Tornado Outbreak Sequence Of June 20–26, 2023
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On June 20, a sequence of multiple severe weather events and tornado outbreaks began across large portions of the
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,
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, and
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as well as
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and
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in
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. This included a historic outbreak of 37 tornadoes in
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on June 21. A slow moving trough interacted with extremely high moisture and atmospheric instability to produce favorable conditions for supercells. Large hail and damaging winds accompanied a multi-day tornado risk which produced multiple strong tornadoes, including a destructive high-end EF3 tornado that killed 4 people in
Matador, Texas Matador is a town in and the county seat of Motley County, Texas, United States. Its population was 569 at the 2020 census. In 1891, it was established by and named for the Matador Ranch. It is located east of Lubbock, Texas. History The M ...
on June 21, and another EF3 tornado south of
Granada, Colorado Granada is a statutory town in Prowers County, Colorado, United States. The town population was 445 at the 2020 United States census. History A post office called Granada has been in operation since 1873. The community most likely takes its ...
on June 23. Multiple EF2 tornadoes touched down from
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to
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on June 25. Reports of power outages, wind damage, hail damage, and tornadic damage accumulated across the affected region. In all, five people died from tornadoes, and three other non-tornadic deaths also occurred. Over 120 people were injured as well.


Meteorological synopsis

On the heels of another tornado outbreak sequence, a second tornado outbreak sequence began on June 20 with a few weak tornadoes in
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and
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. On June 21, strong southwesterly winds associated with a large upper-level
trough Trough may refer to: In science * Trough (geology), a long depression less steep than a trench * Trough (meteorology), an elongated region of low atmospheric pressure * Trough (physics), the lowest point on a wave * Trough level (medicine), the l ...
over the
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began overspreading central portions of the country. The
Storm Prediction Center The Storm Prediction Center (SPC) is a US government agency that is part of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), operating under the control of the National Weather Service (NWS), which in turn is part of the National Oceani ...
(SPC) issued a bimodal level 3/Enhanced risk, one encompassing the tri-state region of Wyoming, Colorado, and Nebraska, and the second stretching from the Texas/Oklahoma panhandles into
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. To the south, an extraordinarily moist environment with
dewpoint The dew point is the temperature the air needs to be cooled to (at constant pressure) in order to produce a relative humidity of 100%. This temperature depends on the pressure and water content of the air. When the air at a temperature above the ...
s in the mid-70s °F over the spread area. High moisture combined with daytime heating resulted in an unstable airmass characterized by mixed-layer convective available potential energy (CAPE) in excess of 4,500 J/kg. Favorable wind shear overspread this environment, while the combination of
outflow Outflow may refer to: *Capital outflow, the capital leaving a particular economy *Bipolar outflow, in astronomy, two continuous flows of gas from the poles of a star * Outflow (hydrology), the discharge of a lake or other reservoir system *Outflow ...
from morning storms and a nearby
dry line A dry line (also called a dew point line, or Marfa front, after Marfa, Texas) is a line across a continent that separates moist air and dry air. One of the most prominent examples of such a separation occurs in central North America, especially ...
became the focal point for thunderstorm development. A broken line of
supercell A supercell is a thunderstorm characterized by the presence of a mesocyclone, a deep, persistently rotating updraft. Due to this, these storms are sometimes referred to as rotating thunderstorms. Of the four classifications of thunderstorms (su ...
s developed from Kansas southward into Texas, contributing to large hail, damaging winds, and a few tornadoes. An especially intense tornado moved through western sections of
Matador, Texas Matador is a town in and the county seat of Motley County, Texas, United States. Its population was 569 at the 2020 census. In 1891, it was established by and named for the Matador Ranch. It is located east of Lubbock, Texas. History The M ...
, killing four people and causing major damage. To the north across Colorado, Wyoming, and Nebraska, storms similarly developed along remnant outflow. Although low-level shear was weak, this outflow enhanced shear in the immediate vicinity of storms, resulting in numerous tornadoes that over largely open country. A total of 37 tornadoes touched down in Colorado that day, 27 of which were spawned by a single slow-moving supercell near
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. A less active day occurred on June 22, although sporadic severe weather occurred across the Southern Plains, including a few brief tornado touchdowns in Colorado and Wyoming. This included a rain-wrapped EF1 tornado that moved through the
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suburb of
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. On June 23, the focal point for active weather shifted northward into eastern Wyoming and
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, where the SPC outlined a level 3/Enhanced risk. Stronger wind shear associated with an approaching
shortwave trough A shortwave or shortwave trough is an embedded kink in the trough / ridge pattern. Its length scale is much smaller than that of and is embedded within longwaves, which are responsible for the largest scale (synoptic scale) weather systems. Sho ...
overspread an unstable airmass with mixed-layer CAPE upwards of 2,500 J/kg. Through the afternoon, convection developed along the Laramie and
Bighorn The bighorn sheep (''Ovis canadensis'') is a species of sheep native to North America. It is named for its large horns. A pair of horns may weigh up to ; the sheep typically weigh up to . Recent genetic testing indicates three distinct subspeci ...
mountains, and along a
warm front Warm, WARM, or Warmth may refer to: * A somewhat high temperature; heat * Kindness Music Albums * ''Warm'' (Herb Alpert album), 1969 * ''Warm'' (Jeff Tweedy album), 2018 * ''Warm'' (Johnny Mathis album), 1958, and the title song * ''Warm'' ( ...
/outflow boundary across Wyoming and Nebraska. A few supercells evolved in this region, particularly later into the afternoon as low-level shear increased, producing large hail and numerous tornadoes, some of which were strong. This included an EF2 tornado that injured eight workers at the North Antelope Rochelle Mine in
Campbell County, Wyoming Campbell County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 47,026, making it the third-most populous county in Wyoming. Its county seat is Gillette. Campbell County comprises the Gillette, ...
. With time, outflow from ongoing convection merged, leading to a line of storms that pushed eastward. Farther south in southeastern Colorado and western Kansas, more isolated but significant supercells developed along a dryline and in an area of strong
orographic lift Orographic lift occurs when an air mass is forced from a low elevation to a higher elevation as it moves over rising terrain. As the air mass gains altitude it quickly cools down adiabatically, which can raise the relative humidity to 100% and cr ...
. These highly structured cells moved east in a favorable environment, producing large hail and long-lived, photogenic tornadoes, including an EF3 tornado that completely destroyed a farmstead near
Granada, Colorado Granada is a statutory town in Prowers County, Colorado, United States. The town population was 445 at the 2020 United States census. History A post office called Granada has been in operation since 1873. The community most likely takes its ...
. On June 24, the risk area shifted deeper into the
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. A
low-pressure area In meteorology, a low-pressure area (LPA), low area or low is a region where the atmospheric pressure is lower than that of surrounding locations. It is the opposite of a high-pressure area. Low-pressure areas are commonly associated with incle ...
tracked across southeastern North Dakota during the afternoon, supporting a warm front across northern Minnesota. Modest CAPE of 1,500 J/kg combined with strong shear along the boundary fostered low-topped convection and multiple tornadoes, including a strong EF2 tornado near
Mahnomen, Minnesota Mahnomen ( ) is a city in Mahnomen County, Minnesota, United States, along the Wild Rice River. The population was 1,240 at the 2020 census. It is the seat of Mahnomen County. U.S. Highway 59 and Minnesota State Highway 200 are two of the ...
. To the south, combined clusters of convection produced sporadic damaging winds across Iowa and Illinois. An expansive level 3/Enhanced risk encompassed much of the Ohio River Valley and Mid-South on June 25. The greatest threat for potentially strong tornadoes was focused across Indiana, Ohio, and Kentucky. Here, the environment rapidly destabilized amid daytime heating, CAPE upwards of 2,000 J/kg, and the approach of an upper-level trough. An arcing band of supercells quickly developed by midday along a pseudo-dryline feature, producing very large hail and multiple strong tornadoes. To the north across Michigan, a line of convection in a more marginal environment produced sporadic damaging winds. Across the Southeastern United States, a moist and unstable environment devoid of strong low-level shear aided a long-lived
mesoscale convective system A mesoscale convective system (MCS) is a complex of thunderstorms that becomes organized on a scale larger than the individual thunderstorms but smaller than extratropical cyclones, and normally persists for several hours or more. A mesoscale conv ...
that produced widespread damaging winds as well. Multiple rounds of linear convection contributed to additional severe reports through the evening. The threat for severe weather shifted eastward into the
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on June 26, where the SPC issued a broad level 3/Enhanced risk stretching from The Carolinas into Pennsylvania and New Jersey. An area of low pressure moved across Michigan and supported a
cold front A cold front is the leading edge of a cooler mass of air at ground level that replaces a warmer mass of air and lies within a pronounced surface Trough (meteorology), trough of Low-pressure area, low pressure. It often forms behind an extratropica ...
across the Ohio River Valley. To the east, a pre-frontal trough also developed along the
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. Mixed-layer CAPE of 1,000-2,500 J/kg and dewpoints in excess of across a wide region were forecast to materialize. However, diurnal heating was at least somewhat hampered by multiple rounds of convection and widespread cloudiness through the morning hours. Clusters of storms developed throughout the region ahead of the cold front, contributing to numerous instances of damaging winds and a few tornadoes as far north as
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until they began to weaken with the loss of daytime heating or pushed offshore beyond the coastline.


Confirmed tornadoes


June 20 event


June 21 event


June 22 event


June 23 event


June 24 event


June 25 event


June 26 event


Matador, Texas

This intense and destructive tornado touched down along CR 205 to the north-northwest of Matador and tracked due-south at EF2 strength, snapping multiple power poles and trees. The tornado turned in a more south-southeastward direction and rapidly intensified to high-end EF3 intensity near FM 94 just northwest of Matador. A house was swept completely away in this area with only its basement left behind, where a family of three survived as the house was swept away above them. Two vehicles parked at this residence were thrown long distances and were never located, while a third was found hundreds of yards away. A large metal canopy on the property was also destroyed, and trees near the residence were uprooted and significantly debarked. The tornado then moved south through an open field, producing a swath of ground scouring before it destroyed two homes near SH 70 as it entered the far northwestern outskirts of Matador. A truck was thrown over 200 feet from one home and was mangled beyond recognition, two more homes near Pipkin Street had their roofs torn off, extreme debarking of trees was observed in this area, and damage along this segment of the path was rated mid-range EF3. The tornado reached high-end EF3 intensity again as it continued due-south, completely destroying multiple buildings at the intersection of
US 62 U.S. Route 62 or U.S. Highway 62 (US 62) is an east–west United States Highway in the southern and northeastern United States. It runs from the Mexican border at El Paso, Texas, to Niagara Falls, New York, near the Canadian bo ...
and SH 70 at the west edge of town. A two-story brick home and several nearby outbuildings were completely swept away near Stewart Avenue, and another brick home was flattened at the intersection of Dundee Avenue and Echols Road. Several other homes in this area were significantly damaged and multiple vehicles were rolled and mangled, one of which had a metal pole driven into it. A tractor-trailer was tossed as well, and debris was strewn throughout this area. A recently built, metal-framed
Dollar General Dollar General Corporation is an American chain of discount stores headquartered in Goodlettsville, Tennessee. As of January 8, 2024, Dollar General operated 19,643 stores in the contiguous United States and Mexico. The company began in 1939 in ...
store on the south side of US 62 was completely leveled at high-end EF3 intensity, with its beams twisted and bolted anchor plates torn from the building's concrete foundation. Concrete parking bollards at this location were snapped at ground-level as well, and a semi-truck was torn from its chassis and destroyed, killing the driver. Two convenience stores to the east of the Dollar General store were damaged, and a restaurant and motel were both partially destroyed. A small house and several metal buildings were completely destroyed nearby, one of which had sections of its tile floor removed. Trees in this area were again debarked, some of which were torn of out the ground by their root balls. An RV was thrown and a power substation was partially collapsed as well, leaving 99% of the town without electricity. Past the intersection, the tornado maintained high-end EF3 strength as it paralleled SH 70 and kept moving south, causing major damage at the southwest edge of town. A home was completely leveled and mostly swept from its foundation, and large trees were completely debarked and stripped of their branches nearby. Several other houses suffered major structural damage, and a large metal outbuilding was completely swept off its foundation. A truck was thrown and had its Ford Power Stroke engine ripped out, which was tossed into a pond. A livestock trailer was thrown as well, and debris from destroyed buildings was scattered across fields. The tornado started to weaken and began moving in a more south-southeasterly direction as it crossed SH 70, where it destroyed a guyed 500-foot (150 m) tall radio tower and caused additional major tree damage. A house near the highway was destroyed, and damage in this area was rated low-end EF3. Some ground scouring was observed in this area, and multiple fence posts, power poles, light poles, and signs were blown to the ground along the highway as well. The tornado then weakened rapidly and turned further to the southeast, inflicting minor damage to a house and a barn before it dissipated in a nearby field. In total, four people were killed and 15 others were injured by the tornado. One of the four people killed by the tornado was first reported as injured and later died at a local hospital.


Controversy

The tornado caused several
meteorologists A meteorologist is a scientist who studies and works in the field of meteorology aiming to understand or predict Earth's atmosphere of Earth, atmospheric phenomena including the weather. Those who study meteorological phenomena are meteorologists ...
and scientists to pose questions regarding the tornado, including issues with the tornado sirens and the finalized EF3 rating on the
Enhanced Fujita scale The Enhanced Fujita scale (abbreviated EF-Scale) is a scale that rates tornado intensity based on the severity of the damage a tornado causes. It is used in the United States and France, among other countries. The EF scale is also unofficially ...
.
National Weather Service The National Weather Service (NWS) is an Government agency, agency of the Federal government of the United States, United States federal government that is tasked with providing weather forecasts, warnings of hazardous weather, and other weathe ...
meteorologist James LaDue stated the local tornado sirens for Matador did not activate until the tornado was already destroying homes in northwestern portion of the town. This only gave four-minutes or less of lead time to residents in the town to take shelter. There was also controversy regarding the tornado's rating of EF3, with some meteorologists and storm chasers saying it was "a gross underestimate of such a violent tornado", as it completely leveled and swept away multiple structures and produced extreme contextual damage to vehicles and vegetation.
Mechanical engineer Mechanical may refer to: Machine * Machine (mechanical), a system of mechanisms that shape the actuator input to achieve a specific application of output forces and movement * Mechanical calculator, a device used to perform the basic operations o ...
Ethan Moriarty stated with regards to the extreme vehicle damage that "the problem is that we can't really go outside of the confines of the scale"..."that's the thing with standards like this. You have to stay consistent, even if they are limiting the actual classification of the tornado". One issue with the Enhanced Fujita scale stated by Moriarty is that vehicles are not a specific damage indicator on the scale, meaning they cannot be used to rate the tornado. In addition, the tornado was slow moving, which may have exacerbated the severity of the damage. Chief meteorologist for
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David Payne stated the damage in Matador, "looks like EF4 damage to me".


Non-tornadic events


Great Plains

On June 21, a
downburst In meteorology, a downburst is a strong downward and outward gushing wind system that emanates from a point source above and blows radially, that is, in straight lines in all directions from the area of impact at surface level. It originate ...
produced estimated winds of near Selfridge, North Dakota. A manufactured home was completely destroyed with debris strewn downstream. One person was injured. That day, a person was killed in
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due to a lightning strike. Around 9:30 p.m. MDT, a hailstorm impacted the
Red Rocks Amphitheatre Red Rocks Amphitheatre (also known colloquially as simply Red Rocks) is an open-air amphitheater in the Western United States, western United States near Morrison, Colorado, approximately southwest of Denver. It is owned and operated by the c ...
in the
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during a concert. Hailstones up to in diameter pelted concertgoers and accumulated several inches deep in the stands. Three acts were scheduled that night with the second being delayed 15 minutes prior to the storm's arrival. Attendees did not seek shelter until a warning to do so was given 3 minutes before the hail started. Nearly 100 people were injured, with injuries ranging from cuts and bruises to broken bones, as they were unable to get indoors or to their cars in time; 8 people required hospitalization. An employee described people as having
panic attack Panic attacks are sudden periods of intense fear and Comfort, discomfort that may include palpitations, otherwise defined as a Tachycardia, rapid, Arrhythmia, irregular Heart rate, heartbeat, Hyperhidrosis, sweating, chest pain or discomfort, s ...
s and other workers being frozen and unable to act. Numerous cars were damaged in the venue's parking lot. Severe weather that night forced a
Major League Soccer Major League Soccer (MLS) is a professional Association football, soccer league in North America and the highest level of the United States soccer league system. It comprises 30 teams, with 27 in the United States and 3 in Canada, and is sanc ...
game between the
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and
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to be postponed. The storm also caused one fatality due to flooding in
Arapahoe County, Colorado Arapahoe County ( ) is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, its population was 655,070, making it the third-most populous county in Colorado. The county seat is Littleton, Colorado, L ...
.


Southeastern United States

The same supercell that produced the EF3 Matador tornado also produced destructive winds and hail, with gusts measured up to in Jayton and hailstones exceeding in diameter. Sustained winds in Jayton were also measured up to . At least 900 people were left without power from the storm. A powerful thunderstorm impacted the
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area, leaving roughly 324,000 customers without power. A narrow area of hurricane-force winds impacted
George Bush Intercontinental Airport George Bush Intercontinental Airport is an international airport in Houston, Texas, United States, serving the Greater Houston metropolitan area. Initially named Houston Intercontinental Airport upon its opening in 1969, it was renamed in ho ...
where a record gust of was observed. This surpassed the airport's previous highest gust of during
Hurricane Ike Hurricane Ike () was a powerful tropical cyclone that swept through portions of the Greater Antilles and Northern America in September 2008, wreaking havoc on infrastructure and agriculture, particularly in Cuba and Texas. Ike took a sim ...
in 2008. On June 25, widespread damaging winds left almost 150,000 customers without power in Arkansas. Two people were killed in
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when a tree fell on their home and one person was injured in another incident.
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declared a state of emergency on June 26. Severe storms in Georgia left approximately 300,000 people without power. One person was killed in northern
Atlanta Atlanta ( ) is the List of capitals in the United States, capital and List of municipalities in Georgia (U.S. state), most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia. It is the county seat, seat of Fulton County, Georg ...
when a tree fell on him. Two people were injured in Cherokee County. At Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, the storms prompted the cancellation of 86 flights and delayed an additional 57 flights. The combination of heavy rain and winds caused trees to fall at the North Georgia Wildlife Park in White County; several animal enclosures required repairs. A macroburst impacted
Madison County, Kentucky Madison County is a county located in the central part of the U.S. state of Kentucky. At the 2020 census, its population was 92,701. Its county seat is Richmond. The county is named for Virginia statesman James Madison, who later became the f ...
, with damage spanning an area wide and long. Maximum winds were estimated at . Numerous trees were snapped or uprooted and many barns and homes suffered roof damage. Winds of affected parts of
Bullitt County Bullitt County is a county located in the north central portion of the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2020 census, the population was 82,217. Its county seat is Shepherdsville. The county was founded in 1796. Located just south of the city ...
. Straight-line winds of impacted
Floyd County, Indiana Floyd County is a County (United States), county located in the U.S. state of Indiana. Its county seat is New Albany, Indiana, New Albany. The population of the county was 80,484 as of the 2020 United States census. Floyd County has the second- ...
, with a barn having its roof torn off and thrown downstream.


Northeastern United States

On June 26, heavy rain led to flash flooding in
New Jersey New Jersey is a U.S. state, state located in both the Mid-Atlantic States, Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States, Northeastern regions of the United States. Located at the geographic hub of the urban area, heavily urbanized Northeas ...
, with rainfall peaking at in Paterson. Over 16,000 customers in New Jersey lost power due to the storms. In the
Lehigh Valley The Lehigh Valley () is a geography, geographic and urban area, metropolitan region formed by the Lehigh River in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, Lehigh and Northampton County, Pennsylvania, Northampton counties in eastern Pennsylvania. It is a co ...
, rainfall totals were in the range, leading to 3,300 power outages. Rainfall totals reached in the state of
Delaware Delaware ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic and South Atlantic states, South Atlantic regions of the United States. It borders Maryland to its south and west, Pennsylvania to its north, New Jersey ...
. The storm led to over 500 flights delayed and 300 flights cancelled at
Newark Liberty International Airport Newark Liberty International Airport is a major international airport serving the New York metropolitan area. The airport straddles the boundary between the cities of Newark, New Jersey, Newark in Essex County, New Jersey, Essex County and E ...
, as well as ground stops at both
LaGuardia Airport LaGuardia Airport ( ) – colloquially known as LaGuardia or simply LGA – is a civil airport in East Elmhurst, Queens, East Elmhurst, Queens, New York City, situated on the North Shore (Long Island), northwestern shore of Long Island, bord ...
and
John F. Kennedy International Airport John F. Kennedy International Airport is a major international airport serving New York City and its metropolitan area. JFK Airport is located on the southwestern shore of Long Island, in Queens, New York City, bordering Jamaica Bay. It is ...
. In total, over 7,000 flights were delayed due to severe weather, with 811 flights being cancelled, on June 26. Flooding also resulted in
U.S. Route 9 U.S. Route 9 (US 9) is a north–south United States Numbered Highway in the states of Delaware, New Jersey, and New York in the Northeastern United States. It is one of only two U.S. Highways with a ferry connection (the Cape May–Le ...
shutting down in Latham Circle.
Major League Baseball Major League Baseball (MLB) is a professional baseball league composed of 30 teams, divided equally between the National League (baseball), National League (NL) and the American League (AL), with 29 in the United States and 1 in Canada. MLB i ...
suspended a baseball game at
Camden Yards Oriole Park at Camden Yards, commonly known as Camden Yards, is a ballpark in Baltimore, Maryland. It is the home of Major League Baseball (MLB)'s Baltimore Orioles, and the first of the Baseball park#Retro-classic ballparks, "retro" major le ...
for two hours due to the storms.Jordan Westburg solid in his rainy debut as the Orioles rout the Reds 10-3
ESPN, June 27, 2023


See also

*
List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks These are some notable tornadoes, tornado outbreaks, and tornado outbreak sequences that have occurred in North America. #''The listing is U.S.-centric, with greater and more consistent information available for U.S. tornadoes. Some North America ...
* Weather of 2023 *
Tornadoes of 2023 This is a list of notable tornadoes and tornado outbreaks worldwide in 2023. Strong, destructive tornadoes form most frequently in the United States, Argentina, Brazil, Bangladesh and East India, but can occur almost anywhere. Tornadoes develop o ...
* List of United States tornadoes in June 2023 * Tornado outbreak of June 18–22, 2011


Notes


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:2023-06-20 Tornado Outbreak Tornado outbreaks in the United States Tornadoes in Arkansas Tornadoes in Colorado Tornadoes in Iowa Tornadoes in Idaho Tornadoes in Indiana Tornadoes in Kansas Tornadoes in Kentucky Tornadoes in Louisiana Tornadoes in Minnesota Tornadoes in Nebraska Tornadoes in New Jersey Tornadoes in North Carolina Tornadoes in North Dakota Tornadoes in Oklahoma Tornadoes in Pennsylvania Tornadoes in South Dakota Tornadoes in Texas Tornadoes in Wyoming F3, EF3 and IF3 tornadoes Tornado, 20