The Treaty of Córdoba established Mexican independence from

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at the conclusion of the

Mexican War of Independence The Mexican War of Independence (, 16 September 1810 – 27 September 1821) was an armed conflict and political process resulting in Mexico's independence from the Spanish Empire. It was not a single, coherent event, but local and regional ...

. It was signed on August 24, 1821 in Córdoba, Veracruz, Mexico. The signatories were the head of the Army of the Three Guarantees, Agustín de Iturbide, and, acting on behalf of the Spanish government, ''Jefe Político Superior'' Juan O'Donojú. The treaty has 17 articles, which developed the proposals of the

Plan of Iguala The Plan of Iguala, also known as the Plan of the Three Guarantees ("Plan Trigarante") or Act of Independence of North America, was a revolutionary proclamation promulgated on 24 February 1821, in the final stage of the Mexican War of Independenc ...

. The Treaty is the first document in which Spanish (without authorization) and Mexican officials accept the liberty of what will become the

First Mexican Empire The Mexican Empire (, ) was a constitutional monarchy and the first independent government of Mexico. It was also the only former viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire to establish a monarchy after gaining independence. The empire existed from 18 ...

, but it is not today recognized as the foundational moment, since these ideas are often attributed to the Grito de Dolores (September 16, 1810). The treaty was rejected by the Spanish government, publishing this determination in Madrid on February 13 and 14, 1822.

Objectives

In the treaty, New Spain is recognized as an independent

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, which is defined as " monarchical,

constitution A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity, and commonly determines how that entity is to be governed. When these pri ...

al and moderate." The crown of the Mexican Empire was offered first to Ferdinand VII of Spain. Should he not present himself in Mexico within the time to be determined by the Mexican Cortes (

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) to take the oath of office, the crown would then be offered in sequence to his brothers, the Infantes Carlos and Francisco, and their nephew, Duke Charles Louis or another individual of a

royal house A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a monarchy, monarchical system, but sometimes also appearing in republics. A dynasty may also be referred to as a "house", "family" or "clan", among others. H ...

, whom the Cortes would determine. In the case that none of these accept the crown, the treaty then established that Cortes could designate a new king without specifying if the person needed to belong to a European royal house. The idea in this last clause had not been considered in the Plan of Iguala, and was added by Iturbide to leave open the possibility of his taking the crown. At the same time, O'Donojú, as captain general and ''jefe político superior'', had no authority to sign such a treaty, but was interested in preserving Mexico for the Spanish royal family, and probably signed without considering that Iturbide might have designs on the crown.

Signing and consequences

On September 27, 1821, the Army of the Three Guarantees entered triumphantly into

Mexico City Mexico City is the capital city, capital and List of cities in Mexico, largest city of Mexico, as well as the List of North American cities by population, most populous city in North America. It is one of the most important cultural and finan ...

and on the following day, the

Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire Declaration may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Literature * Declaration (book), ''Declaration'' (book), a self-published electronic pamphlet by Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri * The Declaration (novel), ''The Declaration'' (novel), a 2 ...

was widely known. Shortly after, Iturbide suggested to offer the Mexican throne to a member of the

House of Bourbon The House of Bourbon (, also ; ) is a dynasty that originated in the Kingdom of France as a branch of the Capetian dynasty, the royal House of France. Bourbon kings first ruled France and Kingdom of Navarre, Navarre in the 16th century. A br ...

(most likely to Ferdinand VII) but all attempts and offers had failed. Therefore, the Mexican Congress elected a Mexican monarch the following year. Iturbide was proclaimed emperor of Mexico on May 18, 1822. The monarchy lasted three years, and after the republican revolution of Casa Mata, the Congress no longer considered the Plan of Iguala or Treaty of Córdoba in effect.Muñoz Saldaña, Rafael (2009), p. 162

References

External links

Treaty of Córdoba and other relevant documents
(English & Spanish versions) {{DEFAULTSORT:Treaty of Cordoba Cordoba * . Cordoba Cordoba 1821 in Mexico 1821 in New Spain 1821 in Spain Cordoba Cordoba, Treaty of 1821 in Nueva California 1820s in Mexico Mexico–Spain relations Córdoba, Veracruz August 1821

Objectives

Signing and consequences

See also

References

External links