Tiécoro Bagayoko was a Malian soldier and attempted putschist. He rose to power as a key figure in the

1968 Malian coup d'état The 1968 Malian coup d'état was a bloodless Malian Armed Forces, military coup d'état, coup in Mali staged on 19 November 1968 against the government of President Modibo Keïta. The coup was led by Lieutenant (later Major General) Moussa Traoré ...

, becoming the director of the National Security Services of Mali. As director, Bagayoko's regime was known for its wanton brutality and suppression of opposition. He was arrested in 1978, and sentenced to hard labor in

Taoudenni Taoudenni (also Taoudeni, Taoudénit, Taudeni, , ) is a remote salt mining center in the desert region of northern Mali, north of Timbuktu. It is the capital of Taoudénit Region. The salt is dug by hand from the bed of an ancient salt lake, c ...

prison camp where he died in 1983.

Biography

Bagayoko was born in

Goundam Goundam is a commune and town in north central Mali Mali, officially the Republic of Mali, is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is the List of African countries by area, eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of over . The cou ...

Tombouctou Region Tombouctou Region or Timbuktu Region ( Bambara: ߕߎߡߎߕߎ ߘߌߣߋߖߊ, Tumutu Dineja) is one of the administrative regions of Mali. For administrative purposes, the region is subdivided into five cercles. The region is part of northern Mal ...

Mali Mali, officially the Republic of Mali, is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is the List of African countries by area, eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of over . The country is bordered to the north by Algeria, to the east b ...

on July 19, 1937, as the son of Moussa Bagayoko and Mata Sadji Kossa, ethnic Bambara. He spent his childhood in Goundam, where his father served, later moving to

Kayes Kayes ( Bambara: ߞߊߦߌ tr. ''Kayi'', Soninké: ''Xaayi'') is a city in western Mali on the Sénégal River with a population of 127,368 at the 2009 census. Kayes is the capital of the administrative region of the same name. The city is loc ...

and then

Bamako Bamako is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Mali, with a 2022 population of 4,227,569. It is located on the Niger River, near the rapids that divide the upper and middle Niger valleys in the southwestern part of the country. Bamak ...

with his family in the 1950s. Bagayoko attended a top military school in

Kati KATI (94.3 FM), branded as 94.3 KAT Country, is a radio station which broadcasts country music and St. Louis Cardinals baseball. Licensed to California, Missouri, the station serves the Jefferson City Jefferson City, informally Jeff City, ...

. After graduating from the school at the rank of sergeant in 1958, Bagayoko fought in the

Algerian War The Algerian War (also known as the Algerian Revolution or the Algerian War of Independence) ''; '' (and sometimes in Algeria as the ''War of 1 November'') was an armed conflict between France and the Algerian National Liberation Front (Algeri ...

on the side of the French, where he was awarded the French Army Rescue Cross. Bagayoko returned to Mali in 1960 following Malian independence. He was sent to study in the USSR, and became one of the first Malian pilots after graduating from a military aviation school. Bagayoko returned to Mali and participated in the creation of the

Malian Air Force The Mali Air Force (), established in 1961, serves as the primary aerial warfare branch of Mali's armed forces. The force was initially created with the assistance of the French military, which provided training and equipment to establish the air ...

, and then completed an internship in the United States in 1965.

1968 coup

Following the evacuation of French Air Force Base No. 162 in Bamako, the first squadron of the Malian Air Force was stationed at Seine, in what is now

Modibo Keita International Airport Modibo Keita International Airport (formerly Bamako–Sénou International Airport) is Mali's main airport located approximately south of downtown Bamako, the capital of Mali in West Africa. It is the country's only international airport. It i ...

. Together with Filifingam Sissoko, a fellow pilot, Bagayoko contacted

Moussa Traoré Moussa Traoré (25 September 1936 – 15 September 2020) was a Malian military officer, politician, and dictator who served as the second President of Mali from 1968 to 1991. As a lieutenant, he led the military ousting of President Modibo Ke� ...

and

Yoro Diakité Yoro Diakité (17 October 1932 – 13 June 1973) was a Malian politician and military figure. Diakite was the Prime Minister of Mali and Head of the Provisional Government from 19 November 1968 to 18 September 1969, and then Vice President A v ...

in planning the coup against Modibo Keita. Bagayoko and Sissoko brought the paratropper Sungalo Samake from the camp at Djicoroni into the plot and, on the night of November 19, 1968, led groups of paratroopers intended to establish zones of control at key areas in Bamako. Bagayoko led the capture of the People's Militia, and afterwards set off towards Koulikoro with Sissoko and

Amadou Baba Diarra Amadou Baba Diarra was a Malian politician and military figure. Diarra was the second vice president of ruling junta from 1968 to 1979. He was born ca. 1933 in Diena, in Koutiala Cercle. He volunteered in the French colonial army in 1953. He be ...

to arrest Keita. When the president's convoy was stopped at Massala, Bagayoko was the one who announced his capture. His words, "On behalf of the Military Committee of National Liberation, I ask you to climb into this armored vehicle." became famous in Mali. During the trial of Diarra and thirty-two other conspirators on December 10–14, 1969, Bagayoko came to personally send off the first batch of prisoners to the newly opened hard labor camp in

. Bagayoko shouted after the convicts "Goodbye, gentlemen, tourists!" (French: Au revoir messieurs les touristes!) Malian historian

Bintou Sanankoua Bintou Sanankoua is a historian from Mali, who is Professor of History at the École Normale Supérieure de Bamako.

Director of National Security Services; Hawk and Salopards

Bagayoko, as one of the leading members of the coup, became Director of National Security Services of the Military Committee for National Liberation, commanding the state security services and police. In a twist of irony, Bagayoko, who had previously reprimanded Keita for the massacre of opposition leaders, began his own crackdown on opposition leaders. Bagayoko's first actions when he took the post in 1969 were mass arrests of ministers from the Keita government, members of the ruling Sudanese Union party, members of the Union of Malian Youth, trade union leaders, and rivals from the People's Militia. In August 1969, just a few months into his tenure, Bagayoko discovered a coup plot from Captain Dibi Silas Diarra, who planned to overthrow the MCNL and return Mali to civilian rule. The main opposition during Bagayoko's tenure were trade unionists and students, who shared pro-democratic views and desired a return to civilian rule. When students from educational institutions in Bamako protested against the MCNL in 1979, Bagayoko sent paratroopers to arbitrarily beat and whip students in Bamako schools. At a protest at the Higher Normal School on Badalabugu Hill, Bagayoko herded all of the students onto the roof and stated the protesters would be "shaved dry with broken bottles at public expense." The student protests were quickly suppressed, and police officers became a common sight in Malian classrooms. Bagayoko was nicknamed ''Django'' or more commonly ''Hawk'', and he personally called his opponents ''salopards'', French for bitch or whore. Under Bagayoko's rule, the Malian state increasingly became a police state, with prisons being uniquely tortuous. The students who protested were sent to work camps run by the military, where many died. Members of the Sudanese Union were left in prisons without a trial, and many died there as well. The deserted Malian north became notorious for the work camps of Taoudenni and

Taghaza Taghaza () or Teghaza is an abandoned salt-mining centre located in a salt pan in the desert region of northern Mali. It was an important source of rock salt for West Africa up to the end of the 16th century when it was abandoned and replaced by ...

. Along with the military camps at Kidal, the camps received new convicts every day.

Samba Sangare Samba Gaïné Sangaré was a Malian author and soldier who participated in a 1969 coup plot to overthrow Moussa Traoré, a president whose regime was largely viewed as oppressing. Sangare was sentenced to ten years of hard labor in Taoudenni, and ...

, a plotter from the 1969 coup who later became a writer, called the torture under Bagayoko worthy of the Nazi

Gestapo The (, ), Syllabic abbreviation, abbreviated Gestapo (), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe. The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of F ...

, illustrating the unique use of cutting prisoners by broken bottles and electric shocks. When prisoners in the camps complained, guards allegedly stated that the bottle cuts and electric shocks were not the only way; they could be run over instead, as "accidents as very common." Those who did not serve long stints at Taoudenni were often intentionally humiliated by Bagayoko. Businessmen who interfered with Bagayoko's interests were sent to Taoudenni, where they were beaten, drowned, humiliated, had their heads shaved with random combs of hair left, and then returned home. Bagayoko was also accused of the death of Keita in May 1977. Rumors around Keita's death arose since it happened, and in 2007, former prison guard Sungalo Samaka accused the prison doctor Faran Samake of poisoning Keita. This was disputed by Faran's family (as he committed suicide after Bagayoko's arrest), which was never proven in court. Officials under Bagayoko occasionally told him that people felt terrorized by him. In response, he stated "I'm not evil. It's just that Malians are afraid of me."

Political downfall

By 1977, tensions arose between the gang of three (consisting of Bagayoko, Kissima Doukara, and Karim Dembele), and Traore's government over the political development of Mali. If the country were to hold elections, the only opposition would be the remains of the Sudanese Union. All of the parties banned under Keita, with the exception of the Regrouping Party, were

Marxist Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis. It uses a dialectical and materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to analyse class relations, social conflic ...

, a position increasingly attractive to the Malian population. By the end of 1977, there were persistent rumors that Traore's idea of returning to civilian rule was controversial within the MCNL, and that the committee no longer held planned meetings. In January 1978, a leaflet titled "Mali, the government under the MCNL / An administration led by the Empress" was distributed throughout the country, criticizing Traore and his wife Miriam. The leadership of the Bamako police demanded an investigation from Bagayoko, who urged the MCNL to stop presenting the idea of civilian rule. Bagayoko reiterated these ideas in a second meeting at the police headquarters in February 1978. On February 28, Bagayoko, Doukara, and Dembele were all arrested on charges of plotting a coup. Moussa Traore, on a radio broadcast, accused the "gang of three" of treason, disclosure of state secrets, slander, and speculation. Traore characterized Bagayoko with, "As for the former Lieutenant Colonel Bagayoko, in his case criticism seems useless, his machinations are known to everyone. He personified horror and slander ... isreign of abuse and terror has come to an end." Bagayoko's arrest led to a slew of arrests of those under him, including Mamadou Belko N'Die. All police chiefs were arrested and sent to the Djicoroni prison as well. On April 30, close relatives of Bagayoko were also sentenced to hard labor. The trial of the gang of three took place between October 18 and 21, 1978. Supporters of the group equated the trial to the

gang of four The Gang of Four () was a Maoist political faction composed of four Chinese Communist Party (CCP) officials. They came to prominence during the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) and were later charged with a series of treasonous crimes due to th ...

in China. Bagayoko was sentenced to death, and demoted to second class soldier. Under pressure from France, his execution was postponed and he was instead sent to work in the labor camps at Taoudenni.

Taoudenni

The prison at Taoudenni was designed by Diakite and Bagayoko, and opened in 1969. Diakite had suffered a political expulsion and was tortured to death in the mines prior to Bagayoko's arrival. Simultaneously, many of the 1969 putschists, including Sangare, were at the camps at the same time Bagayoko arrived. Sangare mentioned that while Bagayoko and the putschists did meet, the former was left to his own devices for the most part. Bagayoko occasionally complained about the work camp, equating the prisoners with "bandits and thieves", to which prison guards pointed out that he was not the first high-ranking official to be sent there. The gang of three and former Army Quartermaster-General Noun Diawara returned to Bamako in 1980 facing charges of embezzlement. They were convicted, and received another five years of hard labor. When returning to Taoudenni, the gang of three was under guard Njadi Ould Boyda. Boyda believed that the conditions Bagayoko created at the camp were too comfortable, and ordered the start of salt mining twelve kilometers from the camp. The prisoners woke up at 4:00 am, left at 4:30 am, and arrived at the mine at 6:30am. From 7:00 am to 6:00pm, the workers mined with only a half hour break.

Assassination

In 1983, Traore decided to execute the gang of three. Malian politician Amadou Tall suggested that the reason he waited so long was that the execution of Bagayoko only became possible after

François Mitterrand François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand (26 October 19168 January 1996) was a French politician and statesman who served as President of France from 1981 to 1995, the longest holder of that position in the history of France. As a former First ...

became President of France. In mid-August 1983, a combat group led by First Lieutenant Moussa Camara was dispatched to Taoudenni. Upon Camara's arrival, his group immediately killed several prisoners, and everyone else's work was tightened. The prisoners were now forced to carry salt to Nyantao Camp, another half a kilometer away, for an extra hour. For three days, Bagayoko refused to do the work, and told Sungalo Samaka "Never tell my children I died on the way to get bricks." On the morning of August 19, 1983, two soldiers approached Bagayoko and told him Camara was summoning him. Bagayoko told his cellmate Belko N'Die about this and, assuming his imminent death, dressed in the uniform of

Djoliba AC Djoliba Athletic Club is a Malian football club and one of the two biggest teams in Mali alongside the Stade Malien. The team is based in the capital city of Bamako. It has its headquarters Headquarters (often referred to as HQ) notes th ...

, which he had previously run. His last words, according to Belko N'Die, were "The good lord will meet me. He will tell me 'Since you were born, what good did you do?' He will kick me, 'Bang!', and I will go to heaven. If I die, then you don't need to pray for me, because I don't pray for myself." After his death, a funeral team including Diawara and Samaka was brought to inter Bagayoko's body. N'Die claimed the body had signs of torture, but Abdoulaye Maiga, who led the team, claimed there were no signs of strangulation. The prisoners were unable to buy him in a deep hole, so he was laid to rest in a hole under a pile of sand mixed with salt. A metal plaque was installed on the grave, which states "Ici repose Tiecoro Bagayoko 1937 - 26.8.83"

Pastime activities

During his time as head of the security services, Bagayoko was also head of the

Djoliba Athletic Club Djoliba Athletic Club is a Malian football club and one of the two biggest teams in Mali alongside the Stade Malien. The team is based in the capital city of Bamako. It has its headquarters and three training stadia at Complex Sportif Héréma ...

. Mali was banned form inter-African matches for a year due to corruption between Bagayoko and Malian referees. Bagayoko was also accused of making each match a "symbolic confrontation between two ideologies", and for forcing senior employees in the security services in participating in football matches. As a prisoner, Bagayoko insisted on his cellmates burying him in the Djoliba jersey. He also founded a band at the Motel of Bamako, called Les Ambassadeurs du Motel. However, he used his influence as head of the security services to expel other musicians and lead singers, along with push his band into the National Orchestra of Mali.

Family

Bagayoko was married in 1962 to Aïssata Keletigui DoumbiaHis first two children, Moussa and Mama, were with her. He then married Tenimba Diallo in 1970, with whom he gave birth to Mata Sadji, Fatouma, Aissata, and Mohamed. In 1976, Bagayoko married Néné Bayaba Sy, with whom he had Caty Assetou, who became famous for supporting

Modibo Sidibé Modibo Sidibé (born 7 November 1952) is a Malian politician who was Prime Minister of Mali from September 2007 to April 2011.

Legacy

Pascal Baba Coulibaly, a Malian politician and professor, called Bagayoko "short, but bursting with health, with confidence turning into arrogance" in an essay after meeting with Bagayoko in 1970. Bagayoko personally did not express remorse for his actions as head of security services, saying "You actually know that I did not steal anything. I did not do anything and I did not squander anything." Contemporary accounts of Bagayoko are largely critical. Malian journalist Sauti Haidara called Bagayoko a key figure of the "military-fascist dictatorship." He also called Bagayoko the right-hand man of Traore, and a leading figure of the MCNL. However, Bagayoko is also seen as both the despot and the victim of a regime that did not respect human rights.

Notes

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bagayoko, Tiecoro 1937 births 1983 deaths Malian military personnel People from Tombouctou Region