Tomás Fernández De Medrano

Tomás Fernández de Medrano (16th century — 1616) was a high ranking Spanish nobleman from Entrena, and a prominent advisor, statesman, diplomat and courtier of Philip II and Philip III of Spain. He also served as a counselor and Secretary of State and War for Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, and Princess Catherine Micaela of Spain. Later, he served in the same capacity for the Princes of Savoy. Medrano was appointed Mayor, Divisero, Chief Magistrate and Lord of Valdeosera in San Román de Cameros, along with the ''divisa'' of Regajal. He was also a Knight in the Sovereign Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, manager for the Grand Prior of Castilla San Juan, and The Most Reverend Master and Patron of the convent of Saint John of Acre in Salinas de Añana. In addition to his other roles, Medrano was the Secretary of the Holy Chapters and Assemblies of Castile. He also served for eight years under Enrique de Guzmán, 2nd Count of Olivares, and as secretary to Prince Giovanni Andrea Doria, from 1579 to 1581. In 1605, he translated and printed a brief from Pope Paul V in Latin and Spanish for King Philip III of Spain and the Order of Saint John.

He became a key figure in the political affairs of the Duchy of Savoy and the Kings of Spain. Medrano, a philosopher and humanist, is best known for authoring the political treatise ''República Mista'', published at the royal press in 1602 by Juan Flamenco in Madrid, dedicated to the 1st Duke of Lerma, the first ''valido'' of Spain under Philip III.

Early life and family background

Tomás Fernández de Medrano, son of Juan Fernández de Medrano, was born in Entrena, La Rioja.Tomás Fernández de Medrano, consejero y secretario de Estado y Guerra de los Duques de Saboya, divisero del Solar de Valdeosera, por D. Luis Pinillos Lafuente, divisero de Valdeosera. https://cuadernosdeayala.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/CAyala-87.pdf His father Juan Fernández de Medrano is recorded in a document dated October 20, 1589, stating:

Tomás Fernández de Medrano, Secretary to the Duke of Savoy, and his brothers, sons of Juan Fernández de Medrano, with the Velillas of Entrena.

Medrano, a nobleman from the House of Medrano, traces his lineage to the esteemed lordship and estate of Valdeosera in La Rioja, linked to the Battle of Clavijo, as well as to Almarza de Cameros, a lordship governed by the descendants of Diego López de Medrano y Zúñiga. The Medrano family’s presence in La Rioja dates back to the 11th century. The presence of a castle and lion on the coat of arms of the municipality of Medrano, La Rioja—alongside the goshawk on the Medrano family crest—indicates an ancient and noble lineage. Traditionally, such symbols were associated with individuals of royal descent.

Tomás Fernández de Medrano resided at the royal court of Spain. A distinguished figure of the Spanish nobility, Tomás belonged to one of the most prominent families of jurists serving the Spanish monarchy throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. Status and influence became increasingly tied to proximity to the sovereign, court patronage, and administrative roles, rather than independent territorial rule.

Education

In his ''República Mista'' (1602), Medrano states that he studied mathematics under Christoph Clavius, the Jesuit mathematician and architect of the Gregorian calendar reform. He invokes Clavius specifically when criticizing the errors of judicial astrology, citing his mathematical training to distinguish legitimate science from superstition.

Coat of arms

The coat of arms of Tomás Fernández de Medrano, Lord of Valdeosera, combines the grand shield of Valdeosera (outer shield) with the heraldic arms of the House of Medrano (inner shield). The escutcheon of Medrano is described as follows:

* a shield divided vertically down the middle. The first quarter features a gules field with an argent hollow cross fleury. The second quarter has an argent field with a sable bend running diagonally from corner to corner, bordered in gules and adorned with eight argent crosses of St. Andrew.

Additionally, the badge of Valdeosera features the Latin script "''Let us praise glorious men and our ancestors in their generations''."

Marriage and offspring

Tomás Fernández de Medrano was married to Isabel Ibáñez de Sandoval, a relative of Francisco de Sandoval y Rojas, 1st Duke of Lerma. Isabel was the daughter of María, a lady-in-waiting to Princess Catalina Micaela of Spain, wife of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy. As Secretary of State and War to the Duke and Princess, Medrano's close proximity to the Savoyard court enabled him to see Isabel frequently, eventually leading to their marriage.

The 1st Duke of Lerma requested from the King to grant a financial amount to Isabel Ibáñez de Sandoval, who became a widow before her first marriage was consummated, so that she can remarry. On 8 December 1594, the Duke of Lerma already said that Tomás Fernández de Medrano was arranged to marry Isabel de Sandoval from the chamber of the Infanta, his wife. Tomás Fernández de Medrano and Isabel Ibáñez de Sandoval married in 1595. On 24 April 1596 the Duke of Savoy confirmed this: Tomás Fernández de Medrano married Doña Isabel de Sandoval''.'

Isabel de Sandoval's sister Magdalena de Sandoval was the governess of the children of Cristóbal Gómez de Sandoval, 1st Duke of Uceda, first-born son of Francisco de Sandoval, 1st Duke of Lerma. Medrano's wife Isabel de Sandoval was also related to Gaspar Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán y Sandoval, 9th Duke of Medina Sidonia, his mother Juana de Sandoval was a daughter of the 1st Duke of Lerma, and his sister Luisa de Guzmán y Sandoval married to the newly proclaimed king John IV of Portugal.

Children

Tomas Fernandez de Medrano and Isabel de Sandoval had two children:
* Juan Fernández de Medrano y Sandoval (b. 1595), first born son, heir and friar at San Prudencio de Monte Laturce.
* Ana María Fernández de Medrano y Sandoval (b. 1608), Lady-in-waiting to Queen Isabel de Borbón. Ana Maria married Rodrigo Martínez de Fresneda, knight of the Order of Montesa. Fray Juan declared his sister, Ana María Fernández de Medrano y Sandoval, as universal heir.

Ana María Fernández de Medrano y Sandoval

When his daughter, Ana María Fernández de Medrano y Sandoval, a Lady-in-waiting for Queen Elisabeth of France, Queen of Spain, married the knight Don Rodrigo Martínez de Fresneda, Juan de Urbina, one of the witnesses involved in the proceedings, wrote:

heyasked if he knew the parents of Doña Ana Maria de Medrano. He replied that he met Tomás Fernández de Medrano while serving the Duke of Savoy, wearing the habit of Saint John of Jerusalem, despite being married, out of devotion (...) indicating that if he were not of clean and noble birth, he could not have her. He also mentioned that Doña Isabel Ibáñez de Sandoval was treated as a debt by the Duke of Lerma, who recommended her to the Duke of Savoy to grant her a favor, as she was part of the Duchess's chamber.

Juan Fernández de Medrano y Sandoval

His son Juan Fernández de Medrano y Sandoval's will is preserved in the notarial protocols of the Provincial Historical Archive of La Rioja. Consequently, the monastery where Fray Juan Fernandez de Medrano had entered was far from being just another monastery. He was a novice at the monastery of San Prudencio de Monte Laturce of the Order of St. Bernard of Cistercians, in the diocese of Calahorra.

Early career

In his early career, Medrano served in Genoa, Rome, and wherever his services were required. A letter from 1607, in the name of Tomás Fernández de Medrano, describes at least 30 years of service to the Spanish Monarchy:

His Majesty and his ministers are well aware of the services he has rendered, by sea and land, in peace and war, over the past thirty years. He has always been diligent and conscientious in his posts, and remains so.

Secretary for Giovanni Andrea Doria, Marquis of Torrilla (1579-1581)

Medrano served on the galleys of Genoa for about two years (1579-1581) as a secretary to Marquis of Torilla Giovanni Andrea Doria, adoptive son of the great Genoese admiral Andrea Doria (his great-uncle). More specifically, in one of his memorials, Tomás, regarding his time on the galleys, says that:

I spent some years at sea, near Prince Andrea Doria, with an armada, hunting and capturing enemy vessels.

Corsair warfare was one of the usual tasks of the knights of Saint John, whose operations base in the Mediterranean was Malta. Their corsair campaigns were usually against Barbary pirates. The Barbary pirates frequently attacked Corsica, resulting in many Genoese towers being constructed. By policing the Mediterranean, they augmented the assumed responsibility of the traditional protectors of the Mediterranean, the naval city states of Venice and Genoa.

In the service of the Lord Count of Olivares in Rome (1582-1590)

Medrano formed a strong relationship with Enrique de Guzmán, 2nd Count of Olivares during the time he spent in Rome from 1582 to 1590. Enrique de Guzmán, 2nd Count of Olivares was the father of the most famous Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares, a favorite of Philip IV. The Count of Olivares had served as an ambassador to the Holy See between 1582 and 1591, and Tomás had served with him during that time, occupied serving the Count of Olivares in Rome for eight years (1582 to 1590) in the papers of that embassy.

The relationship Medrano maintained with the father of the Count-Duke is deduced from the fact that he was the only one who responded positively to Carlos Manuel's demands, granting Medrano an allocation of 2,000 escudos.53. Duke of Savoy to the Count of Olivares, March 13, 1595, Licenciado Salinas, Sumario..., 1601.

Secretary of State and War for the Dukes of Savoy (1591–1598)

The most important position Medrano held was that of Secretary of State and War for the Dukes of Savoy. His appointment corresponds to 1 August 1591, a few years after the marriage of Princess Catalina Micaela of Spain and the Duke of Savoy. A confirmation of the appointment made on 1 May 1594, at the request of the secretary himself, "because the title he held as secretary had been lost," is still preserved.

Appointment as Secretary of State and War

In a formal letter dated 1 May 1594, Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, praised Medrano as a man of "virtue, prudence, fidelity, secrecy, and skill" in matters of state.''Nombramiento como secretario de Estado y Guerra'', 1 May 1594, Licenciado Salinas, Sumario..., 1601 The Duke emphasized that individuals entrusted with critical diplomatic and military responsibilities must be selected not only for their competence but also for their loyalty and discretion.

He stated that Medrano had proven himself in various assignments, including delicate missions near the Duke's person and in service to the King of Spain. Acknowledging Medrano's long-standing service, the Duke reaffirmed his appointment as Secretary of State and War for Spanish affairs entrusted to Savoy, granting him the full honors, privileges, and benefits associated with the position.

The Duke of Savoy commanded his council of the household, and in particular to the majordomo in service, that without any objection, the ordinary ration be given to Tomás Fernández de Medrano from the beginning of the year, for him and two servants, and to ensure that there are no interruptions. He ordered General Gromis to assign the ration immediately. In addition, the Duke of Savoy paid fifty gold Spanish escudo per month for his maintenance near the Duke's person, paid in the Spanish Infantry, effective from 1 August 1591.

Background

On 1 August 1591 Medrano assumed the significant role of serving as an intermediary between King Philip II of Spain and Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, stationed in Turin. This role was not merely symbolic; Medrano's presence in Turin held vital importance for the relationship between the Monarch of Spain and Savoy, with Spain's protection crucial for the survival of the Duchy. Given the complexities of the situation, Medrano successfully gained the trust of the Dukes, making Charles Emmanuel a key player in Spain's international strategy.

Journey from Provence to Madrid

Medrano was entrusted with a dangerous mission to deal with the Duke of Savoy's political-military affairs in Madrid shortly after his appointment on 1 August 1591, with King Philip II of Spain himself. In a letter to King Philip II, the Duke of Savoy emphasized the urgency of the situation in Provence, stating that the "great and extreme necessity" had compelled him to send Medrano, his secretary of state and war, to court.

The Duke of Savoy described Medrano as "a person through whose hands everything has passed and who infinitely desires the service of Your Majesty," and instructed that "whatever he proposes... it will be my pleasure for you to give him the same credit as you would to my own person," urging a swift resolution.

Medrano and King Philip II of Spain

In 1591, while en route to discuss matters of state and war on behalf of the Duke of Savoy with Philip II of Spain, Tomás Fernández de Medrano was captured by French forces near Marseille. His capture occurred in 1592, as Medrano was returning to Spain "with an embassy concerning such grave matters as Your Majesty knows," and was seized "in great danger" by the enemy. He eventually returned to the royal court in Madrid by early 1592.

Medrano was secretary to the Duke and his wife, the Infanta Catherine Micaela, Duchess of Savoy, daughter of the King of Spain himself, Philip II. She was born of his marriage to Isabella of Valois, the third of his four wives. According to the biographers of the "''Prudent King''", Isabella and Catherine Micaela were the apple of the sovereign's eye. The best confirmation of the strong bonds of affection that united the king and his daughters are the letters they wrote to each other over the years, recently edited by Fernando Bouza. In them, Tomás Fernandez de Medrano is quoted on 31 January 1592 by King Philip II:

I was very pleased with the news of your health and that of my grandchildren, which you conveyed in your letters from the end of last month and the fifth and sixth of this one. And you are quite right in saying that the Duke takes too many risks too often. Although I have already advised him many times, I will now do so again through Medrano, whom I have sent there, and whose decision to visit you I have highly approved.

On 12 February 1592, Philip II informed the Duke of Savoy that he had received Tomás Fernández de Medrano, where he "treated important matters for His Royal Service." Satisfied with Medrano's service, Philip II of Spain ordered a payment of 1,000 ducats to cover his travel expenses upon his return.

French Wars of Religion

He took part in the Duke of Savoy’s war against France in the final decade of the sixteenth century, known as the French Wars of Religion, serving in the noble squadron near the Duke, both on foot and horseback, and was entrusted with commanding artillery in dangerous engagements.

Invasion of Monseñor Ladighiera

In early 1592, Monseñor Ladighiera (Lesdiguières in French), a French general, initiated the invasion of Savoy, marking a significant episode in the Spanish-French conflict of the late 16th century. The conflict unfolded as Philip II supported the Catholic House of Guise against the Huguenots, led by the future Henry IV of France. There were even speculations about Isabella Clara Eugenia, Philip's other daughter, asserting her rights to the French throne as the eldest daughter of Princess Elizabeth of Valois, Philip's third wife.

Medrano and the Duke of Savoy, Charles Emmanuel I, played pivotal roles in this conflict, with Ladighiera emerging as a crucial figure on the French side. Medrano recalls (as he personally attests to this) the efforts of the Duke of Savoy and Infanta Catalina of Savoy in preventing the spread of protestantism and similar sects from entering Italy and their success in recovering the Marquisate of Saluzzo and re-establishing the Catholic faith in Tonon and its surrounding regions, showcasing the power of true religious and Catholic leadership in restoring unity and adherence to the Apostolic See.

During the French Wars of Religion, his brother Francisco Fernández de Medrano commanded a Spanish garrison from Flanders, under Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, stationed in Paris. Ladighiera demonstrated his military prowess by inflicting a significant defeat on the Duke's troops in Garzigliana. Francisco de Medrano had distinguished himself, having been severely wounded, and that for all this and for his relationship with his brother Tomás, the Duke was trying to achieve his progress in a very particular way: by requesting from the king the appointment of the alcaidía of Los Arcos. It appears that his brother did not secure the desired position. Nonetheless, this setback did not hinder him from attaining a favorable standing. In 1598, his brother was entrusted with the responsibility of assembling a company of 250 infantrymen in Burgos and its environs. Additionally, his brother Francisco received an appointment as a councilor of the state of hijosdalgo in the city of Logroño.

Knight of the Holy Order of Saint John of Jerusalem

Medrano was affiliated with the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, not as a vowed knight—since his married status precluded formal vows—but as a dedicated lay knight. In 1593, with the approval and pleasure of Pope Clement VIII, the habit of Saint John was granted to him ''manu propria''—"from his own hand"—without vows, in recognition of longstanding claims associated with the House of Medrano. This distinction was formally documented in papal bulls, issued in Rome with hanging lead seals, which King Philip II of Spain had ordered to be dispatched. In a letter dated 12 October 1593, the Duke of Savoy recounted that his secretary, Tomás Fernández de Medrano, had been sent from Provence to the Spanish court to negotiate urgent matters. During the journey from Barcelona to Madrid, Medrano was ambushed by thieves who stole, among other valuables, the sealed papal bulls—documents conferring the habit of St. John without the obligation of vows, issued by papal grace in recognition of his family's ancestral rights.

Letters indicate Tomás Fernández de Medrano's maritime experience was the cause, not the consequence, of obtaining the habit. In the Memorial of 1607, Medrano described himself as having been:

forged in encounters and skirmishes, battles and clashes, by the obligations of his habit.

The Duke’s campaign for Medrano’s advancement

The Duke strategically appealed to individuals positioned at the intersection of political, military, and ecclesiastical power—royal advisors, influential generals and ambassadors, and even the Pope himself—all capable of advancing Medrano’s cause across the various spheres of influence that governed courtly advancement in late 16th-century Spain. Among the individuals he solicited support from included Juan de Idiaquez, Cristobal de Moura (8 December 1594), or the Count of Chinchon (29 September 1596), high-ranking clergymen such as Cardinal Albert VII, Archduke of Austria (20 October 1595) or Cardinal Aldobrandino (19 September 1596), generals such as Alonso de Idiaquez (October 1595), or ambassadors such as Giuseppe de Acuna (Turin, 24 April 1596) or the Duke of Sessa (Rome, 19 September 1596). He would also write to the sources of all grace: King Philip II (16 October 1596), Prince Philip (16 October 1596), and His Holiness Clement VIII (4 November 1595).

Testimony of Iñigo de Mendoza, Ambassador to Venice

On August 23, 1597, Íñigo de Mendoza, Ambassador to Venice, wrote to Philip II of Spain, commending Tomás Fernández de Medrano:

I will do very little in serving the Lady Infanta doña Catalina by testifying before Your Majesty about the truth of what I know. Tomás Fernández de Medrano, secretary of the Duke of Savoy, passed through Italy on his way back from Spain, where he was dealing with the Duke's affairs, when Your Majesty ordered the Marquess of Cerralvo to embark. And since that departure was delayed for more than three months (at first waiting for good weather and later due to the death of the Marquess), I had the opportunity to talk to Tomás Fernández and to communicate to him during all that time that I waited for passage to France for the mission that Your Majesty sent me on. And truly, sir, I recognized in him the soul of a servant who was most passionate and devoted to Your Majesty's service, and on the other hand, a great kindness, and great compassion for customs. And as for having seen and read, he possessed an enviable wealth of knowledge. And in matters of the present, he had a very pleasant understanding, in addition to his skill with the pen, which Your Majesty knows. Since then, during the time I have been in Italy (which is approaching two years), I have been even more confirmed in my initial opinion because I have been in contact and communicated with him, and I see with my own eyes what a great servant he is of Your Majesty and what he deserves for it, and the abilities he has to serve in anything that is entrusted to him. And because it seems to me that by serving the Lady Infanta, I am also serving Your Majesty in bearing witness to this, I dare to do so for any future occasions that may arise. - Íñigo de Mendoza, 23 of August, 1597.

Dismissal and Appointment as Secretary of the Princes of Savoy

A sequence of events would profoundly alter the course of Don Tomás Fernandez de Medrano's life. The initial incident involved the demise of the Infanta Catalina Micaela, Duchess of Savoy, who, on 6 November 1597, gave birth and passed away at the age of 30. The second significant event was the signing of the Peace of Vervins with France on 2 May 1598, marking the conclusion of years of hostilities. The third and final event was the passing of King Philip II of Spain, another momentous death. Faced with these challenges, Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, gradually asserted independence from Spanish influence.

An initial step in this direction involved eliminating the surveillance and guardianship that the Spanish monarch could exercise through Tomás Fernandez de Medrano. Despite receiving kind words and being appointed as secretary to the infant sons of the Duke of Savoy, Tomás Fernández de Medrano faced dismissal.

Appointment as Secretary of State and War for the Princes of Savoy

Plans for a new position were already underway, as evidenced by two letters dated 28 March 1598 from the Duke of Savoy to the King of Spain, and the Marquess of Denia (future Duke of Lerma).

His assumed role as Secretary of State and War of the Princes of Savoy likely commenced in 1603, as confirmed by Prince Manuel Filiberto. In a letter to the Duke of Lerma on 8 April 1606, the prince of Savoy acknowledged that Tomás Fernández de Medrano, the Duke's secretary, displayed remarkable patience, attributing it to his compliance with the Duke's will and his numerous talents and merits accumulated over the years.

On April 8, 1606, Prince Manuel Filiberto of Savoy made efforts to honor Tomás and Isabel:

We assure you that the Duke, my lord and father, would greatly appreciate seeing him honored, not only for the affection and respect we all owe and feel for Doña Isabel de Sandoval, his wife, and for him, but also because we are certain that any favor bestowed upon him would reflect his loyalty and dedication to all matters of Your Excellency’s service.

Pension

During Medrano's tenure as Secretary of State and War for the Duke of Savoy, he gained favor for his political acumen, together with his wife Isabel Ibanez de Sandoval, a relative of the Duke of Lerma. Together, they diligently sought new favors, and on 4 November 1595, the Duke petitioned for a pension from Pope Clement VIII for Medrano, recognizing his exemplary qualities and services to the King and Infanta. The Duke of Savoy hoped that the Pope would grant this favor to allow Tomás to enjoy it alongside the habit he had received from the Order of Saint John:

For the many good qualities that I recognized in Tomas Fernandez de Medrano, my Secretary of State and War, I brought him into my service on the occasions in Provence. And because in all the opportunities that have arisen in the past five years, in the service of the King my lord, of the Infanta my lady, and of mine, he has always given great satisfaction, we both greatly desire his advancement. And that Your Holiness, in consideration of this and of the long time he spent in Rome with the papers and other things of the Count of Olivares, favorably seen by Your Beatitude, may be pleased to grant him some pension so that he may enjoy it with the habit he has of the Order of Saint John, in accordance with what Monsignor Nuncio (with whom he has dealt) writes to Your Holiness, to whom I humbly beg to grant me this grace and favor, as it is one of the things that I can ask Your Beatitude with the greatest sincerity and affection.

However, the Duke's request for a pension was not granted. On 9 October 1598 Tomás Fernandez de Medrano himself formalized the request to return to Spain. Duke of Savoy gave him the desired permission to make this journey, and the money to do so. With his wife and children, he departed for Spain.

Intervention by the 1st Duke of Lerma

In Spain, Tomás Fernández de Medrano came under the protection of Francisco de Sandoval y Rojas, 1st Duke of Lerma—the most powerful figure at the royal court—and obtained his pension through the Duke’s intervention. The patronage of the favorite, Francisco de Sandoval y Rojas, 1st Duke of Lerma, naturally followed the marriage of Tomás Fernández de Medrano to Isabel de Sandoval, Lerma's relative. The Duke of Savoy, in a letter dated 24 August 1599, informed the Duke and Marquess of Denia of his efforts for the well-being of Isabel de Sandoval, asking them to show great favor to her and her husband, Medrano. In response to this request and considering past services, the Marquess of Denia made efforts with Philip III to grant Tomás Fernández de Medrano an income of four hundred ducats in Milan on 10 August 1607.

Although the confirmation from the King of Spain would come a year later in a letter to the Constable of Castile, Philip III granted a pension of four hundred ''escudos'' per year in that state to Tomás Fernández de Medrano, Secretary of State and War for the Duke of Savoy and the ''Infanta'' Catalina, his siblings, on 26 July 1608.

Services to Infanta Catalina Micaela of Spain

The couple's revenue saw a further increase through the supplementary pension granted to Isabel de Sandoval in recognition of her services to Infanta Catalina and a revision of the one conferred upon Medrano. According to a decree dated 11 December 1601, a sum of 274,200 maravedis annually was allocated to Medrano, the former secretary of His Highness, and Isabel de Sandoval, his wife.

This provision remained in effect until an equivalent one was to be granted. Notably, an escudo was valued at 350 '' maravedis'', making the initial pension of 400 escudos amount to 140,000 maravedís—nearly half of the recognition outlined in the 1601 decree. The precise distribution of the total sum was detailed as follows: "Fifty gold ''escudos'' per month for him at a rate of 13 florins and three grains, and for his wife, 39 thousand ''maravedis'', summing up to a total of 274,200 ''maravedis''."

Service to the Princes of Savoy

The princes Philip Emmanuel, Victor Amadeus, and Emmanuel Philibert had been sent on a formative trip to the Spanish court in 1603. It was very likely that Medrano took care of their affairs from that date forward. The latter two remained there in 1606. The first had died a year earlier, and both were about to leave Madrid, so they were trying to secure the position of their dependents, including Don Tomás Fernández de Medrano. Emmanuel Philibert, held the title of Grand Prior and Grand Admiral of Castile in the Order of St. John, to which Don Tomás Fernandez de Medrano belonged. For this reason, in view of the prospect of returning to Turin, the prince made the decision to appoint Tomás Fernández de Medrano, his secretary and knight of his habit (in his departure for Italy) as Manager of the Grand Prior of Castilla San Juan, occupied in this court in all matters of the Religion that are the princes responsibility and Medrano's duty.

''Confirmation of the Privileges of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem''

In 1605, a brief from Pope Paul V on the privileges of the Order of St. John entitled ''Brief of Our Most Holy Father Pope Paul V in '' stated: ''by Tomás Fernández de Medrano at his own expense, secretary to the Serene Princes of Savoy and the Holy Chapters and Assemblies of Castile'' ''on behalf of his King and knights of the Order of Saint John''. It is dedicated to the Duke of Lerma, as protector of all religions and in particular, the Order of Saint John.

Ecclesiastical patronage

The Most Reverend Tomás Fernández de Medrano was the patron of the Monastery of San Juan de Acre (Saint John of Acre) in the village of Salinas de Añana. Ecclesiastical patronage, notably unknown to historiography, was one of the greatest demonstrations of supremacy and distinction that the nobility of the time could exercise. The appropriation of patronage afterwards was not as common. María Ramírez de Medrano, Lady of Fuenmayor (another lordship linked to the Battle of Clavijo), founded the hospital, commandery, and convent of San Juan de Acre in Navarrete in 1185. She is an example of early ecclesiastical patronage and land donations by nobility within the Sovereign Order of Saint John in the early 12th century.

Convent of San Juan de Acre

One of the most significant indicators of nobility and prestige at the time was the privilege of holding a patronage. The Fernández de Medrano family controlled the Monastery of San Juan de Acre, a convent associated with the female branch of the Order of St. John, located in Salinas de Añana, within the Diocese of Burgos. The monastery—still standing today—was situated outside the town walls, in a strategic location due to its proximity to the valuable salt pans, among the most important in Castile. These salt pans were incorporated into the Crown in 1564, while still preserving the property rights of prior owners, including the convent.

Appointment as Patron

On 22 June 1608, the only four nuns who lived in the oratory, Inés Hurtado de Corcuera y Mendoza, prioress, Manuela Hurtado de Corcuera y Mendoza, María de Xérica and María de Corcuera, met to make a very important decision for their future:

Because their ancestors and relatives, and those of Don Tomás Fernández de Medrano, a knight of the Order of Saint John, lord of the town and estate of Valdeosera, and secretary of the Serene Prince Grand Prior, by His Majesty's command, made and founded this said convent, where the said secretary and his ancestors are buried in the side chapel of the main chapel and where they have their coat of arms... considering the great good that the said secretary has done to the said convent, all four said prioress and nuns, together and unanimously in one voice, being as they are in their chapter and meeting, which they have held for the said purpose, named and appointed as patron of this said convent and church and house of the lord Saint John of Acre, with everything annexed and belonging to it in the temporal sense, to the said lords Don Tomás Fernández de Medrano and Doña Isabel de Sandoval, his wife, and to their heirs and successors, succeeding each other...76. Copia de algunos papeles..., s. f. (1609) "Because their ancestors and relatives, and those of Don Tomás Fernández de Medrano, a knight of the Order of Saint John, lord of the town and estate of Valdeosera, and secretary of the Serene Prince Grand Prior, by His Majesty's command, made and founded this said convent, where the said secretary and his ancestors are buried in the side chapel of the main chapel and where they have their coat of arms, and seeing that the religion of Saint John and the Grand Priors have completely abandoned the protection of this said convent of San Juan de Acre and that the church, house and walls of it have fallen (due to age and antiquity), with the help and favor of their relatives, they have made the said church of stone again... considering the great good that the said secretary has done to the said convent, all four said prioress and nuns, together and unanimously in one voice, being as they are in their chapter and meeting, which they have held for the said purpose, named and appointed as patron of this said convent and church and house of the lord Saint John of Acre, with everything annexed and belonging to it in the temporal sense, to the said lords Don Tomás Fernández de Medrano and Doña Isabel de Sandoval, his wife, and to their heirs and successors, succeeding each other, so that as such patrons they may do and dispose of all things annexed and concerning the said monastery and house and its goods in the temporal sense, as said above, as the said prioress and nuns could and as if it were their own property.

The convent of San Juan de Acre was made and founded by Medrano's ancestors and therefore received patronage from Tomás Fernandez de Medrano and his wife, who had already established their family pantheon in the side chapel of the main chapel, where they have their coat of arms. In immediate recompense for their commitment, the couple, in appreciation, pledged and bestowed upon the prioresses, nuns, and the convent, an annual income of fifty ducats for two lifetimes and a one-time contribution of a thousand ducats from their personal estate.

Translating statutes for the Order of Saint John

King Philip III personally wrote to Grand Master Fray Aloisio de Vignancourt, commending Tomás' service. In his letter, Philip III extols Medrano as a man of "great prudence and goodness," noting his loyal service "in papers and other things, with all satisfaction and with much integrity."

He recalls Medrano’s diplomatic mission from France to negotiate with Philip II, where he "treated important matters for His Royal Service," and praises his role as Secretary of State and War to the Duke of Savoy and Infanta Catalina, whom the king calls "my siblings."

The king emphasizes Medrano’s "great zeal in matters of religion," and especially values his translation of the Order’s statutes into Castilian, calling it "of benefit and great utility to the knights and religious of your order." Declaring him "our very dear and beloved friend," Philip III urges the Grand Master to support Medrano and his family’s claims with "all the grace and favor that may be possible," assuring him that to do so would bring the king "particular pleasure and satisfaction."80. Felipe III a Fr. Alofio de Vignancourt, 26 de julio de 1608, Copia de algunos papeles..., s. f. (1609)

Following this letter, ''The Provincial Chapter of the Order of St. John in Castile'', under the leadership of Fray Aloisio de Vignancourt, submitted a request for Juan Fernández de Medrano, his son, to be awarded a half-cross (media Cruz), which would grant him a pension and additional distinctions.

''Divisa'' of Valdeosera and Regajal

Valdosera

In 1589, Tomás was officially recognized as a divisero (hereditary noble member of the Solar), along with his brothers, after proving their lineage as descendants of the original lords of Valdeosera. During his tenure, Tomás ensured the Fernández de Medrano family maintained a significant presence in the governance of the Solar. His influence extended to reinforcing the hereditary governance structure, protecting the Solar's traditions, and preserving its historical identity. The lordship of Valdeosera remains a symbol of his family’s noble heritage, linking them to Spain’s medieval history and the religious traditions of the Reconquista.

Regajal

On October 20, 1589, Tomás Fernández de Medrano formally took possession of the ''Divisa'' Regajal within the ''Solar de Valdeosera''. Several years later, on June 13, 1596, his brother Francisco Fernández de Medrano, who was then serving as Chief Magistrate (Alcalde Mayor) of the Solar, officially transferred and re-registered this title. Francisco was the son of Juan Fernández de Medrano and brother to Tomás, Jerónimo, and Juan Fernández de Medrano:

Thomás Fernández de Medrano, Secretary to the Most Serene Duke of Savoy, along with Ensign Jerónimo Fernández de Medrano and Juan Fernández, his brothers, are seated in the ''Divisa'' of Regajal as sons of Juan Fernández de Medrano and having proven themselves as rightful lords descended from the said Solar. They succeed in the two ''celemines'' of the Fernández and the Villillas. Done in Baldosera on the thirteenth of June, 1596, during the term of Chief Magistrate Captain Francisco Fernández de Medrano, their brother. And he signed it himself, ''Francisco Fernández de Medrano''.

Appointment as Chief Magistrate of Valdeosera (1600)

During a general assembly on May 1, 1600, Medrano was formally appointed Chief Magistrate (Alcalde Mayor) and Lord of the Solar de Valdeosera. According to the ''divisas'' of Valdeosera, he was "one of the most qualified and ancient lords and gentlemen of this lordship and currencies that resides in the court of His Majesty and in his Royal service," appointed so that he "defends, guards and protects the said lordship and currencies."Salinas, Licenciado. ''Sumario de la Memorable y Santa Batalla de Clavijo: Cierto y Verdadero Origen y Antigüedad del Señorío y Señores de la Villa, Solar y Divisas de Valdeosera''. Madrid: Pedro Madrigal, 1601. The official record, which spans six pages, contains the following key excerpt:

In the town and Solar of Valdeosera, on the first day of May of this present year of sixteen hundred, gathered together at the sound of the bell, inside the church of the said town of Valdeosera… for the purpose of electing the Chief Magistrate of the said Solar and Lordship… they elected and appointed as Chief Magistrate of the said town and Solar of Valdeosera and its jurisdiction and Lordship, Tomás Fernández de Medrano, Secretary of State and War, who is absent at the Court of His Majesty, and in his place, a lieutenant shall serve...Salinas, Licenciado. ''Sumario de la Memorable y Santa Batalla de Clavijo: Cierto y Verdadero Origen y Antigüedad del Señorío y Señores de la Villa, Solar y Divisas de Valdeosera''. Madrid: Pedro Madrigal, 1601.

Attendees

Several notable individuals were present at the assembly, including:

*Francisco Fernández de Medrano, Tomás’ brother, a Captain of Infantry, who was also appointed Deputy for Logroño.
*Diego Ximénez de Tejada, from Funes, Kingdom of Navarre, father of Fra' Don Francisco Ximénez de Tejada y Eslava, later Grand Master of the Order of St. John (1703–1775).
*Pedro Pinillos, a resident of Ajamil.
*Juan Pinillos, from Rabanera.

Formal acceptance of office (Madrid, May 20, 1600)

On May 20, 1600, Tomás Fernández de Medrano formally accepted the position of Chief Magistrate in Madrid. The document was notarized by Gaspar de Aranda, a Royal Public Notary, residing in the Court of His Majesty and originally from the town of Lerma. The official document, summarized, states:

In the town of Madrid, on the twentieth day of May of the year sixteen hundred, before me, the undersigned notary, appeared the noble lord Tomás Fernández de Medrano, Secretary of State and War to the Most Serene Duke of Savoy, residing in this Court. He declared that he accepted the office of Chief Magistrate of the said Lordship, Town, and Solar of Valdeosera, as it had been conferred upon him by the said noble knights, lords diviseros of the said Lordship for this present year. And he swore to God, Our Lord, and to the Blessed Virgin Mary, His Holy Mother, and upon the words of the Holy Four Evangelists, and by the sign of the cross, as follows.

''Solar de Valdeosera''

According to his son Fray Juan Fernandez de Medrano y Sandoval, whom belonged to the Monastery of San Prudencio de Monte Laturce in Clavijo, his full title was "''Tomás Fernández de Medrano, of the habit of San Juan, lord, divisero and mayor of the knights hijosdalgo of the lordship, villa, solar and currencies of Valdeosera, counselor and secretary of State and War, of the Most Serene Highnesses of Savoy.''"

Valdeosera is a historic and prestigious noble estate and town, with origins tracing back to the 11th century. Valdeosera is located in the heart of Camero Viejo in San Román de Cameros. The legal foundation that historically connected and continues to connect the group of diviseros in Valdeosera is of Germanic origin. These family groups within the divisa operated in a manner similar to the ''sippe'', a collective of blood relatives centered around a specific individual.

Belonging to this ancient institution of collective nobility was a rarity in the 16th and 17th century. It played a significant role during the Rioja Reconquista and is considered one of the last surviving examples of the Castilian lordships of ''behetría''—those governed by lineage or kin. The estate was officially recognized as a noble institution in the 15th century, first by Henry IV of Castile in 1460, and later by the Catholic Monarchs in 1481. Valdeosera remains one of the oldest noble corporations in Spain, consisting of prominent knights and families of noble Hidalgo blood, known for their right to bear and display arms.

Valdeosera Archive

Valdeosera's Archive is located in San Román de Cameros. The Lordship of the Villa and Solar of Valdeosera was still held by the Fernández de Medrano family, evident in a letter and book by the Chaplain and Priest, Diego Fernández de Medrano y Zenizeros. Diego was the Lord of the Villa and Solar of Valdeosera, de la Torre and of Sojuela, Knight of the Order of Santiago, owner of the House and Tower of La Vega and the Palace of Entrena, His father had served as Commissioner of Spanish Infantry and Alcaide of the Castles of Villarejo de Salvanés and Fuentidueña (Guadalajara), which belong to the Order of Santiago. Specifically, Diego Fernández de Medrano y Zenizeros urged the Council of Orders to:

''Try to obtain a decree or order from His Majesty to order and command that no informant dare to remove original papers from the said archive [of Valdeosera] or from any other place where they may be''.

Origin of the Lordship of Valdeosera

A work written in 1601 by the Licentiate (degree), Licentiate Salinas entitled "''Summary of the Memorable and holy battle of Clavijo, true origin and antiquity of the Lordship and lords of the town, land and currencies of Valdeosera''," is Juan Fernández de Medrano y Sandoval#Dedication to King Philip III of Spain, dedicated to King Philip III of Spain by Medrano's son Friar Juan Fernández de Medrano y Sandoval.

The work by Salinas deals with battle of Clavijo, the battle of Clavijo as the origin of the lordship of the estate of Valdeosera. The battle would have its origin in the refusal of Ramiro I of Asturias to continue paying tribute to the Moorish emirs, with special emphasis on the tribute of 100 virgins. For this reason, Ramiro's Christian troops, led by Sancho de Tejada, would go in search of the Muslims, with Abd ar-Rahman II, Abderramán II in command, but upon reaching Nájera and Albelda they would see themselves surrounded by a large Moorish army made up of troops from the peninsula and levies that would come from the area that currently corresponds to Morocco, with the Christians having to take refuge in the Clavijo castle in Monte Laturce. In the plot of Valdeosera, created according to tradition in the 9th century by King Ramiro, there were 13 "divisas", coinciding with the thirteen offspring of Sancho Fernández de Tejada. According to the Licentiate Salinas, Tomás Fernández de Medrano was a true and legitimate descendant of Sancho Fernández de Tejada, famous knight and general of King Ramiro I of Asturias, Ramiro I at the legendary battle of Clavijo.24. Licenciado Salinas, Sumario de la Memorable y santa batalla de Clavijo, cierto y verdadero origen y antigüedad del Señorío y señores de la villa, solar y divisas de Valdeosera, Madrid: Pedro Madrigal, 1601.

In the prologue of the ''Sumario'', Licenciado Salinas writes:

The neighborhood I have with the lordship and lords of Valdeosera and having seen the archives of their antiquities and closely touched the virtue and nobility of all in general and in particular of V. M. [Tomás Fernández de Medrano] has obliged me to draw a summary apart from the memorable and holy battle of Clavijo; because it is connected with the origin and antiquity of the Solar where they descend from and are lords of, which is one of the notable and worthy of celebration that there is in Spain. And being V. M. now the mayor of the knight sons of diviseros of him, and being in that court with my lady doña Isabel de Sandoval his wife, come from Savoy, it seemed to me that it should be dedicated to such a principal successor, true and legitimate descendant of the field master and captain general of King Ramiro the first of León, and who now represents his same person in dignity: because as the wise man says: ''The glory of children are their parents''.

Estate of Valdeosera

By the 18th century, the estate of Valdeosera spanned almost 1000 hectares and was home to approximately 11.5 residents. Under the feudal system, the lords of Valdeosera held significant seigneurial rights, receiving rents in the form of 104.7 fanegas of wheat and rye, as well as 36 hens, which together were valued at 1,575 reales.

''Republica Mista'' (1602)

''República Mista'' (The Mixed Republic) is an important Treatise, political treatise written by Medrano and published in Madrid by Juan Flamenco in 1602. Fray Juan de Salazar states that Don Juan Fernández de Medrano y Sandoval, from the house of the Lords of Valdeosera, is the one who assumes the paternity of this book, which appeared in Madrid in 1602 under the label of ''República Mista''. However, he concludes by saying that from what the cover says, the work was written by his father, Tomás Fernández de Medrano.

A letter in the name of Medrano from 1607 indicates the book he wrote on the Republic (addressed to the Duke of Lerma), where he treated, among other things, how important it is for Kings and Princes to be religious in order to be more obedient to their subjects, was pleasing to his Majesty.

Nicolás Antonio unequivocally attributes the authorship of The Mixed Republic to Tomás Fernández de Medrano. According to the author himself, The Mixed Republic represents "the first treatise of seven" that he had intended to write. This approach—publishing an initial installment to see its reception—was relatively common at the time. It often served as a preview of more extensive plans or claims, which, in many cases, remained incomplete.

Summary of the Mixed Republic

In the 1601 Royal Decree of King Philip III of Spain, Medrano writes first about the importance of kings and princes being religious in order to be more obedient to their subjects; the second, regarding the obedience owed to them by their subjects and the reverence with which they should speak of them and their ministers, councils, and magistrates; and the third, on the Ambassador's role among the Roman Empire, Romans, where he discusses why it is important to reward the good and punish the bad.

Dedication

The Mixed Republic by Tomás Fernández de Medrano is dedicated to Francisco de Sandoval y Rojas, 1st Duke of Lerma, Francisco de Sandoval, 1st Duke of Lerma by his son Juan Fernández de Medrano y Sandoval. The Duke of Lerma was the Favourite, favourite (valido) of Philip III of Spain, Philip III and, as such, governed the destinies of the crown on behalf of the sovereign.

Content

The first volume of the Mixed Republic focuses on the constitutive role of the political order played by religion, Obedience (human behavior), obedience and justice and is integrated into the context of the anti-Niccolò Machiavelli, Machiavellian current to the extent that it tries to refute the Florentine's thesis that they attribute to religion a merely Strategy, strategic role, in no case constitutive of the Political system, political order.

Without naming Machiavelli, his work is a forceful response to his politics, in which he defends the new system of government imposed in the monarchy after the accession to the throne of Philip III: the valido. His father Tomás Fernández de Medrano had close ties to the Duke of Lerma, the first great private and initiator of the phenomenon.

It includes a 16-page prologue on generalities, defining politics, and the formation of society, including family, municipality, province, and Realm, kingdom. In the prologue, Medrano discusses the three forms of good and just political regimes which make up a mixed republic: monarchy, aristocracy, and timocracy, and discusses their three opposites: tyranny, oligarchy, and democracy.

Medrano's ideas about the mixed republic were influenced by earlier political philosophers such as Aristotle and Polybius, who also wrote about the benefits of combining different forms of government, which prove that the preservation of religion and authority is the foundation of good governance.

Medrano accepts the theory that any type of republic that is not moderated by others soon degenerates into vice, and for republics to endure in straight government, they must have virtues and properties of the others united in them:

For if Kings, Councils, and Magistrates on earth are the image of God, they should also strive to imitate Him in goodness, perfection, and justice, as our superiors imitate Him to the extent of their abilities, in order to induce true piety and virtue to those under their charge with their example (which is the most powerful thing). For just as the heart in the body of animals always remains the last to corrupt, because the last remnants of life remain in it, it seems appropriate that, having some illness entered to corrupt the people, the Prince and Magistrates remain pure and unharmed until the end.

Other works written by Medrano

* ''Consoling prayer to Sermo Carlo Emanuel, Duke of Savoy'', made by Tomás Fernández de Medrano, of the Messrs. of Valdeosera and Almarza de Cameros, Secretary of State and war of their highnesses and their council, Turin, Antonio de Bianqui, 1598.
* ''Funeral prayer to the gifts of the most powerful Filipo Segundo: Invictissimo King of Spain and of the New World'' made by Tomás Fernández de Medrano, Secretary of State and War of the Sereneness and catholic Duke of Savoy, and of the serene princes, his sons, and of his council, Milano, Gratiadio Ferioli.

Death and burial

Tomás Fernández de Medrano died around 1616 and was buried in the family chapel at the Monastery of San Juan de Acre in Salinas de Añana. The Fernández de Medrano family funded the restoration of the collateral chapel at the Monastery of San Juan de Acre in Salinas de Añana, which housed their family burial site and displayed the family coat of arms.

Siblings

In the prologue of the ''Sumario'', Licenciado Salinas mentions the brothers of Tomás Fernández de Medrano:

The neighborhood I have with the lordship and lords of Valdeosera and having seen the archives of their antiquities and closely touched the virtue and nobility of all in general and in particular of His Grace Tomás Fernández de Medrano and three soldier brothers that I have known and know in the service of His Majesty (one who died in the expedition to England, another who is a captain of Spanish Infantry and another ensign, of whose value and qualities we have such great proofs).

Lazaro Fernández de Medrano

His brother Lázaro served in the military as an ensign. Lázaro Fernández de Medrano, a resident of Entrena, was registered on May 1, 1596 in the land of Valdeosera, from the Velilla, La Rioja, Velilla branch, Lords of that town.

Francisco Fernández de Medrano

Tomas had a second brother named Francisco Fernández de Medrano, Lord and Divisero of Regajal, resident and regidor of Logroño, who fought during the French Wars of Religion under Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma. Francisco Fernández de Medrano married María Ana de Espinosa. Captain Francisco Fernández de Medrano was registered in the census of divisional knights as a captain, and neighbor of Entrena, registered on 1 May 1596, Divisa de Regajal.

Two sons of the latter are also registered on 1 May 1614: "Don Diego Fernández de Medrano y Espinosa and Don Francisco Fernández de Medrano y Espinosa, his legitimate sons and of Doña María Ana de Espinosa, his wife, Lords of the said Solar and Divisa de Regajal." In 1607, Diego Fernández de Medrano y Espinosa was appointed chaplain of honor, judge of the royal chapel, administrator and deputy of the Royal Hospital of the court and even testamentary executor of Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain.

In 1693, Francisco's descendant, Diego Fernández de Medrano y Zapata, a native of Sojuela and resident of Logroño, owner of the Divisa Regajal, Knight of the Order of Calatrava, became the Governor of the Province of Carrión, valley of Atlixco in Puebla, with his seat in the city of Atlixco.''Tomás Fernández de Medrano, Counselor and Secretary of State and War for the Dukes of Savoy, Divisero of the Solar de Valdeosera.'' by D. Luis Pinillos Lafuente, divisero of Valdeosera page 29. https://cuadernosdeayala.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/CAyala-87.pdf
He was the son of Juan Fernández de Medrano, a member of the Holy Office in Logroño, deputy and owner of the Solar de Regajal, and Francisca de Zapata y Medrano, who was a resident of Calahorra in La Rioja.

Testimony of Pedro Fernández Navarrete

The Licentiate (degree), licenciado Pedro Fernández Navarrete provided testimony in the file of Ana María Fernández de Medrano y Sandoval, daughter of Tomás Fernández de Medrano. In his testimony, Navarrete not only provides information about Tomás and his brother's councilorship but also adds that:

His brother Don Francisco Fernández de Medrano is familiar with the Inquisition of Logroño and that in all serious matters of the Inquisition of that city, the said Captain Francisco is called upon as a qualified person (...) All those mentioned in question are considered principal people, nobles, and hidalgo, and that Captain Francisco de Medrano, who has been a councilman in the sons of the hidalgo estate in this city, is also held in this reputation. He is a brother from both father and mother to the aforementioned Tomás Fernández de Medrano.93. Testimonio del licenciado P. Fernando Navarrete, A.H.N., Órdenes Militares-Casamiento-Montesa, Expediente 73.

This testimony is from Pedro Fernández Navarrete, consultant of the Holy Office, canon of the Holy Church of Santiago el Real de Logroño (in 1593), and secretary of their Majesties (Isabel de Borbón and Felipe IV) and of their Highnesses the Infante Don Carlos and the Cardinal Infante. In the lists of councilors published by José María Bañuelos, a "Captain Francisco de Medrano" appears as a yearly councilor in 1606, another "Captain Medrano" in 1612, 1615, and 1628.91. BAÑUELOS MARTÍNEZ, J. M., El concejo logroñés en los siglos de Oro, Logroño: IER, 1987.

Diego de Medrano

Tomas had a brother named Diego de Medrano, Squadron General and famous Captain and innovator of the Spanish Galleys, he led the Spanish Empire to victory in the conquest of the Azores and was appointed by King Philip II of Spain, Philp II of Spain to command the São João galleys of Portugal during the 1588 invasion of England with the Spanish Armada.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Medrano, Tomas Fernandez de
16th-century Spanish nobility
People from La Rioja
16th-century births
16th-century Spanish writers
17th-century Spanish writers
Spanish Roman Catholic writers
16th-century Roman Catholics
17th-century Roman Catholics
Spanish Golden Age
Year of birth unknown
1616 deaths
Spanish politicians
17th-century Spanish people
17th-century Spanish philosophers
17th-century Spanish theologians
Spanish political philosophers