is the most read newspaper in ...

'', 1983-02-08. Accessed online 2000-12-30. This article comments on the persistence of the 1833 territorial division, in the context of a discussion of the remaining enclaves of various provinces. although the province of Burgos is now part of Castile-León rather than the historic region of Old Castile.

Current status of the enclave

The status of the enclave of Treviño has long been the subject of bitter contention between the autonomous government of Castile and León and the government of the Basque Country, especially the provincial government of Álava.La Junta confía en que un gobierno no nacionalista 'aparque' Treviño
''El Mundo'' (Spain), 2009-03-03. Accessed online 2010-01-04. The drive to integrate the enclave into Álava extends to nearly the whole political spectrum in Álava, such as the regional branch of the right-of-centre PP, who differ with their co-partisans in Burgos on the matter.Inmaculada Ranedo entrevistada en Punto Radio
, lapuebladearganzon.net, 2008-07-01. Accessed online 2010-01-04. Inmaculada Ranedo of the PP, the mayor of Condado de Treviño, as of July 2008 leant toward at least cooperation with Álava, but she chose to let the governments at higher levels sort out the issues linked to its formal status. The inhabitants of the enclave receive many of their services (health, education, etc.) in

Vitoria-Gasteiz Vitoria-Gasteiz (; ; also historically spelled Vittoria in English) is the seat of government and the capital city of the Basque Country (autonomous community), Basque Country and of the provinces of Spain, province of Álava in northern Spain. I ...

, but they pay tax to the Spanish central tax office, and not to the autonomous Basque one, at least since 1833 (new Spanish administrative distribution). During the litigation since the formation of the enclave, its population has unequivocally inclined towards the annexation of Treviño to Álava, as expressed by vote or as demanded by its municipal institutions. In 1940, just after the start of the Francoist regime, a

plebiscite A referendum, plebiscite, or ballot measure is a direct vote by the electorate (rather than their representatives) on a proposal, law, or political issue. A referendum may be either binding (resulting in the adoption of a new policy) or adv ...

in the enclave, conducted by the Civil Government of Burgos, showed 98% support for the integration of Treviño into Álava; however, that was not acted upon. Mariano González Clavero
Partidos políticos en el proceso autonómico de Castilla y León. 1975 - 1983
, 2002 doctoral thesis at the

University of Valladolid The University of Valladolid is a public university located in the city of Valladolid, Valladolid province, autonomous region of Castile and Leon, Spain. Established in the 13th century, it is one of the oldest universities in the world. The ...

, Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. p. 501. This is page 517 of the PDF. Accessed online 2010-01-04. The last popular vote held in the namesake municipality in 1998 supported the celebration of a referendum on the issue, but this was rejected by the Spanish government officials as invalid, "as if it did not exist". The regional council of

has repeatedly rejected local claims.

Language

Many of the local place names in the enclave are of Basque origin, especially in the central and eastern parts.Pedro Uribarrena, Roberto González de Viñaspre: Toponimia en lengua vasca de Marauri (Condado de Trevino)
(In Spanish) The

Basque language Basque ( ; ) is a language spoken by Basques and other residents of the Basque Country (greater region), Basque Country, a region that straddles the westernmost Pyrenees in adjacent parts of northern Spain and southwestern France. Basque ...

is supposed to have been spoken in the enclave up to the late 18th century. As late as 1810, a French civil servant, Eugène Coquebert de Montbret, pinpointed La Puebla as the southernmost Basque-speaking town in Álava on a map showing Basque language boundaries. There is no formal recognition of Basque (official in all of Álava, but not in Treviño).Eva Pons Parera, , in ''Eusko Ikaskuntza'', Donostia-San Sebastián (2008) 73:91, . p. 88 (p. 16 of PDF), including footnote. Accessed online 2010-01-13. An

ikastola An (, plural ) is a type of primary and secondary school in the Basque Autonomous Community, Navarre and (to a much lesser extent) the French Basque Country (see Basque Country) in which pupils are taught either entirely or predominantly in the ...

(Basque language school), Argantzon Ikastola, was created in La Puebla in 2003. The main Basque education journal (''Hik Hasi'') claims an enrollment of children originating from the following locations: Tuyo, Grandival, Añastro, Burgeta, Pangua, Miranda, Araico, San Esteban, and Vitoria, all located in Treviño or surrounding areas. At any rate, local councils have agreed to promote Basque in their towns. According to a 2012 linguistic study 22% of the population can speak Basque, and another 17% understand (but do not speak) the language. Basque is more prevalent among younger people, as 65% of those under 16 are bilingual.Enclave de Treviño. Estudio sociolingüístico 2012

Notes

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trevino enclave Province of Burgos Álava Enclaves and exclaves