Tolkien's legendarium is the body of
J. R. R. Tolkien
John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (, 3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973) was an English writer and philologist. He was the author of the high fantasy works ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings''.
From 1925 to 1945, Tolkien was the Rawlinson ...
's
mythopoeic writing, unpublished in his lifetime, that forms the background to his ''
The Lord of the Rings
''The Lord of the Rings'' is an Epic (genre), epic high fantasy novel written by English author and scholar J. R. R. Tolkien. Set in Middle-earth, the story began as a sequel to Tolkien's 1937 children's book ''The Hobbit'' but eventually d ...
'', and which his son
Christopher summarized in his compilation of ''
The Silmarillion'' and documented in his 12-volume series ''
The History of Middle-earth
''The History of Middle-earth'' is a 12-volume series of books published between 1983 and 1996 by George Allen & Unwin in the UK and by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Houghton Mifflin in the US. They collect and analyse much of J. R. R. Tolkien' ...
''. The legendarium's origins reach back to 1914, when Tolkien began
writing poems and story sketches,
drawing maps, and
inventing languages and names as a private project to create
a mythology for England. The earliest story, "The Voyage of Earendel, the Evening Star", is from 1914; he revised and rewrote the legendarium stories for most of his adult life.
''
The Hobbit'' (1937), Tolkien's first published novel, was not originally part of the larger mythology but became linked to it. Both ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' (1954 and 1955) are set in the
Third Age of
Middle-earth
Middle-earth is the Setting (narrative), setting of much of the English writer J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy. The term is equivalent to the ''Midgard, Miðgarðr'' of Norse mythology and ''Middangeard'' in Old English works, including ''Beowulf'' ...
, while virtually all of his earlier writing had been set in the first two ages of the world. ''The Lord of the Rings'' occasionally alludes to figures and events from the legendarium to create an
impression of depth, but such ancient tales are depicted as being remembered by few until the story makes them relevant.
After ''The Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien returned to his older stories to bring them to publishable form, but never completed the task. Tolkien's son Christopher chose portions of his late father's vast collection of unpublished material and shaped them into ''The Silmarillion'' (1977), a semi-chronological and semi-complete narrative of the mythical world and its origins. The sales were sufficient to enable him to work on and publish
many volumes of his father's legendarium stories and drafts; some were presented as completed tales, while others illustrated his father's complex creative process.
Tolkien research, a continuing examination of Tolkien's works and supporting mythology, became a scholarly area of study soon after his death.
Etymology

A ''legendarium'' is a literary collection of
legend
A legend is a genre of folklore that consists of a narrative featuring human actions, believed or perceived to have taken place in human history. Narratives in this genre may demonstrate human values, and possess certain qualities that give the ...
s. This
medieval Latin
Medieval Latin was the form of Literary Latin used in Roman Catholic Church, Roman Catholic Western Europe during the Middle Ages. It was also the administrative language in the former Western Roman Empire, Roman Provinces of Mauretania, Numidi ...
noun
In grammar, a noun is a word that represents a concrete or abstract thing, like living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, and ideas. A noun may serve as an Object (grammar), object or Subject (grammar), subject within a p ...
originally referred mainly to texts detailing legends of the lives of
saint
In Christianity, Christian belief, a saint is a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of sanctification in Christianity, holiness, imitation of God, likeness, or closeness to God in Christianity, God. However, the use of the ...
s. A surviving example is the
Anjou Legendarium, dating from the 14th century. Quotations in the ''
Oxford English Dictionary
The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (''OED'') is the principal historical dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press (OUP), a University of Oxford publishing house. The dictionary, which published its first editio ...
'' for the synonymous noun ''legendary'' date from 1513. The
Middle English
Middle English (abbreviated to ME) is a form of the English language that was spoken after the Norman Conquest of 1066, until the late 15th century. The English language underwent distinct variations and developments following the Old English pe ...
''South English Legendary'' is an example of this form of the noun.
[Since ''legendary'' in contemporary English is mostly used as an adjective, the Latin form reduces ambiguity, but ''legendary'' as a noun remains in use in specialist (medievalist) vocabulary. ]
Documents included
Tolkien's usage
Tolkien described his works as a "legendarium" in four letters from 1951 to 1955, a period in which he was attempting to have his unfinished Silmarillion published alongside the more complete ''The Lord of the Rings''. On the Silmarillion, he wrote in 1951, "This legendarium ends with a vision of the end of the world, its breaking and remaking, and the recovery of the
Silmarilli and the 'light before the Sun'";
and in 1954, "Actually in the imagination of this story we are now living on a physically round Earth. But the whole 'legendarium' contains
a transition from a flat world ... to a globe".
On both texts, he explained in 1954 that "... my ''legendarium'', especially the 'Downfall of
Númenor' which lies immediately behind ''The Lord of the Rings'', is based on my view: that Men are essentially mortal and must not try to become 'immortal' in the flesh",
and in 1955, "But the beginning of the legendarium, of which the Trilogy is part (the conclusion), was an attempt to reorganise some of the
Kalevala".
Rateliff's definition
"Tolkien's legendarium" is defined narrowly in
John D. Rateliff's ''
The History of The Hobbit'' as the body of Tolkien's work consisting of:
* ''
The Book of Lost Tales''
* ''The Sketch of the Mythology'' and contemporary alliterative verses
* The 1930 ''
Quenta Noldorinwa'' and first Annals
* The 1937 ''Quenta Silmarillion'' and later Annals
* The later ''Quenta''
* The final Annals
These, with ''
The Lays of Beleriand'', written from 1918 onwards, comprise the different "phases" of Tolkien's
Elven legendary writings, posthumously edited and published in ''The Silmarillion'' and in their original forms in Christopher Tolkien's series ''The History of Middle-earth''.
Scholarly usage
Other Tolkien scholars have used the term legendarium in a variety of contexts.
Christopher Tolkien's introduction to ''
The History of Middle-earth
''The History of Middle-earth'' is a 12-volume series of books published between 1983 and 1996 by George Allen & Unwin in the UK and by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Houghton Mifflin in the US. They collect and analyse much of J. R. R. Tolkien' ...
'' series talks about the "primary 'legendarium'", for the core episodes and themes of ''The Silmarillion'' which were not abandoned in his father's constant redrafting of the work.
The scholars
Verlyn Flieger and
Carl F. Hostetter edited a scholarly collection "''
Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on The History of Middle-earth''". Flieger writes that "...the greatest
ventis the creation of the Silmarils, the Gems of light that give their names to the whole legendarium", equating the legendarium with the ''Silmarillion'' (which ''with italics'' denotes the 1977 book published under that name, and without italics means the larger body of un-edited drafts used to create that work).
In the ''
J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia'',
David Bratman writes that "''The History of Middle-earth'' is a longitudinal study of the development and elaboration of Tolkien's legendarium through his transcribed manuscripts, with textual commentary by the editor, Christopher Tolkien."
[ Bratman, David "The History of Middle-earth: Overview", pages 273–274 in ]
Dickerson and Evans use the phrase "legendarium" to encompass the entirety of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings "for convenience".
This would encompass texts such as the incomplete drafts of stories published before ''The History of Middle-earth'' in the 1980 ''
Unfinished Tales''.
Shaun Gunner of
The Tolkien Society has called the 2021 collection of Tolkien's previously unpublished legendarium writings ''
The Nature of Middle-earth'', edited by Carl F. Hostetter, "an unofficial 13th volume of ''The History of Middle-earth'' series".
Development
A private mythology
Unlike "
fictional universe
A fictional universe, also known as an imagined universe or a constructed universe, is the internally consistent fictional setting used in a narrative or a work of art. This concept is most commonly associated with works of fantasy and scie ...
s" constructed for the purpose of writing and publishing popular fiction, Tolkien's legendarium for a long period was a private project, concerned with
questions of philology,
cosmology
Cosmology () is a branch of physics and metaphysics dealing with the nature of the universe, the cosmos. The term ''cosmology'' was first used in English in 1656 in Thomas Blount's ''Glossographia'', with the meaning of "a speaking of the wo ...
, theology and mythology. His biographer
Humphrey Carpenter writes that although by 1923 Tolkien had almost completed ''The Book of Lost Tales'', "it was almost as if he did not want to finish it", beginning instead to rewrite it; he suggests that Tolkien may have doubted if a publisher would take it, and notes that Tolkien was a perfectionist, and further that he was perhaps afraid of finishing as he wished to go on with his
sub-creation, his invention of myth in Middle-earth.
Tolkien first began working on the stories that would become ''The Silmarillion'' in 1914.
His reading, in 1914, of the
Old English
Old English ( or , or ), or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the Early Middle Ages. It developed from the languages brought to Great Britain by Anglo-S ...
manuscript
Christ I led to Earendel and the first element of his legendarium, "The Voyage of Earendel, the Evening Star". He intended his stories to become a mythology that would explain the origins of English history and culture,
and to provide the necessary "historical" background for his invented
Elvish languages. Much of this early work was written while Tolkien, then a British officer returned from France during World War I, was in hospital and on sick leave.
He completed "
The Fall of Gondolin" in late 1916.
He called his collection of nascent stories ''The Book of Lost Tales''.
This became the name for the first two volumes of ''
The History of Middle-earth
''The History of Middle-earth'' is a 12-volume series of books published between 1983 and 1996 by George Allen & Unwin in the UK and by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Houghton Mifflin in the US. They collect and analyse much of J. R. R. Tolkien' ...
'', which include these early texts.
Tolkien never completed ''The Book of Lost Tales''; he left it to compose the poems "
The Lay of Leithian" (in 1925) and "
The Lay of the Children of Húrin" (possibly as early as 1918).
The first complete version of ''The Silmarillion'' was the "Sketch of the Mythology" written in 1926
(later published in Volume IV of ''The History of Middle-earth''). The "Sketch" was a 28-page synopsis written to explain the background of the story of
Túrin to R. W. Reynolds, a friend to whom Tolkien had sent several of the stories.
From the "Sketch" Tolkien developed a fuller narrative version of ''The Silmarillion'' called ''Quenta Noldorinwa''
(also included in Volume IV). The ''Quenta Noldorinwa'' was the last version of ''The Silmarillion'' that Tolkien completed.
Ælfwine framing device
The stories in ''
The Book of Lost Tales'' employ the narrative framing device of an
Anglo-Saxon
The Anglo-Saxons, in some contexts simply called Saxons or the English, were a Cultural identity, cultural group who spoke Old English and inhabited much of what is now England and south-eastern Scotland in the Early Middle Ages. They traced t ...
mariner named
Ælfwine or Eriol or Ottor Wǽfre who finds the island of
Tol Eressëa, where the Elves live, and the Elves tell him their history. He collects, translates from
Old English
Old English ( or , or ), or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the Early Middle Ages. It developed from the languages brought to Great Britain by Anglo-S ...
, and writes the mythology that appears in ''
The History of Middle-earth
''The History of Middle-earth'' is a 12-volume series of books published between 1983 and 1996 by George Allen & Unwin in the UK and by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Houghton Mifflin in the US. They collect and analyse much of J. R. R. Tolkien' ...
''.
Ælfwine means "Elf-friend" in Old English; men whose names have the same meaning, such as Alboin, Alwin, and
Elendil, were to appear in the two unfinished
time travel novels, ''
The Lost Road'' in 1936 and ''
The Notion Club Papers'' in 1945, as the protagonists reappeared in each of several different times.
There is no such framework in the published version of ''The Silmarillion'', but the ''
Narn i Hîn Húrin'' is introduced with the note "Here begins that tale which Ǽlfwine made from the ''Húrinien''."
Tolkien never fully dropped the idea of multiple 'voices' who collected the stories over the millennia.
A context for ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings''
When Tolkien published ''
The Hobbit'' in 1937 (which was itself not originally intended for publication, but as a story told privately to his children),
the narrative of the published text was loosely influenced by the legendarium as a context, but was not designed to be part of it. Carpenter comments that not until Tolkien began to write its sequel, ''The Lord of the Rings'', did he realise the significance of hobbits in his mythology.
In 1937, encouraged by the success of ''The Hobbit'', Tolkien submitted to his publisher
George Allen & Unwin an incomplete but more fully developed version of ''The Silmarillion'' called ''Quenta Silmarillion''.
The reader rejected the work as being obscure and "too
Celtic".
The publisher instead asked Tolkien to write a sequel to ''The Hobbit''.
Tolkien began to revise the Silmarillion, but soon turned to the sequel, which became ''The Lord of the Rings''.
Writing ''The Lord of the Rings'' during the 1940s, Tolkien was attempting to address the dilemma of creating a narrative consistent with a "sequel" of the published ''The Hobbit'' and a desire to present a more comprehensive view of its large unpublished background. He renewed work on the Silmarillion after completing ''The Lord of the Rings'',
and he greatly desired to publish the two works together.
When it became clear that would not be possible, Tolkien turned his full attention to preparing ''The Lord of the Rings'' for publication.
John D. Rateliff has analysed the complex relationship between ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Silmarillion'', providing evidence that they were related from the start of ''The Hobbit''s composition.
Towards publishable form
With the success of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien in the late 1950s returned to the Silmarillion, planning to revise the material of his legendarium into a form "fit for publication", a task which kept him occupied until his death in 1973, without attaining a completed state.
The legendarium has indeed been called "a jumble of overlapping and often competing stories, annals, and lexicons." Much of his later writing was however concerned more with the theological and philosophical underpinnings of the work, rather than with the narratives themselves. By this time, he had doubts about fundamental aspects of the work that went back to the earliest versions of the stories, and it seems that he felt the need to resolve these problems before he could produce the "final" version of ''The Silmarillion''. During this time he wrote extensively on such topics as the nature of
evil
Evil, as a concept, is usually defined as profoundly immoral behavior, and it is related to acts that cause unnecessary pain and suffering to others.
Evil is commonly seen as the opposite, or sometimes absence, of good. It can be an extreme ...
in
Arda, the origin of
Orcs, the customs of the
Elves, the nature and means of Elvish rebirth, the "flat" world, and the story of the Sun and Moon. In any event, with one or two exceptions, he made little change to the narratives during the remaining years of his life.
A presented collection
The scholar
Verlyn Flieger writes that Tolkien thought of his legendarium as a presented collection, with a
frame story that changed over the years, first with an Ælfwine-type character who translates the "Golden Book" of the sages Rumil or Pengoloð; later, having the Hobbit
Bilbo Baggins collect the stories into the ''
Red Book of Westmarch'', translating mythological Elvish documents in
Rivendell
Rivendell (') is a valley in J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional world of Middle-earth, representing both a homely place of sanctuary and a magical Elf (Middle-earth), Elvish otherworld. It is an important location in ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of ...
.
The scholar
Gergely Nagy observes that Tolkien "thought of his works ''as texts within the fictional world''" (his emphasis), and that the overlapping of different and sometimes contradictory accounts was central to his desired effect. Nagy notes that Tolkien went so far as to create facsimile pages from the Dwarves' ''
Book of Mazarbul'' that is found by the
Fellowship in
Moria. Further, Tolkien was a
philologist
Philology () is the study of language in oral and written historical sources. It is the intersection of textual criticism, literary criticism, history, and linguistics with strong ties to etymology. Philology is also defined as the study of ...
; Nagy comments that Tolkien may have been intentionally imitating the philological style of
Elias Lönnrot, compiler of the Finnish epic, the ''
Kalevala''; or of
St Jerome,
Snorri Sturlusson,
Jacob Grimm
Jacob Ludwig Karl Grimm (4 January 1785 – 20 September 1863), also known as Ludwig Karl, was a German author, linguist, philologist, jurist, and folklorist. He formulated Grimm's law of linguistics, and was the co-author of the ''Deutsch ...
, or Nikolai Gruntvig, all of whom Tolkien saw as exemplars of a professional and creative philology. This was, Nagy believes, what Tolkien thought essential if he was to present
a mythology for England, since such a thing had to have been written by many hands. Further, writes Nagy, Christopher Tolkien "inserted himself in the functional place of Bilbo" as editor and collator, in his view "reinforcing the mythopoeic effect" that his father had wanted to achieve, making the published book do what Bilbo's book was meant to do, and so unintentionally realising his father's intention.
File:Editorial framing of The Monsters and The Critics.svg, Christopher Tolkien
Christopher John Reuel Tolkien (21 November 1924 – 16 January 2020) was an English and naturalised French academic editor and writer. The son of the author and academic J. R. R. Tolkien, Christopher edited 24 volumes based on his father's P ...
's editorial framing of '' The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays'' presents it as a set of scholarly texts.
File:Editorial framing of The History of Middle-earth.svg, Christopher Tolkien's editorial framing of the 12 volumes of ''The History of Middle-earth
''The History of Middle-earth'' is a 12-volume series of books published between 1983 and 1996 by George Allen & Unwin in the UK and by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Houghton Mifflin in the US. They collect and analyse much of J. R. R. Tolkien' ...
'' presents his father's legendarium, and the books derived from it, as a set of historic texts, analogous to the presentation of genuine scholarly works like ''The Monsters and The Critics''; and it creates a narrative voice throughout the series, a figure of Christopher Tolkien himself.
See also
*
Middle-earth canon – the set of Tolkien's writings on Middle-earth
*
J. R. R. Tolkien bibliography – list of all Tolkien's writings
*
J. R. R. Tolkien's influences – influences on Tolkien's Middle-earth writing
* ''
Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on The History of Middle-earth'' – a 2000 collection of scholarly essays on the legendarium
References
Primary
Secondary
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{{J. R. R. Tolkien
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Fantasy worlds
High fantasy novels
Mythopoeia