The following is a

timeline A timeline is a list of events displayed in chronological order. It is typically a graphic design showing a long bar labelled with dates paralleling it, and usually contemporaneous events. Timelines can use any suitable scale representing t ...

of the

history History is the systematic study of the past, focusing primarily on the Human history, human past. As an academic discipline, it analyses and interprets evidence to construct narratives about what happened and explain why it happened. Some t ...

of the

city A city is a human settlement of a substantial size. The term "city" has different meanings around the world and in some places the settlement can be very small. Even where the term is limited to larger settlements, there is no universally agree ...

Kraków , officially the Royal Capital City of Kraków, is the List of cities and towns in Poland, second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city has a population of 804,237 ...

Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukrai ...

Prior to 16th century

* 1000 - Catholic diocese of Kraków established. * 1038 - Capital of Poland relocated from

Gniezno Gniezno (; ; ) is a city in central-western Poland, about east of Poznań. Its population in 2021 was 66,769, making it the sixth-largest city in the Greater Poland Voivodeship. The city is the administrative seat of Gniezno County (''powiat'') ...

Poznań Poznań ( ) is a city on the Warta, River Warta in west Poland, within the Greater Poland region. The city is an important cultural and business center and one of Poland's most populous regions with many regional customs such as Saint John's ...

to Kraków. * 1044 -

Benedictine The Benedictines, officially the Order of Saint Benedict (, abbreviated as O.S.B. or OSB), are a mainly contemplative monastic order of the Catholic Church for men and for women who follow the Rule of Saint Benedict. Initiated in 529, th ...

Abbey established in

Tyniec Tyniec is a historic village in Poland on the Vistula river, since 1973 a part of the city of Kraków (currently in the district of Dębniki). Tyniec is notable for its Benedictine abbey founded by King Casimir the Restorer in 1044. Etymology ...

near Kraków. * 1079 - Capital of Poland relocated from Kraków to

Płock Płock (pronounced ), officially the Ducal Capital City of Płock, is a city in central Poland, on the Vistula river, in the Masovian Voivodeship. According to the data provided by Central Statistical Office (Poland), GUS on 31 December 2021, the ...

. * 1138 ** Capital of Poland relocated from Płock back to Kraków. ** Kraków becomes the capital of the newly formed

Seniorate Province Seniorate Province, also known as the Senioral Province, was a district principality in the Duchy of Poland that was formed in 1138, following the fragmentation of the state.Kwiatkowski, Richard. The Country That Refused to Die: The Story of t ...

. * 1142 - Cathedral built (approximate date). * 1241 - Kraków sacked by Mongol forces during the

first Mongol invasion of Poland The Mongol invasion of Poland from late 1240 to 1241 culminated in the Battle of Legnica, where the Mongols defeated an alliance which included forces from Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth, fragmented Poland and their allies, led by Henry ...

. * 1257 - The town granted

Magdeburg rights Magdeburg rights (, , ; also called Magdeburg Law) were a set of town privileges first developed by Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (936–973) and based on the Flemish Law, which regulated the degree of internal autonomy within cities and villages gr ...

, signing of '. * 1290 - Town captured by

Wenceslaus II of Bohemia Wenceslaus II Přemyslid (; ; 27 SeptemberK. Charvátová, ''Václav II. Král český a polský'', Prague 2007, p. 18. 1271 – 21 June 1305) was King of Bohemia (1278–1305), Duke of Cracow (1291–1305), and King of Poland (1296–130 ...

. * 1306 - Kraków taken by

Władysław Łokietek Władysław is a Polish given male name, cognate with Vladislav. The feminine form is Władysława, archaic forms are Włodzisław (male) and Włodzisława (female), and Wladislaw is a variation. These names may refer to: People Mononym *Włodzis� ...

. * 1313 -

Kraków Town Hall The historic Town Hall of Kraków, known as Ratusz in Polish, was demolished in 1820. It was constructed of brick and mortar for the first time in 1316 as one of its subsequent several versions built over the following centuries. It was the city' ...

built (approximate date). * 1315 - 27 June: Polish-Danish-Norwegian-Swedish alliance concluded in Kraków. * 1320 ** 20 January: Coronation of

Władysław I Łokietek Władysław I Łokietek, in English known as the "Elbow-high" or Ladislaus the Short (c. 1260/12 March 1333), was King of Poland from 1320 to 1333, and duke of several of the provinces and principalities in the preceding years. He was a member of ...

as King of Poland in the

Wawel Cathedral The Wawel Cathedral (), formally titled the Archcathedral Basilica of Stanislaus of Szczepanów, Saint Stanislaus and St. Wenceslas, Saint Wenceslaus, () is a Catholic cathedral situated on Wawel Hill in Kraków, Poland. Nearly 1000 years old, it ...

, as the first Polish king to be crowned in Kraków. ** Kraków becomes the official coronation site for the kings of Poland. * 1333 ** Burial of Władysław I Łokietek in the Wawel Cathedral as the first Polish king to be buried there. ** Wawel Cathedral becomes the official burial site for the kings of Poland. * 1364 ** 12 May:

Cracow Academy The Jagiellonian University (, UJ) is a public research university in Kraków, Poland. Founded in 1364 by King Casimir III the Great, it is the oldest university in Poland and one of the oldest universities in continuous operation in the wor ...

founded. ** 22–27 September: Congress of Kraków. **

and

Collegium Maius A (: ) or college was any association in ancient Rome that acted as a legal entity. Such associations could be civil or religious. The word literally means "society", from ("colleague"). They functioned as social clubs or religious collectiv ...

built. * 1384 - 16 October: Royal coronation of Queen

Jadwiga of Poland Jadwiga (; 1373 or 137417 July 1399), also known as Hedwig (from German) and in , was the first woman to be crowned as monarch of the Kingdom of Poland. She reigned from 16 October 1384 until her death. Born in Buda, she was the youngest daught ...

in the Wawel Cathedral. * 1386 ** 15 February: Baptism of

Władysław II Jagiełło Jogaila (; 1 June 1434), later Władysław II Jagiełło (),Other names include (; ) (see also Names and titles of Władysław II Jagiełło) was Grand Duke of Lithuania beginning in 1377 and starting in 1386, becoming King of Poland as well. ...

in the Wawel Cathedral. ** 18 February: Royal wedding of Władysław II Jagiełło and Jadwiga of Poland. ** 4 March: Royal coronation of Władysław II Jagiełło in the Wawel Cathedral. * 1390 - Public clock installed (approximate date). * 1395 -

Kraków Cloth Hall The Kraków Cloth Hall (, ), in Lesser Poland, dates to the Renaissance in Poland, Renaissance and is one of the city's most recognizable monuments. It is the central feature of the Main Market Square, Kraków, main market square in the Kraków ...

built. * 1397 - St. Mary's Basilica built. * 1399 - Burial of Queen Jadwiga of Poland and Princess Elizabeth Bonifacia in the Wawel Cathedral. * 1407 -

Synagogue A synagogue, also called a shul or a temple, is a place of worship for Jews and Samaritans. It is a place for prayer (the main sanctuary and sometimes smaller chapels) where Jews attend religious services or special ceremonies such as wed ...

built in

Kazimierz Kazimierz (; ; ) is a historical district of Kraków and Kraków Old Town, Poland. From its inception in the 14th century to the early 19th century, Kazimierz was an independent city, a royal city of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom, located sou ...

. * 1417 - Royal coronation of Elizabeth Granowska as Queen consort of Poland in the Wawel Cathedral. * 1420 - Bellmakers guild established. * 1443 - Earthquake, which caused damage to the Saint Catherine Church. * 1491 **

Paper mill A paper mill is a factory devoted to making paper from vegetable fibres such as wood pulp, old rags, and other ingredients. Prior to the invention and adoption of the Fourdrinier machine and other types of paper machine that use an endless belt ...

established in Prądnik Czerwony. **

Printing press A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a printing, print medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring the ink. It marked a dramatic improvement on earlier printing methods in whi ...

in operation. **

Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus (19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance polymath who formulated a mathematical model, model of Celestial spheres#Renaissance, the universe that placed heliocentrism, the Sun rather than Earth at its cen ...

begins studies in Kraków.

16th to 18th centuries

* 1521 - Sigismund Bell installed in tower of

. * 1525 ** 8 April: Treaty of Kraków signed. ** 10 April:

Prussian Homage The Prussian Homage or Prussian Tribute (; ) was the formal investiture of Albert, Duke of Prussia ( 1490-1568), with his Duchy of Prussia as a fief of the Kingdom of Poland that took place on 10 April 1525 in the then capital of Kraków, Kin ...

. * 1558 - Establishment of a permanent postal connection between Kraków and

Venice Venice ( ; ; , formerly ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 islands that are separated by expanses of open water and by canals; portions of the city are li ...

; foundation of

Poczta Polska The Polish Post (, ) is the state postal administration of Poland, initially founded in 1558. The company is headquartered in Warsaw and employs over 67,000 people. It is the largest mail-handling company in the country, which additionally prov ...

. The organizer was the Italian

Prospero Provana Prospero Provana of his own coat of arms (born around 1520, died on 20 September 1584 in Kraków) was an Italians, Italian nobleman from Piedmont, a merchant, and banker in Kraków. He served as the first postmaster of the royal post in Poland (1 ...

, and from 1569 the royal privilege was transferred to Valerian Montelupi. * 1566 - built (near

St. Florian's Gate St. Florian's Gate or Florian Gate () in Kraków, Poland, is one of the best-known Polish Gothic towers, and a focal point of Kraków's Old Town. It was built about the 14th century as a rectangular Gothic tower of "wild stone","Wild stone" was r ...

). * 1587 - Kraków besieged by

Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria Maximilian III of Austria (12 October 1558 – 2 November 1618), was a member of the House of Habsburg and the Archduke of Further Austria from 1612 until his death. He was also briefly known as Maximilian of Poland during his claim for the Polish ...

. * 1596 - First acquisition of citizenship in the city by a Scot (see also ''

Scots in Poland The Scottish diaspora consists of Scottish people who emigrated from Scotland and their Lineal descendant, descendants. The diaspora is concentrated in countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, England, New Zealand, Ireland and to ...

''). * 1609 - Polish capital relocated from Kraków to Warsaw by

Sigismund III Vasa Sigismund III Vasa (, ; 20 June 1566 – 30 April 1632 N.S.) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1587 to 1632 and, as Sigismund, King of Sweden from 1592 to 1599. He was the first Polish sovereign from the House of Vasa. Re ...

(approximate date). * 1610 -

Bagel A bagel (; ; also spelled beigel) is a bread roll originating in the Jewish communities of Poland. Bagels are traditionally made from yeasted wheat dough that is shaped by hand into a torus or ring, briefly boiled in water, and then baked. ...

first mentioned. * 1618 -

Church of St. Adalbert St. Adalbert's Church may refer to: Hungary *Esztergom Basilica, Primatial Basilica of the Blessed Virgin Mary Assumed Into Heaven and St Adalbert Poland *Gniezno Cathedral, The Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary and ...

rebuilt. * 1619 - Saints Peter and Paul Church built. * 1643 - Obergymnasium of St. Anna (school) built on . * 1655 -

Siege of Kraków (1655) The siege of Kraków was one of the battles during the Swedish invasion of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (Second Northern War / ''Deluge''). Lasting for two and a half weeks, it started on September 25 and ended on October 13, 1655. The ...

by Swedish forces. * 1661 - ''

Merkuriusz Polski Ordynaryjny ''Merkuriusz Polski Ordynaryjny'' (The Polish Mercury Ordinary; original 17th-century Polish spelling: ''Merkuryusz Polski Ordynaryiny''; full title: ''Merkuriusz Polski dzieje wszystkiego świata w sobie zamykający, dla informacji pospolitej' ...

'' newspaper begins publication. * 1702 -

Swedish invasion of Poland (1701–1706) The Swedish invasion of Poland (1701–1706), also known as Charles XII's invasion of Poland or the Polish front of the Great Northern War, was a conflict in eastern Europe overshadowed by the ongoing Great Northern War fought between the Swedi ...

: City taken by forces of

Charles XII of Sweden Charles XII, sometimes Carl XII () or Carolus Rex (17 June 1682 – 30 November 1718 Old Style and New Style dates, O.S.), was King of Sweden from 1697 to 1718. He belonged to the House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken, a branch line of the House of ...

. * 1703 - Church of St. Anne rebuilt. * 1768 ** City taken by Russian forces. ** St. Florian's Church rebuilt. * 1775 - 2nd Infantry Regiment of the Polish

Crown Army The Crown Army (Polish language, Polish: ''Armia koronna'') was the Ground warfare, land Military branch, service branch of the Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, military forces of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland in the Polish� ...

stationed in Kraków. * 1781 -

Theatre Theatre or theater is a collaborative form of performing art that uses live performers, usually actors to present experiences of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place, often a Stage (theatre), stage. The performe ...

opens. * 1783 - Botanic Garden of the Jagiellonian University founded. Widok Krakowa

* 1794 ** 24 March:

Kościuszko's proclamation Kościuszko's proclamation refers to a speech given by Tadeusz Kościuszko in Kraków on 24 March 1794. The speech is considered the starting point of the Kościuszko Uprising against the forces of the Russian Empire that were occupying Poland. ...

against Russian rule occurs in Main Square. ** Polish 3rd Infantry Regiment stationed in Kraków. ** June: Prussians in power. * 1795 - City annexed by

Austria Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine Federal states of Austria, states, of which the capital Vienna is the List of largest cities in Aust ...

in the

Third Partition of Poland The Third Partition of Poland (1795) was the last in a series of the Partitions of Poland–Lithuania and the land of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth among Prussia, the Habsburg monarchy, and the Russian Empire which effectively ended Polis ...

19th century

* 1809 - City becomes part of the

Duchy of Warsaw The Duchy of Warsaw (; ; ), also known as the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and Napoleonic Poland, was a First French Empire, French client state established by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars. It initially comprised the ethnical ...

. * 1810 - Population: 23,612. * 1815 - Republic of Krakow established per Congress of Vienna. * 1820 - Most of

demolished (except

tower A tower is a tall Nonbuilding structure, structure, taller than it is wide, often by a significant factor. Towers are distinguished from guyed mast, masts by their lack of guy-wires and are therefore, along with tall buildings, self-supporting ...

). * 1823 -

Kościuszko Mound Kościuszko Mound () is an artificial mound in Kraków, Poland. It was erected by Kraków, Cracovians in commemoration of the Polish national leader Tadeusz Kościuszko, and modelled after Kraków's prehistoric mounds of Krakus Mound, Krak and Wa ...

completed. * 1829 -

Fryderyk Chopin The Fryderyk is the annual award in Polish music. Its name refers to the original Polish spelling variant of Polish composer Frédéric Chopin's first name. Its status in the Polish public can be compared to the US Grammy and British BRIT Awar ...

visited Kraków. * 1831 - City occupied by Russian forces. * 1846 ** February:

Kraków Uprising The Kraków Uprising ( Polish: ''powstanie krakowskie'', ''rewolucja krakowska''; German: ''Krakauer Aufstand''; Russian: ''краковское восстание'') of 1846 was an attempt, led by Polish insurgents such as Jan Tyssowski and ...

against Austrian forces; established. ** November: City becomes part of Austria again;

Grand Duchy of Cracow Grand may refer to: People with the name * Grand (surname) * Grand L. Bush (born 1955), American actor Places * Grand, Oklahoma, USA * Grand, Vosges, village and commune in France with Gallo-Roman amphitheatre * Grand County (disambiguation) ...

established. * 1847 -

Kraków Główny railway station Kraków Główny, in English Kraków Main, is the largest and the most centrally located railway station in Kraków, Poland. The railway station was situated in a historical building, constructed between 1844 and 1847 by Rosenbaum, which lies pa ...

built. * 1848 - ' newspaper begins publication. * 1850 ** 18 February:

Archaeological Museum of Kraków The Archaeological Museum of Kraków () is a historic museum in Kraków, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland. It was established in 1850. History The Archaeological Museum in Kraków is the oldest archaeological museum in Poland. It was founded as ...

established. ** 18 July:

Kraków fire of 1850 The Kraków Fire of 1850 started on 18 July and lasted several days. It is estimated to have destroyed about 10 percent of the city of Kraków, which was then part of the Austrian Empire's district of the Grand Duchy of Kraków, Grand Duchy. Bac ...

. * 1851 - Population: 41,086. * 1869 - July: Imprisonment of nun discovered; unrest ensues. * 1873 - School of Fine Arts and

Academy of Learning Academy of Learning (; AU) was a primary Polish scientific institution during the annexation of Poland established in 1871. It was founded in Kraków as a continuation of the ''Kraków Scientific Society'' (''Towarzystwo Naukowe Krakowskie''). Th ...

active. * 1879 -

National Museum, Kraków National may refer to: Common uses * Nation or country ** Nationality – a ''national'' is a person who is subject to a nation, regardless of whether the person has full rights as a citizen Places in the United States * National, Maryland, c ...

established. * 1883: ** The first ever liquefaction of

oxygen Oxygen is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol, symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group (periodic table), group in the periodic table, a highly reactivity (chemistry), reactive nonmetal (chemistry), non ...

and

nitrogen Nitrogen is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol N and atomic number 7. Nitrogen is a Nonmetal (chemistry), nonmetal and the lightest member of pnictogen, group 15 of the periodic table, often called the Pnictogen, pnictogens. ...

performed by

Zygmunt Wróblewski Zygmunt, Zigmunt, Zigmund and spelling variations thereof are masculine given names and occasionally surnames. It has the same etymology as the Germanic name Zigmund. People so named include: Given name Medieval period * Sigismund I the Old (1467� ...

and

Karol Olszewski Karol Stanisław Olszewski (Polish pronunciation: ; 29 January 1846 – 24 March 1915) was a Polish chemist, mathematician, and physicist. Together with Zygmunt Wróblewski, in 1883 he was the first scientist in the world to liquify oxygen and ...

in Kraków **

Konstanty Schmidt-Ciążyński Konstanty Aleksander Wiktor Schmidt-Ciążyński (born February 18, 1818,In the sources listed in the bibliography of the article, there are discrepancies regarding the year of birth. Jan Grzegorzewski provides the year 1818 (without specifying t ...

gifted his collection of engraved gems to

National Museum in Kraków The National Museum in Kraków (), popularly abbreviated as MNK, is the largest museum in Poland, and the main branch of Poland's National Museum, which has several independent branches with permanent collections around the country. Established in ...

* 1885 - Park Krakowski established. * 1890 - Population: 76,025. * 1893 - Municipal Theatre opens. * 1898 - Mickiewicz monument installed in Main Square. * 1900 ** Nicolaus Copernicus Monument unveiled. ** Population: 91,310.

20th century

1900–1939

* 1904 - Emeryk Hutten-Czapski Museum opened. * 1905 -

Zielony Balonik Zielony Balonik (literally, ''the Green Balloon'') was a popular literary cabaret founded in Kraków by the local poets, writers and artists during the final years of the Partitions of Poland. The venue was a gourmet restaurant of Apolinary J. Mic ...

literary cabaret begins in

Jama Michalika Jama Michalika is a historic café in Kraków, Poland, established in 1895. It is located at Floriańska Street in Kraków, the capital of the Lesser Poland region. Jama Michalika (lit. Michalik's Den in Polish) is one of the oldest Kraków cafes. ...

Floriańska Street Floriańska Street (, ) is one of the main streets in Kraków Old Town and one of the most famous promenades in the city. The street forms part of the regular grid plan of ''Stare Miasto'' (the Old Town), the merchants' town that extends the me ...

. * 1906 - Cracovia and

Wisła Kraków Towarzystwo Sportowe Wisła Kraków Spółka Akcyjna, commonly referred to as Wisła Kraków (), is a Polish professional football club based in Kraków. They currently compete in the I liga, the second level of Polish football league system, ...

football clubs founded. * 1909 - Kraków Philharmonic Orchestra founded. * 1910 ** 15 July: Grunwald Monument unveiled. ** Population: 151,781. * 1916 - (cinema) opens. * 1917 - Formiści (art group) formed. * 1918 - City becomes part of reborn Poland. * 1919 - Wawel Kraków football club founded. * 1920 - Population: 176,463. * 1921 **

Garbarnia Kraków Garbarnia Kraków is a Polish football and sports club from Ludwinów, a historical district of the city of Kraków. The club's name comes from the nearby tannery () of the Dłużyński brothers, which was the original club sponsor. After withdr ...

football club founded. ** Cracovia wins its first Polish football championship. * 1923 - Cracovia

ice hockey Ice hockey (or simply hockey in North America) is a team sport played on ice skates, usually on an Ice rink, ice skating rink with Ice hockey rink, lines and markings specific to the sport. It belongs to a family of sports called hockey. Tw ...

team founded. * 1927 -

wins its first Polish football championship. * 1929 **

Kraków Zoo The Kraków Zoo (Polish: ''Ogród Zoologiczny w Krakowie'') is located in Kraków, Poland and was established in 1929. It is home to over 1500 animals and about 260 species. The zoo is a member of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria and th ...

opens. ** Cracovia wins its first Polish men's basketball championship. ** Cracovia wins its first Polish women's basketball championship. * 1930 -

Wawel Castle The Wawel Royal Castle (; ''Zamek Królewski na Wawelu'') and the Wawel Hill on which it sits constitute the most historically and culturally significant site in Poland. A fortified residency on the Vistula River in Kraków, it was established o ...

museum established. * 1931 ** Kraków Philharmonic hall opens. **

wins its first Polish football championship. ** Population: 219,300. * 1933 ** (art group) formed. ** Cracovia wins its first Polish men's volleyball championship. * 1937 - Cracovia wins its first Polish ice hockey championship.

World War II (1939–1945)

* 1939 ** 6 September: German forces

enter Enter or ENTER may refer to: * Enter key, on computer keyboards * Enter, Netherlands, a village * ''Enter'' (magazine), an American technology magazine for children 1983–1985 * ''Enter'' (Finnish magazine), a Finnish computer magazine * Enter ...

city. ** 12 September: The '' Einsatzgruppe zbV'' entered the city. ** 12 September: Execution of 10 Jews by the Germans. ** September: Dulag transit camp for Polish prisoners of war established by the Germans. ** September: ''Organizacja Orła Białego'' underground Polish resistance organization founded. ** 4 November: City becomes seat of Nazi German

General Government The General Government (, ; ; ), formally the General Governorate for the Occupied Polish Region (), was a German zone of occupation established after the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, Slovak Republic (1939–1945), Slovakia and the Soviet ...

of occupied Poland. ** 6 November: 183 Polish professors and lecturers arrested by the Germans during ''

Sonderaktion Krakau ''Sonderaktion Krakau'' was a German operation against professors and academics of the Jagiellonian University and other universities in German-occupied Kraków, Poland, at the beginning of World War II. It was carried out as part of the much bro ...

''. ** 9–10 November: Mass arrests of 120 Poles, incl. teachers, students and judges, during the ''

Intelligenzaktion The ''Intelligenzaktion'' (), or the Intelligentsia mass shootings, was a series of mass murders committed against the Polish people, Polish intelligentsia (teachers, priests, physicians, and other prominent members of Polish society) during the ...

''. * 1939–1940 - Massacres of over 1,700 Poles at Fort 49 of the

Kraków Fortress Kraków fortress ( Polish: ''Twierdza Kraków'', German: ''Festung Krakau'') refers in the narrow sense to the 19th century Austro-Hungarian fortifications, and in the larger sense - to the interconnected fortifications in Kraków, Poland, includi ...

and the adjacent forest. * 1940 ** 30 March: Mass arrests of Poles during the ''

AB-Aktion The ''AB-Aktion'' ( , ) was the second stage of the Nazi German campaign of violence in Poland early in World War II, taking place between March and September 1940. As with the previous ''Intelligenzaktion'', during the 1939 invasion of Poland, i ...

''. ** July: Dulag camp dissolved. * 1941 - March:

Kraków Ghetto The Kraków Ghetto was one of five major metropolitan Nazi ghettos created by Germany in the new General Government territory during the Occupation of Poland (1939–1945), German occupation of Poland in World War II. It was established for the p ...

of Jews established by occupying Germans. * 1942 ** 15 April: Baudienst

forced labour Forced labour, or unfree labour, is any work relation, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will with the threat of destitution, detention, or violence, including death or other forms of ...

camp established by the Germans. ** 5 June:

prisoner-of-war camp A prisoner-of-war camp (often abbreviated as POW camp) is a site for the containment of enemy fighters captured as Prisoner of war, prisoners of war by a belligerent power in time of war. There are significant differences among POW camps, inte ...

for Dutch, Belgian and French POWs established by the Germans. ** Local branch of the

Żegota Żegota (, full codename: the "Konrad Żegota Committee"Yad Vashem Shoa Resource CenterZegota/ref>) was the Polish Council to Aid Jews with the Government Delegation for Poland (), an underground Polish resistance organization, and part of th ...

underground Polish resistance organization established to rescue Jews from the Holocaust. ** October:

Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp Płaszów () or Kraków-Płaszów was a Nazi concentration camp operated by the SS in Płaszów, a southern suburb of Kraków, in the General Governorate of German-occupied Poland. Most of the prisoners were Polish Jews who were targeted f ...

established by the Germans. * 1943 - March: Liquidation of the Kraków Ghetto. * 1944 ** 22 July: Baudienst forced labour camp dissolved. ** 6 August: Stalag 369 camp dissolved. ** Deportations of Poles by the occupiers from the Dulag 121 camp in

Pruszków Pruszków is a city in east-central Poland, capital of Pruszków County in the Masovian Voivodeship. Pruszków is located along the western edge of the Warsaw metropolitan area. Pruszków is the largest city in the Warsaw metropolitan area outs ...

to Kraków during and following the

Warsaw Uprising The Warsaw Uprising (; ), sometimes referred to as the August Uprising (), or the Battle of Warsaw, was a major World War II operation by the Polish resistance movement in World War II, Polish underground resistance to liberate Warsaw from ...

. * 1945 ** January: Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp evacuated by the occupiers and dissolved. ** January: Russians take city; German occupation ends.

1945–2000

* 1945 –

Historical Museum of Kraków The Historical Museum of the City of Kraków () in Kraków, Lesser Poland, was granted the status of an independent institution in 1945. Originally, it was a branch of the Old Records Office of Kraków, in operation from 1899. The museum holdings ...

established. * 1946 - Krakow Polytechnic established. * 1949 ** ''

Gazeta Krakowska The (, full title ) is the largest regional daily newspaper in Kraków, Poland, published five times a week in that city. Gazeta Krakowska was established on 15 February 1949. It features articles about politics, business, economy, popular hist ...

'' newspaper begins publication. ** Development of

Nowa Huta Nowa Huta (, literally "The New Ironworks") is the easternmost district of Kraków, Poland. With more than 200,000 inhabitants, it is one of the most populous areas of the city. Until 1990, the neighbouring districts were considered expansions o ...

area begins. * 1950 ** founded. ** Population: 347,500. * 1951 - Polish Academy of Sciences' Division of Medicinal Plants established. * 1954 ** Lenin Steelworks begins operating. ** Opera Krakowska founded. **

wins its first Polish men's basketball championship. * 1955 ** Cricot 2 theatre group formed. ** Population: 428,231. * 1956 ** 28 October: Start of mass

blood donation A 'blood donation'' occurs when a person voluntarily has blood drawn and used for transfusions and/or made into biopharmaceutical medications by a process called fractionation (separation of whole blood components). A donation may be of wh ...

for the

Hungarian Revolution of 1956 The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 (23 October – 4 November 1956; ), also known as the Hungarian Uprising, was an attempted countrywide revolution against the government of the Hungarian People's Republic (1949–1989) and the policies caused by ...

(see also ''

Hungary–Poland relations Poland–Hungary relations are the foreign relations between Poland and Hungary. Relations between the two nations date back to the Middle Ages. The two Eastern European peoples have traditionally enjoyed a very close friendship, brotherhood and ...

''). ** Raising of funds, food and medical supplies for the Hungarians. ** 30 October, 5 November: Protests against the

Soviet The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...

suppression of the Hungarian Revolution. * 1959 ** Krzysztofory Gallery and Kino Mikro (cinema). open. ** Wawel Kraków wins its first Polish women's basketball championship. **

wins its first Polish women's volleyball championship. * 1961 -

Kraków Film Festival The Krakow Film Festival () is one of Europe's oldest events dedicated to documentary, animation and other short film forms. It is one of the only five FIAPF accredited documentary and short film festivals in the world.https://fiapf.org/festiv ...

begins. * 1963 -

wins its first Polish women's basketball championship. * 1964 ** Balice Airport begins operating. **

Polish Aviation Museum The Polish Aviation Museum () is a large museum of historic aircraft and aircraft engines in Kraków, Poland. It is located at the site of the no-longer functional Kraków-Rakowice-Czyżyny Airport. This airfield, established by Austr ...

established. **

Karol Wojtyła Pope John Paul II (born Karol Józef Wojtyła; 18 May 19202 April 2005) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 16 October 1978 until his death in 2005. In his youth, Wojtyła dabbled in stage acting. H ...

becomes Catholic

archbishop In Christian denominations, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office. In most cases, such as the Catholic Church, there are many archbishops who either have jurisdiction over an ecclesiastical province in addition to their own archdi ...

. * 1965 – Population: 520,145. * 1967 - (cinema) opens. * 1973 -

becomes part of Kraków. * 1974 - Population: 662,900. * 1978 ** May: Kraków co-hosts the

1978 UEFA European Under-18 Championship The UEFA European Under-18 Championship 1978 Final Tournament was held in Poland. It also served as the European qualification for the 1979 FIFA World Youth Championship. Qualification Group 1 Group 4 Other groups Teams The ...

. **

Kraków Old Town Kraków Old Town is the historic central area of Kraków, Poland.Ingrid GustafsonLet's Go: Eastern Europe Published by Macmillan, page 444. Let's Go Publications, 2008. It is one of the most famous old areas in Poland today and was the centre ...

designated an UNESCO

World Heritage Site World Heritage Sites are landmarks and areas with legal protection under an treaty, international treaty administered by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, or scientific significance. The sites are judged to contain "cultural and natural ...

. * 1979 -

Hutnik Kraków Hutnik Kraków (Polish pronunciation: ) is a Polish football club based in Kraków, Poland. History The club was founded in 1950. Hutnik have played seven seasons in the Polish top-flight. The team's greatest success is a third place in the 1 ...

wins its first Polish handball championship. * 1988 **

wins its first Polish men's volleyball championship. ** Jewish Culture Festival in Kraków begins. * 1990 - ' newspaper begins publication. * 1993 - Institute for Strategic Studies establishe

* 1997 - The Cracow Klezmer Band, Cracow Klezmer Band formed. * 1998 - Andrzej Maria Gołaś becomes mayor. * 1999 - City becomes part of the

Lesser Poland Voivodeship Lesser Poland Voivodeship ( ) is a voivodeships of Poland, voivodeship in southern Poland. It has an area of , and a population of 3,404,863 (2019). Its capital and largest city is Kraków. The province's name recalls the traditional name of a h ...

. * 2000 - City designated a

European Capital of Culture A European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union (EU) for a period of one calendar year during which it organises a series of cultural events with a strong pan-European dimension. Being a European Capital of Culture can ...

21st century

* 2001 - Honorary Consulate of

Norway Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard also form part of the Kingdom of ...

opened. * 2002 - Jacek Majchrowski becomes mayor. * 2004 ** 17 April: First

khachkar A ''khachkar'' (also spelled as ''khatchkar'') or Armenian cross-stone (, , խաչ ''xačʿ'' "cross" + քար ''kʿar'' "stone") is a carved, memorial stele bearing a cross, and often with additional motifs such as rosette (design), rosettes ...

in Poland unveiled. ** 7 May: First Kraków Equality March. * 2006 - Galeria Krakowska shopping mall in business. * 2008 ** Kraków Fast Tram begins operating. ** International Festival of Independent Cinema Off Plus Camera begins. * 2009 ** (cinema) opens. **

Sister city A sister city or a twin town relationship is a form of legal or social agreement between two geographically and politically distinct localities for the purpose of promoting cultural and commercial ties. While there are early examples of inte ...

relationship established with

San Francisco San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is a commercial, Financial District, San Francisco, financial, and Culture of San Francisco, cultural center of Northern California. With a population of 827,526 residents as of ...

, USA.

* 2010 ** 1 February:

Museum of Contemporary Art in Kraków The Museum of Contemporary Art in Kraków (MOCAK), (), is a contemporary art gallery in Kraków, Poland that opened on 19 May 2011. Situated 3 kilometres from the centre of the city, on a demolished part of the factory of Oskar Schindler, the aim ...

opened. ** 18 April: State funeral of Lech and Maria Kaczyński. ** 10 June:

Oskar Schindler's Enamel Factory Oskar Schindler's Enamel Factory () is a former metal item factory in Kraków. It now hosts two museums: the Museum of Contemporary Art in Kraków, on the former workshops, and a branch of the Historical Museum of the City of Kraków, situate ...

museum opened. ** 17 July:

Ignacy Jan Paderewski Ignacy Jan Paderewski (;

r 1859 R, or r, is the eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''ar'' (pronounced ), plural ''ars''. The lette ...

– 29 June 1941) was a Polish pianist, composer and statesman who was a spokesman for Polish independence. In 1919, he was the nation's Prime Minister of Poland, prime minister and foreign minister durin ...

monument erected in . ** 30 September: opened. * 2012 - Population: 758,300. * 2013 ** 8–9 October: Arraiolos Group meeting held. **

Air pollution Air pollution is the presence of substances in the Atmosphere of Earth, air that are harmful to humans, other living beings or the environment. Pollutants can be Gas, gases like Ground-level ozone, ozone or nitrogen oxides or small particles li ...

in Krakow reaches annual mean of 37

PM2.5 Particulate matter (PM) or particulates are microscopic particles of solid or liquid matter suspended in the air. An ''aerosol'' is a mixture of particulates and air, as opposed to the particulate matter alone, though it is sometimes defined ...

and 51

PM10 Particulate matter (PM) or particulates are microscopic particles of solid or liquid matter suspended in the air. An ''aerosol'' is a mixture of particulates and air, as opposed to the particulate matter alone, though it is sometimes defined ...

, more than recommended. * 2014 ** May:

Tauron Arena Tauron may refer to: *Tauron Group Tauron Polska Energia S.A. is an energy holding company in Poland. It is headquartered in Katowice Katowice (, ) is the capital city of the Silesian Voivodeship in southern Poland and the central city of the ...

opens. ** May: Kraków referendum, 2014 held;

Kraków bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics Kraków 2022 was a bid by the Polish Olympic Committee to hold the 2022 Winter Olympics in Kraków. On 25 May 2014, the inhabitants of Kraków voted to withdraw the bid in a Kraków referendum, 2014, binding referendum. After that Kraków discont ...

withdrawn. * 2016 ** January: Kraków co-hosts the

2016 European Men's Handball Championship The 2016 EHF European Men's Handball Championship was the twelfth edition and was held for the first time in Poland from 15–31 January 2016. Croatia and Norway were the other applicants in the bidding process. Poland was awarded the champions ...

. ** 13–17 July: Kraków hosts the final round of the 2016 FIVB Volleyball World League. ** 26–31 July: Kraków hosts the

World Youth Day 2016 World Youth Day 2016 (WYD 2016; ) was the 15th World Youth Day, an international event organised by the Catholic Church and focused on faith and youth that took place from 26 to 31 July 2016 in Kraków, Poland. It was the third World Youth Day ...

. * 2017 ** June: Kraków co-hosts the

2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship The 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship (also known as UEFA Under-21 Euro 2017) was the 21st edition of the UEFA European Under-21 Championship, a biennial international youth association football, football championship organised by UEFA for ...

. ** August–September: Kraków co-hosts the

2017 Men's European Volleyball Championship The 2017 Men's European Volleyball Championship was the 30th edition of the Men's European Volleyball Championship, organised by Europe's governing volleyball body, the Confédération Européenne de Volleyball, CEV. The tournament was held in Pol ...

. * 2021 ** June: Honorary Consulate of

Peru Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pac ...

opened. ** September: Kraków co-hosts the

2021 Men's European Volleyball Championship The 2021 Men's European Volleyball Championship was the 32nd edition of the Men's European Volleyball Championship, organised by Europe's governing volleyball body, CEV. For the second time, the EuroVolley was held in four countries: Poland, Cze ...

. * 2023 ** January: Kraków co-hosts the

2023 World Men's Handball Championship The 2023 World Men's Handball Championship, IHF World Men's Handball Championship was the 28th such event hosted by the International Handball Federation. It was held in Poland and Sweden from 11 to 29 January 2023. Denmark men's national handba ...

. ** June–July: Kraków hosts the

2023 European Games The 3rd European Games (), also known as the 2023 European Games or Kraków-Małopolska 2023, was an international multi-sport event held from 21 June to 2 July 2023 in Kraków and Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Małopolska, Poland. It was the first ...

References

''This article incorporates information from the

Polish Wikipedia The Polish Wikipedia () is the Polish language, Polish-language edition of Wikipedia, a free online encyclopedia. Founded on 26 September 2001, it now has articles, making it the -largest Wikipedia edition overall. It is also the second-largest ...

and

German Wikipedia The German Wikipedia () is the German-language edition of Wikipedia, a free and publicly editable online encyclopedia. Founded on 16 March 2001, it is the second-oldest Wikipedia edition (after the English Wikipedia). It has articles, ma ...

.''

Bibliography

Published in 18th-19th centuries * * * * * * * * * * Published in 20th century * * * * * * * * K.Z. Sowa (1984). "The development of Kraków in the nineteenth century against the background of the historic role of the city." (in) B. Hamm and B. Jaowiecki (eds.), ''Urbanism and human values''. Bonn: BFLR, pp. 101–128. * * Published in 21st century * * * *

External links

{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline of Krakow Krakow Years in Poland