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Ala ud-Din Timurtash (died 1328; also Temürtaš or Timür-Tash) was a member of the
Chobanids The Chobanids or the Chupanids () were descendants of a Mongol family of the Suldus clan that came to prominence in 14th century Persian Empire, Persia. At first serving under the Ilkhans, they took ''de facto'' control of the territory after the ...
who dominated politics in the final years of the
Ilkhanate The Ilkhanate or Il-khanate was a Mongol khanate founded in the southwestern territories of the Mongol Empire. It was ruled by the Il-Khans or Ilkhanids (), and known to the Mongols as ''Hülegü Ulus'' (). The Ilkhanid realm was officially known ...
.


Early life

He was born to Mongol emir and general
Chupan Amir Chūpān (; died October/November 1327), also spelt Choban or Coban, was a Chupanids, Chupanid noble of the Ilkhanate, and nominal general of the Mongol Empire. He was ennobled by Yesün Temür (Yuan dynasty), Emperor Taiding of Yuan as Duke ...
as his second son . Timurtash was mentioned for the first time in a hunting party organized by
Öljaitü Öljaitü, also known as Mohammad-e Khodabandeh (24 March 1282 – 16 December 1316), was the eighth Ilkhanid dynasty ruler from 1304 to 1316 in Tabriz, Iran. His name 'Öjaitü' means 'blessed' in the Mongolian language and his last name 'Khod ...
in 1313 where almost all Chupanids participated. He lived with his father until 1314 in
Sultaniyeh Soltaniyeh () is a city in the Central District of Soltaniyeh County, Zanjan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. History Soltaniyeh, located some to the north-west of Tehran, was built as the capita ...
.


Viceroyalty

He was appointed to Mongol viceroyalty of
Anatolia Anatolia (), also known as Asia Minor, is a peninsula in West Asia that makes up the majority of the land area of Turkey. It is the westernmost protrusion of Asia and is geographically bounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean ...
by
Chupan Amir Chūpān (; died October/November 1327), also spelt Choban or Coban, was a Chupanids, Chupanid noble of the Ilkhanate, and nominal general of the Mongol Empire. He was ennobled by Yesün Temür (Yuan dynasty), Emperor Taiding of Yuan as Duke ...
after
Keraite The Keraites (also ''Kerait, Kereit, Khereid'', Kazakh: керейт; Kyrgyz: керей; Mongolian: Хэрэйд; Nogai: Кереит; Uzbek: ''Kerait''; Chinese: 克烈) were one of the five dominant Turco-Mongol tribal confederations ...
emir
Irinjin Irinjin or Irenjin (, ) was a powerful Kerait emir in Ilkhanate and a viceroy of Anatolia. Life He was a son of emir Sarija (his name could also be a misreading of George) and a nephew of Doquz Khatun, thus a great-grandson of Toghrul. His fa ...
was recalled to Diyar Bakir in 1314. His deputy was Sinaneddin Ariz (or Seyfeddin Razi), while his vizier tasked with collection of the provincial revenues was Jalal al-Din, son of
Rashid al-Din Hamadani Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb (;‎ 1247–1318; also known as Rashīd al-Dīn Faḍlullāh Hamadānī, ) was a statesman, historian, and physician in Ilkhanate Iran. However, when Irinjin rebelled in 1319, his lands were pillaged by Keraites, Timurtash himself fleeing to
Danishmendid The Danishmendids or Danishmends () were a Turkish dynasty. These terms also refer to the Turkish state in Anatolia. It existed from 1071/1075 to 1178 and is also known as the Danishmendid Beylik (). The dynasty was centered originally around Siv ...
territory. He was reconfirmed as viceroy after the victory of Chupan. However, this revolt made Timurtash unsure of his position and forced him to ally with Mamluks, even to the point of sending a letter to the Sultan to accept him as a governor. His tenure was marked by the suppression of vassals of Ilkhanate, namely the
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, also known as Cilician Armenia, Lesser Armenia, Little Armenia or New Armenia, and formerly known as the Armenian Principality of Cilicia, was an Armenian state formed during the High Middle Ages by Armenian ...
and the
Anatolian beyliks Anatolian beyliks (, Ottoman Turkish: ''Tavâif-i mülûk'', ''Beylik''; ) were Turkish principalities (or petty kingdoms) in Anatolia governed by ''beys'', the first of which were founded at the end of the 11th century. A second and more exte ...
. He succeeded in capturing
Konya Konya is a major city in central Turkey, on the southwestern edge of the Central Anatolian Plateau, and is the capital of Konya Province. During antiquity and into Seljuk times it was known as Iconium. In 19th-century accounts of the city in En ...
in 1320 from
Karamanids The Karamanids ( or ), also known as the Emirate of Karaman and Beylik of Karaman (), was a Turkish people, Turkish Anatolian beyliks, Anatolian beylik (principality) of Salur tribe origin, descended from Oghuz Turks, centered in South-Centra ...
and marched on Leo IV in alliance with
al-Nasir Muhammad Al-Malik an-Nasir Nasir ad-Din Muhammad ibn Qalawun (), commonly known as an-Nasir Muhammad (), or by his kunya: Abu al-Ma'ali () or as Ibn Qalawun (1285–1341) was the ninth Mamluk sultan of the Bahri dynasty who ruled Egypt between 129 ...
in 1321 and captured
Ayas Ayas may refer to: Ayas * Ayas(आयस), Sanskrit for metal, see history of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent * Ayas, Armenian metal band * Aya, Adana, the ancient city of Aegeae and medieval Ajazzo or Laiazzo, now Yumurtalık, Adana Pro ...
on 10 May according to
Abulfeda Ismāʿīl bin ʿAlī bin Maḥmūd bin Muḥammad bin ʿUmar bin Shāhanshāh bin Ayyūb bin Shādī bin Marwān (), better known as Abū al-Fidāʾ or Abulfeda (; November 127327 October 1331), was a Mamluk-era Kurdish geographer, historian, ...
. He also sacked Christian centers of
Kayseri Kayseri () is a large List of cities in Turkey, city in Central Anatolia, Turkey, and the capital of Kayseri Province, Kayseri province. Historically known as Caesarea (Mazaca), Caesarea, it has been the historical capital of Cappadocia since anc ...
and
Erzurum Erzurum (; ) is a List of cities in Turkey, city in eastern Anatolia, Turkey. It is the largest city and capital of Erzurum Province and is 1,900 meters (6,233 feet) above sea level. Erzurum had a population of 367,250 in 2010. It is the site of an ...
, forcing inhabitants to convert to
Islam Islam is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the Quran, and the teachings of Muhammad. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number Islam by country, 2 billion worldwide and are the world ...
.


Revolt

Growing rebellious every year, he declared open revolt against
Abu Sa'id Abu or ABU may refer to: Aviation * Airman Battle Uniform, a utility uniform of the United States Air Force * IATA airport code for A. A. Bere Tallo Airport in Atambua, Province of East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia People * Abu (Arabic term), a kun ...
in December 1322 - January 1323, calling himself 'Sahib-az Zaman' () and 'Şah-i İslam' (Emperor of Islam) minting coins with his new title
Mahdi The Mahdi () is a figure in Islamic eschatology who is believed to appear at the Eschatology, End of Times to rid the world of evil and injustice. He is said to be a descendant of Muhammad in Islam, Muhammad, and will appear shortly before Jesu ...
. He banned alcoholic drinks and reforged an alliance with the
Bahri Mamluks The Bahri Mamluks (), sometimes referred to as the Bahri dynasty, were the rulers of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt from 1250 to 1382, following the Ayyubid dynasty. The members of the Mamluk ruling class were purchased as slaves ( mamluks) and ma ...
, forcing Chupan to march against his son in 1324. Chupan convinced his son to surrender and executed chief
qadi A qadi (; ) is the magistrate or judge of a Sharia court, who also exercises extrajudicial functions such as mediation, guardianship over orphans and minors, and supervision and auditing of public works. History The term '' was in use from ...
of Anatolia Najm al-Din Tashti and emir Surkaji as rebellion instigators. He then secured a pardon for Timurtash and even had him reinstated as viceroy of Rum.


Second tenure

As soon as his reappointment, he marched on the
Anatolian beyliks Anatolian beyliks (, Ottoman Turkish: ''Tavâif-i mülûk'', ''Beylik''; ) were Turkish principalities (or petty kingdoms) in Anatolia governed by ''beys'', the first of which were founded at the end of the 11th century. A second and more exte ...
, captured
Beyşehir Beyşehir () is a municipality and district of Konya Province, Turkey. Its area is 2,054 km2, and its population is 77,690 (2022). The town is located on the southeastern shore of Lake Beyşehir and is marked to the west and the southwest b ...
, capital of the
Eshrefids The Eshrefids or Ashrafids ( Modern Turkish: ''Eşrefoğulları'' or ''Eşrefoğulları Beyliği'' ) was a 13th-14th century Turkish Anatolian beylik. Capital Its capital was in Beyşehir. Foundation It was one of the frontier principalities e ...
, executing their
bey Bey, also spelled as Baig, Bayg, Beigh, Beig, Bek, Baeg, Begh, or Beg, is a Turkic title for a chieftain, and a royal, aristocratic title traditionally applied to people with special lineages to the leaders or rulers of variously sized areas in ...
Süleyman II by drowning him in
Lake Beyşehir Lake Beyşehir (; anciently, Carallis or Karallis (), or Caralis or Karalis (Κάραλις)) is a large freshwater lake in Isparta and Konya provinces in southwestern Turkey. It is located at around and is the largest freshwater lake in Turkey. ...
on 9 October 1326, annexing it to the viceroyalty. Later he marched on
Dündar of Hamidoğlu Dündar is a Turkish masculine given name and surname. Notable people with the name include: Given name * Dündar Ali Osman, heir of Bayezid Osman and future 45th Head of the Imperial House of Osman * Dündar Bey (1210-1298), uncle of sultan Os ...
who fled to
Alanya Alanya (; ), formerly Alaiye, is a beach resort town, resort city, a municipality and Districts of Turkey, district of Antalya Province, Turkey. It is on the southern coast of Turkey, in the country's Mediterranean Region, Turkey, Mediterranean R ...
, but Timurtash caught up and executed him as well. He attacked Turgutids,
Germiyanids Germiyan, or the Germiyanids (Old Anatolian Turkish: ; or ), were a dynasty that controlled parts of western Anatolia from to 1429. Germiyan first appeared in 1239 near Malatya tasked with suppressing the Babai revolt. The tribe relocated to ...
and Beylik of Tadjeddin as well. He sent his subordinate
Eretna Ala al-Din Eretna (Old Anatolian Turkish: ; died February–August 1352) was the first sultan of the Eretnids, reigning from 1343 to 1352 in central and eastern Anatolia. Initially an officer in the service of the Ilkhanate officer Chupan and h ...
against Nasir-ud Din Ahmed of
Sahib Ataids Sahib Ataids ( Modern Turkish: ''Sâhipataoğulları'' or ''Sâhipataoğulları Beyliği'') was a Turkish Anatolian beylik (principality) centred in Kara Hisar-i Sâhib (Afyonkarahisar) and founded by one of the last viziers of the Seljuk Sult ...
in August 1327, capturing Karahisar, while bey fled to Yakup I of Germiyan. According to Faruk Sümer, he executed at least nine Seljukid princes, possibly trying to create his own sultanate.


Downfall

Upon learning of his brother Demasq Kaja's execution on 24 August, Timurtash ended his campaigns and returned to
Kayseri Kayseri () is a large List of cities in Turkey, city in Central Anatolia, Turkey, and the capital of Kayseri Province, Kayseri province. Historically known as Caesarea (Mazaca), Caesarea, it has been the historical capital of Cappadocia since anc ...
, then
Sivas Sivas is a city in central Turkey. It is the seat of Sivas Province and Sivas District.İl Beledi ...
, recalling Eretna as well. Receiving news of Chupan's execution in October, he contemplated to submit to the Ilkhan, but nevertheless left for
Larende Karaman is a city in south central Turkey, located in Central Anatolia, north of the Taurus Mountains, about south of Konya. It is the seat of Karaman Province and Karaman District.Oirat tribe, an uncle of Abu Sa'id. Arriving in Besni, he was accompanied by about 1000 soldiers, 300 of them being cavalry. He was received by
Tankiz Sayf ad-Din Tankiz ibn Abdullah al-Husami an-Nasiri, better known simply as Tankiz (; died May 1340), was the Damascus-based Turkic peoples, Turkic ''na'ib al-saltana'' (viceroy) of Syria from 1312 to 1340 during the reign of the Bahri dynasty, Bah ...
, Mamluk viceroy in
Damascus Damascus ( , ; ) is the capital and List of largest cities in the Levant region by population, largest city of Syria. It is the oldest capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth Holiest sites in Islam, holiest city in Islam. Kno ...
and then went to Egypt. He was received by
Sultan Sultan (; ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be use ...
Al-Nasr Muhammad on 21 January 1328 in
Cairo Cairo ( ; , ) is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Egypt and the Cairo Governorate, being home to more than 10 million people. It is also part of the List of urban agglomerations in Africa, largest urban agglomeration in Africa, L ...
and welcomed warmly at first, even offered the governorship of
Alexandria Alexandria ( ; ) is the List of cities and towns in Egypt#Largest cities, second largest city in Egypt and the List of coastal settlements of the Mediterranean Sea, largest city on the Mediterranean coast. It lies at the western edge of the Nile ...
. He was joined by Shahinshah his cousin in February. Just days after his arrival, envoys of Abu Sa'id arrived in the capital, demanding his extradition, which was denied by the Sultan. Sultan also received letters from Ibrahim I of Karaman and Najm al-Din Ishaq (son of Dündar), who accused Timurtash's misdeeds against fellow Muslims. Timurtash's growing influence and arrogance also quickly wore out his welcome. He was arrested on 19 June 1328 and secured in
Lion Tower The Barsbay Tower (), also known as Lions Tower (), is a small Mamluk military fortress located at the far eastern end of the Tripoli harbor in North Lebanon. Constructed during a period marked by ongoing conflicts with Crusader forces and late ...
. Following month, second convoy of Ilkhanate envoys arrived, offering Mamluk renegade in Ilkhanate, Qara Sonqur (husband of Oljath) in exchange. The Sultan accepted and Timurtash was executed on 12 August 1328, his head was sent to Abu Sa'id, while his body was buried in City of the Dead, next to
Faris ad-Din Aktai Faris al-Din Aktay al-Jamdar () (d. 1254, Cairo) was a Turkic- Kipchak Emir (prince) and the leader of the Mamluks of the Bahri dynasty. Biography When the Ayyubid Sultan as-Salih Ayyub died Aktay was sent to Hasankeyf to recall Turanshah, t ...
.


Family

Three wives of Timurtash were established: # A sister of
Eretna Ala al-Din Eretna (Old Anatolian Turkish: ; died February–August 1352) was the first sultan of the Eretnids, reigning from 1343 to 1352 in central and eastern Anatolia. Initially an officer in the service of the Ilkhanate officer Chupan and h ...
# Daulat Khatun, a sister of Ahi Osman; later married to Qara Jari by Hasan Kucek in 1336 #*
Hasan Kucek Hasan Kuchak or Ḥasan-i Kūchik (; 1319 – 15 December 1343) was a Chupanid prince during the 14th century. He is credited with setting up a nearly independent Chupanid state in Iran during the struggles taking place in the aftermath of the ...
#*
Malek Ashraf Malek Ashraf (), (–1357) was a Chupanid ruler of northwestern Iran during the 14th century. He was the last of the Chupanids to possess a significant influence within Ilkhanate. His regnal name was Giyas al-Din Shah Malek Ashraf (). Early year ...
#* Malek Ashtar (d. 1347) #* Malek Misr # Kalturmish Khatun However,
Al-Safadi Khalīl ibn Aybak al-Ṣafadī, or Ṣalaḥ al-Dīn al-Ṣafadī (; full name - Ṣalaḥ al-Dīn Abū al-Ṣafa Khalīl ibn Aybak ibn ‘Abd Allāh al-Albakī al-Ṣafari al-Damascī Shafi'i. (1296 – 1363) was a Turkic Mamluk author and histo ...
adds 4 more sons to his progeny: Jamdegan, Pir Hasan, Shabdun, Tudan.


In Popular Media

* He was portrayed by Ahmet Sarıcan in the movie '' Killing the Shadows'' (2006)


References

{{S-end 1328 deaths Chobanids Year of birth unknown 14th-century Mongol khans