This is a timeline of the presence of

Orthodoxy in Greece Eastern Orthodoxy is by far the largest religious denomination in Greece. Status The Greek Orthodox Church, a member of the Eastern Orthodox Communion, is described as the "prevailing religion" in Constitution of Greece, Greece's constitution. S ...

from 1924 to 1974. The history of Greece traditionally encompasses the study of the Greek people, the areas they ruled historically, as well as the territory now composing the modern state of

Greece Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. Located on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to th ...

Second Hellenic Republic (1924–1935)

*1924 Constitution of the Holy Mountain agreed, ratified by the Greek State by the Legislative Decree of 10/16 September 1926;
Timeline of the History of the Greek Church
'' Anagnosis Books, Deliyianni 3, Marousi 15122, Greece. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia is the Australian archdiocese of the Greek Orthodox Church, part of the wider communion of Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodox Christianity. The archdiocese is a jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patr ...

formally founded; death of Arsenios of Cappadocia. *1925 School of Theology established at the

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki The Aristotle University of Thessaloniki ( AUTh; ), often called the University of Thessaloniki, is the second oldest tertiary education institution in Greece. Named after the philosopher Aristotle, who was born in Stageira, about east of Thessa ...

, due to the initiative taken by the government of

Alexandros Papanastasiou Alexandros Papanastasiou (; 8 July 1876 – 17 November 1936) was a Greek lawyer, sociologist and politician who served twice as the Prime Minister of Greece during the interwar period. He was a pioneer in the establishment of the Second Helleni ...

. *1925–1945 Emigration of less than 30,000 Greeks to the United States, many of whom were "picture brides" for single Greek men. *1926 Proposal for Mount Athos to be turned into a

condominium A condominium (or condo for short) is an ownership regime in which a building (or group of buildings) is divided into multiple units that are either each separately owned, or owned in common with exclusive rights of occupation by individual own ...

by Dictator

Theodoros Pangalos Theodoros Pangalos (, romanized: ''Theódoros Pángalos''; 11 January 1878 – 26 February 1952) was a Greek general, politician and dictator. A distinguished staff officer and an ardent Venizelist and anti-royalist, Pangalos played a leading r ...

, as part of the treaty signed on 17 August between Greece and the

Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a country in Southeast and Central Europe that existed from 1918 until 1941. From 1918 to 1929, it was officially called the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, but the term "Yugoslavia" () has been its colloq ...

; the existing constitution governing the affairs of Mount Athos is passed.Treasures from Mount Athos.
CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF IMPORTANT EVENTS
'' Hellenic Resources Network (HR-Net). Retrieved: 23 May 2013. *1927–1954 Archim.

Seraphim Papakostas Archimandrite Seraphim Papakostas (1892 – 1954) was the Superior of the Zoe Brotherhood movement in Greece from 1927–1954. Zoe was founded in 1907 by Archimandrite Eusebius Matthopoulos (1849–1929), an earlier follower and collaborator of ...

(1872–1954) succeeds Archim. Eusebius Matthopoulos as head of the Zoe Brotherhood movement in Greece. *1928 The Ecumenical Patriarchate issued a tome by which it ceded to the Church of Greece, on a temporary basis, 35 of its metropolitan dioceses in northern Greece to be administered by it.Victor Roudometof. ''Greek Orthodoxy, Territoriality, and Globality: Religious Responses and Institutional Disputes. Report.'' Sociology of Religion. Vol. 69 No. 1. 22 March 2008. Pg. 67(25). ."Codified in the 1928 Patriarchal and Synodical Act, the "

New Lands ''New Lands'' is the second nonfiction book of the author Charles Fort, published in 1923. It deals primarily with astronomical anomalies and has been described as "largely a satirical attack upon the pomposity of astronomers". Overview In th ...

" were entrusted to the temporary stewardship of the Church of Greece, provided that the Church respected the terms of the Act. The Act subsequently has been incorporated into several pieces of Greek legislation (Laws 3615/1928, 5438/1932, 599/1977, and Article 3, paragraph 1 of the current

Greek Constitution The Constitution of Greece () was created by the Fifth Revisionary Hellenic Parliament in 1974, after the fall of the Greek junta and the start of the Third Hellenic Republic. It came into force on 11 June 1975 (adopted two days prior) and has ...

), thereby recognizing the ecclesiastical agreement between the two sides." *1930

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ( 1881 – 10 November 1938) was a Turkish field marshal and revolutionary statesman who was the founding father of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first President of Turkey, president from 1923 until Death an ...

officially renamed Constantinople to

Istanbul Istanbul is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, constituting the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With Demographics of Istanbul, a population over , it is home to 18% of the Demographics ...

, which comes from the Greek expression "eis-tin-polin" ("to the City"), based on the common Greek usage of referring to Constantinople simply as ''The City;'' a Pan-Orthodox Consultation on

Mount Athos Mount Athos (; ) is a mountain on the Athos peninsula in northeastern Greece directly on the Aegean Sea. It is an important center of Eastern Orthodoxy, Eastern Orthodox monasticism. The mountain and most of the Athos peninsula are governed ...

concluded that the only possible relations on the part of the Orthodox toward the Roman Catholics was ''"Relations of defense on the part of the Orthodox toward Roman Catholic

Proselytism Proselytism () is the policy of attempting to convert people's religious or political beliefs. Carrying out attempts to instill beliefs can be called proselytization. Proselytism is illegal in some countries. Some draw distinctions between Chris ...

;"''Rev. Nicon D. Patrinacos. ''A Dictionary of Greek Orthodoxy – Λεξικον Ελλινικης Ορθοδοξιας.'' Light and Life Publishing, 1984. p.323. Traditionalist Greeks (Old Calendarist communities) began publishing the monthly journal ''Orthodoxos Keryx'' (''Orthodox Herald'') from 1930. *1930–1931 Rulings of the Court of Appeal (1930) and the

Supreme Court In most legal jurisdictions, a supreme court, also known as a court of last resort, apex court, high (or final) court of appeal, and court of final appeal, is the highest court within the hierarchy of courts. Broadly speaking, the decisions of ...

(1931) imposed a ban on

Uniates The Eastern Catholic Churches or Oriental Catholic Churches, also known as the Eastern-Rite Catholic Churches, Eastern Rite Catholicism, or simply the Eastern Churches, are 23 Eastern Christian autonomous (''sui iuris'') particular churches of ...

in Greece from wearing the outer garments of Orthodox clergy, in order to avoid the confusion with Orthodox clergy they were seeking, however the Uniates never consistently respected this decision. Germanos Karavaggelis2

*1931

Benaki Museum The Benaki Museum, established and endowed in 1930 by Antonis Benakis in memory of his father Emmanuel Benakis, is housed in the Benakis family mansion in Athens, Greece. The museum houses Greek works of art from the prehistorical to the modern ...

opens in Athens, housing Byzantine, Post-Byzantine, and Neo-Hellenic ecclesiastical and national art collections. *1932 Death of Saint Nicholas Planas. *1933 Church of Greece bans

Freemasonry Freemasonry (sometimes spelled Free-Masonry) consists of fraternal groups that trace their origins to the medieval guilds of stonemasons. Freemasonry is the oldest secular fraternity in the world and among the oldest still-existing organizati ...

, declaring that when one becomes a Mason (a member of Freemasonry) it is an act of

apostasy Apostasy (; ) is the formal religious disaffiliation, disaffiliation from, abandonment of, or renunciation of a religion by a person. It can also be defined within the broader context of embracing an opinion that is contrary to one's previous re ...

from the Church and therefore, until that person repents, they can not attend the

Holy Eucharist The Eucharist ( ; from , ), also called Holy Communion, the Blessed Sacrament or the Lord's Supper, is a Christian rite, considered a sacrament in most churches and an ordinance in others. Christians believe that the rite was instituted by J ...

;
Freemasonry: Official Statement of the Church of Greece (1933)
'' Orthodox Christian Information Center. Retrieved: 24 November 2012.Gregory Zorzos – Γρηγόρης Ζώρζος.
Secret Societies at revolution era 1821 in Greece – Μυστικές Εταιρείες 1821
'' Gregory Zorzos, 2009. p.77. opening of the new Patriarchal Palace in Cairo by Patriarch Meletios, built at the expense of Theodore Kotsikas. * 1934 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk transformed

Hagia Sophia Hagia Sophia (; ; ; ; ), officially the Hagia Sophia Grand Mosque (; ), is a mosque and former Church (building), church serving as a major cultural and historical site in Istanbul, Turkey. The last of three church buildings to be successively ...

into a museum.Marangos, Frank. ''Resolving the religious freedom issue of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.'' Forum on Public Policy: A Journal of the Oxford Round Table. 22 June 2007. . *1935 Death of eminent prelate Metropolitan Germanos (Karavangelis) in Vienna, who had played a central role and was an active participant both in the Greek

Struggle for Macedonia The Macedonian Struggle was a series of social, political, cultural and military conflicts that were mainly fought between Greek and Bulgarian subjects who lived in Ottoman Macedonia between 1893 and 1912. From 1904 to 1908 the conflict was p ...

and in

Pontus Pontus or Pontos may refer to: * Short Latin name for the Pontus Euxinus, the Greek name for the Black Sea (aka the Euxine sea) * Pontus (mythology), a sea god in Greek mythology * Pontus (region), on the southern coast of the Black Sea, in modern ...

, and was a primary candidate for election to the Ecumenical Throne of Constantinople in 1921, and to be Archbishop of Athens in 1923, only to

censure A censure is an expression of strong disapproval or harsh criticism. In parliamentary procedure, it is a debatable main motion that could be adopted by a majority vote. Among the forms that it can take are a stern rebuke by a legislature, a sp ...

d in the end by both church and state;

Old Calendar Calendar reform or calendrical reform is any significant revision of a calendar system. The term sometimes is used instead for a proposal to switch to a different calendar design. Principles The prime objective of a calendar is to unambiguo ...

schism, when three bishops declared their separation from the official Church of Greece stating that the calendar change was a schismatic act; German Biblical scholar

Alfred Rahlfs Alfred Rahlfs (; ; 29 May 1865 – 8 April 1935) was a German Biblical scholar. He was a member of the history of religions school. He is known for his edition of the Septuagint published in 1935. Biography He was born in Linden near Hanover, a ...

published his two-volume '' Septuaginta, '' a semi-

critical Critical or Critically may refer to: *Critical, or critical but stable, medical states **Critical, or intensive care medicine * Critical juncture, a discontinuous change studied in the social sciences. *Critical Software, a company specializing i ...

edition of the Greek

Septuagint The Septuagint ( ), sometimes referred to as the Greek Old Testament or The Translation of the Seventy (), and abbreviated as LXX, is the earliest extant Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible from the original Biblical Hebrew. The full Greek ...

, being the only complete critical text of the Septuagint in existence to that date.Robert J. V. Hiebert. ''Inauguration of the John William Wevers Institute and Septuagint Chair Campaign.''

Trinity Western University Trinity Western University (TWU) is a Private university, private Christian liberal arts university with campuses in both Langley, British Columbia (district municipality), Langley and Richmond, British Columbia, Richmond, British Columbia. The ...

. 5 December 2011. Retrieved: 25 May 2018. p. 3.

Kingdom of Greece restored (1935–1967)

*1936 Apostolic Ministry of the Church of Greece founded ( ' Apostoliki Diakonia' ); General

Ioannis Metaxas Ioannis Metaxas (; 12 April 187129 January 1941) was a Greek military officer and politician who was dictator of Greece from 1936 until his death in 1941. He governed constitutionally for the first four months of his tenure, and thereafter as th ...

, Prime Minister of Greece during the

4th of August Regime The 4th of August Regime (), commonly also known as the Metaxas regime (, ''Kathestós Metaxá''), was a dictatorial regime under the leadership of General Ioannis Metaxas that ruled the Kingdom of Greece from 1936 to 1941. On 4 August 1936, ...

(1936–41), propagated a Third Hellenic Civilization (Ancient Greece and Byzantium being the first two); by 1936, Zoe Brotherhood had opened 300 catechetical schools with 35,000 pupils, and received the first prize at the International Protestant Conference on Sunday Schools in Oslo. Silouanicon

*1937 The

Ecumenical Patriarchate The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (, ; ; , "Roman Orthodox Patriarchate, Ecumenical Patriarchate of Istanbul") is one of the fifteen to seventeen Autocephaly, autocephalous churches that together compose the Eastern Orthodox Church. ...

chose a number of highly educated religious personalities for key positions in the recently declared Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Albania, after an agreement with the Albanian authorities, including Panteleimon (Kotokos) as Metr. of

Gjirokastër Gjirokastër (, sq-definite, Gjirokastra) is a List of cities and towns in Albania, city in Southern Albania, southern Albania and the seat of Gjirokastër County and Gjirokastër Municipality. It is located in a valley between the Gjerë moun ...

, and Eulogios (Kourilas), as metropolitan of Korytsa; Mass NKVD operation against Greeks in the USSR begins, based on Joseph Stalin's Directive 50125 Dec. 1937, resulting in the loss of 38,000 Soviet citizens of Hellenic descent at the Gulags of Siberia. *1938 Death of Silouan of Mt Athos; Chrysanthos (Philippidis) becomes the

Archbishop of Athens and all Greece The Archbishopric of Athens () is a Greek Orthodox archiepiscopal see based in the city of Athens, Greece. It is the senior see of Greece, and the seat of the autocephalous Church of Greece. Its incumbent (since 2008) is Ieronymos II of Athens. ...

(1938–1941);

American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese The American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese of North America (ACROD) is a archdiocese of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in the United States and Canada. Though the diocese is directly responsible to the Patriarchate, it is under the spiritual sup ...

is founded, when a group of 37 Ruthenian Eastern Catholic parishes, under the leadership of Fr. Orestes Chornock were received into the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. Archbishop Damaskinos of Greece

*1939–49

World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

and subsequent

Greek Civil War The Greek Civil War () took place from 1946 to 1949. The conflict, which erupted shortly after the end of World War II, consisted of a Communism, Communist-led uprising against the established government of the Kingdom of Greece. The rebels decl ...

(1944–49), famine and widespread bloodshed. *1939 The emigration of the Antiochian Greeks reaches its peak. *1941 In occupied Athens, Abp.

Chrysanthos Chrysanthos (), Latinized as Chrysanthus, is a Greek name meaning "golden flower". The feminine form of the name is Chrysanthe (Χρυσάνθη), also written Chrysanthi, Chrysanthy and Chrysanthea. Notable people bearing this name include: * S ...

refused to swear in the first

Quisling ''Quisling'' (, ) is a term used in Scandinavian languages and in English to mean a citizen or politician of an occupied country who collaborates with an enemy occupying force; it may also be used more generally as a synonym for ''traitor'' or ...

government of

Georgios Tsolakoglou Georgios Tsolakoglou (; April 1886 – 22 May 1948) was a Greek army officer who headed the government of Greece from 1941 to 1942, in the early phase of the country's occupation by Axis powers during World War II. An officer of the Hellenic Ar ...

appointed by the Germans. *1943

Massacre of Kalavryta The Kalavryta massacre (), or the Holocaust of Kalavryta (), was the near-extermination of the male population and the total destruction of the town of Kalavryta, Axis-occupied Greece, by the 117th Jäger Division (Wehrmacht) during World War II, ...

by German occupation forces, including the monks and monastery of

Agia Lavra Agia Lavra ("Holy Lavra") is a monastery near Kalavryta, Achaea, Greece. It was built in 961 AD, on Aroania (mountain), Chelmos Mountain, at an altitude of 961 meters, and can be described as the symbolic birthplace of modern Greece. It stands as ...

; the Nazi attempt to exterminate the Jews of Athens fails, thanks to the combined efforts of Abp. Damaskinos (Papandreou) of Athens, Greek resistance groups and the Greek people. *1944 Abp. Damaskinos (Papandreou) of Athens serves as regent in an attempt to stabilise Greece (31 Dec 1944 – 28 Sep 1946). *1946 The

Civil Code A civil code is a codification of private law relating to property law, property, family law, family, and law of obligations, obligations. A jurisdiction that has a civil code generally also has a code of civil procedure. In some jurisdiction ...

of Greece (Gr
Αστικός Κώδικας
came into effect on 23 February 1946.Maria Panezi.

'' GlobaLex. March 2013. *1947 The

Dodecanese Islands The Dodecanese (, ; , ''Dodekánisa'' , ) are a group of 15 larger and 150 smaller Greek islands in the southeastern Aegean Sea and Eastern Mediterranean, off the coast of Anatolia, of which 26 are inhabited. This island group generally defines ...

are liberated but remain under the

Patriarchate of Constantinople The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (, ; ; , "Roman Orthodox Patriarchate, Ecumenical Patriarchate of Istanbul") is one of the fifteen to seventeen autocephalous churches that together compose the Eastern Orthodox Church. It is headed ...

; death of Venerable Saint

Savvas the New of Kalymnos Saint Savvas of Kalymnos (also known as Saint Savvas the New) is the patron saint of the Greek island of Kalymnos, where he lived during the last twenty years of his life as the priest and spiritual father of the nuns of the Convent of All Saint ...

. *1949 Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark founded an Orthodox nursing order of nuns known as the ''Christian Sisterhood of Martha and Mary'', and built a convent and orphanage in a poor suburb of Athens.Delia Paunescu.
''The Crown'': Princess Alice Of Battenberg's Life Was More Dramatic Than The Show Depicts
" ELLE. 9 APR 2021. *1950 Uncovering of the

relics In religion, a relic is an object or article of religious significance from the past. It usually consists of the physical remains or personal effects of a saint or other person preserved for the purpose of veneration as a tangible memorial. Reli ...

of St. Ephraim of Nea Makri (†1426); foundation of the

Albanian Orthodox Diocese of America The Albanian Orthodox Diocese of America () is a jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in the United States. History In the first half of the 20th century, the Orthodox Albanian communities in America were loosely affiliated with one anoth ...

under the

, with the episcopal ordination on 10 September in Constantinople of Mark Lipa as titular Bishop of Levka (1950–1982). *1951 In June, the

Church of Greece The Church of Greece (, ), part of the wider Greek Orthodox Church, is one of the autocephalous churches which make up the communion of Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Its canonical territory is confined to the borders of Greece prior to th ...

organized inter-orthodox events in commemoration of the 1900th anniversary of the Apostle Paul's mission to Athens; the 1500th anniversary celebration of the

Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem,, ''Patriarcheîon Hierosolýmōn;'' , also known as the Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem, is an autocephalous church within the wider communion of Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Established in th ...

. *1952 The Holy Synod of the Church of Greece decided to commemorate the

feast day The calendar of saints is the traditional Christian method of organizing a liturgical year by associating each day with one or more saints and referring to the day as the feast day or feast of said saint. The word "feast" in this context does n ...

The Protection of the Mother of God The Intercession of the Theotokos, or the Protection of Our Most Holy Lady Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, is a Christian feast of the Mother of God celebrated in the Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic Churches on October 14 (Julian calendar ...

28 October Events Pre-1600 * 97 – Roman emperor Nerva is forced by the Praetorian Guard to adopt general Marcus Ulpius Trajanus as his heir and successor. * 306 – Maxentius is proclaimed Roman emperor. * 312 – Constantine I defeats ...

, rather than on the traditional date of

1 October Events Pre-1600 *331 BC – Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. * 366 – Pope Damasus I is consecrated. * 959 – Edgar the Peaceful becomes king of all England, in succession to Eadwig. ...

, thus coinciding with

Ohi Day Ohi Day (; ) is celebrated throughout Greece, Cyprus and the Greek communities around the world on 28 October each year. ''Ohi Day'' commemorates the rejection by the Greek dictator Ioannis Metaxas of the ultimatum made by Italian dictator ...

in Greece; new monastery of

Panagia Soumela Sumela Monastery (, ''Moní Panagías Soumelá''; ) is a museum and former Greek Orthodox monastery in the Pontic Mountains, in the Maçka district of Trabzon Province in modern Turkey. Nestled in a steep cliff at an elevation of about faci ...

built in the village of Kastania, in Macedonia, Greece, housing the wonder-working icon of Panagia Soumela, becoming a center of

religious pilgrimage A pilgrimage is a journey to a holy place, which can lead to a personal transformation, after which the pilgrim returns to their daily life. A pilgrim (from the Latin ''peregrinus'') is a traveler (literally one who has come from afar) who is o ...

; Ecumenical Patr. Athenagoras I (Spyrou) officially visited, for the first time in the last one thousand years, the Papal representative in

Constantinople Constantinople (#Names of Constantinople, see other names) was a historical city located on the Bosporus that served as the capital of the Roman Empire, Roman, Byzantine Empire, Byzantine, Latin Empire, Latin, and Ottoman Empire, Ottoman empire ...

, who returned the visit. *1953 The Athonite School was officially re-established in Mount Athos, now named the '
Athonite Ecclesiastical Academy
'', occupying a wing of the Skete of St. Andrew in

Karyes Karyes (Greek: Καρυές, before 1930: Αράχωβα - ''Arachova'') is a village of the Peloponnese peninsula, which is located in the southern part of Greece. The Peloponnese is made up of a number of states and Karyes belongs to the state ...

, following the Greek secondary school curriculum combined with ecclesiastical education. *1955

Istanbul Pogrom The Istanbul pogrom, also known as the Istanbul riots, were a series of state-sponsored anti-Greek mob attacks directed primarily at Istanbul's Greek minority on 6–7 September 1955. The pogrom was orchestrated by the governing Democrat ...

: In September an organised mob was turned against the ethnic Greek community and the

in an orchestrated pogrom, destroying 73 churches, 1,004 residences, 5,000 small- and medium-sized businesses, two cemeteries, 23 schools and 5 athletic centres; the number of ethnic Greeks who were forced to leave Turkey by 1960 as a result of these events is estimated at 9,000;

Glorification Glorification may have several meanings in Christianity. From the Catholic canonization to the similar sainthood of the Eastern Orthodox Church to salvation in Christianity in Protestant beliefs, the glorification of the human condition can be ...

of Nicodemos of the Holy Mountain (†1809) by the

; Basil (Essey), Bishop of Wichita.
Exomologetarion (A Manual of Confession)
'' Orthodox Christian Information Centre. 14 July 2005. Retrieved: 29 July 2013. the small Greek community in Venice devoted its resources and works of post-Byzantine art to founding the Hellenic Institute of Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Studies (Istituto Ellenico) on the site of the former

Flanginian School The Flanginian School (; ) was a Greek educational institution that operated in Venice, Italy, from 1664–1665 to 1905. The Flanginian produced several teachers who contributed to the modern Greek Enlightenment of the 17th and 18th centuries. Ba ...

, established by law in 1951 and starting its activity in 1955. *1956 Death of prominent theologian

Gregorios Papamichael Gregorios Papamichael () (1875–1956) was a theologian of the Orthodox Church of Greece and a renowned professor at the Theology School of the University of Athens (1918-1920, and 1923-1939). He examined diligently various cultural aspects of ...

, professor at the University of Athens, who was responsible for resurrecting two almost forgotten great personalities of Orthodoxy: Gregorios Palamas and Maximos (Trivolis) the Greek, and who furthermore examined diligently various cultural aspects of church life;Panagiotes K. Christou.
Neohellenic Theology at the Crossroads
'' ''The Greek Orthodox Theological Review''. 28, n. 1, Spring 1983, p. 39-54. Dr.

Constantine Cavarnos Schemamonk Constantine Cavarnos (1918, Boston – March 3, 2011, Florence, Arizona) was an American philosopher, Byzantinist, and Eastern Orthodox monk. Early life and education Cavarnos was born in Boston in 1918. He graduated from Harvard Uni ...

founds th
Institute for Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies
in Belmont, Massachusetts; prominent theologian

Nikos Nissiotis Nikolaos "Nikos" A. Nissiotis (alternate spelling: Nisiotis) ( Greek: Νικόλαος "Νίκος" A. Νησιώτης; 21 May 1924 – 18 August 1986) was a Greek theologian, philosopher, university professor, and basketball coach. Basketball ...

(1926–86) defended his doctoral dissertation ''Existentialism and the Christian Faith'', being the first time that a Greek confronted the problems raised by Kierkegaard, Jaspers,

Heidegger Martin Heidegger (; 26 September 1889 – 26 May 1976) was a German philosopher known for contributions to phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism. His work covers a range of topics including metaphysics, art, and language. In April ...

and

Sartre Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, ; ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic, considered a leading figure in 20th-century French ph ...

in the light of living Orthodox theological thought.

Christos Yannaras Christos Yannaras (; also Giannaras; ; 10 April 1935 – 24 August 2024) was a Greek philosopher, Eastern Orthodox theologian and author of more than 50 books which have been translated into many languages. He was a professor emeritus of philo ...

. ''Orthodoxy and the West: Hellenic Self-Identity in the Modern Age.'' Transl. Peter Chamberas and Norman Russell. Brookline: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2006. p. 281. *1957 Death of Blessed Elder Jeronymo (Ieronimos) abbot of

Simonopetra Simonopetra Monastery (, literally: "Simon's Rock"), also Monastery of Simonos Petra (), is an Eastern Orthodox monastery in the monastic state of Mount Athos in Greece. It ranks 13th in the hierarchy of the Athonite monasteries. It is on the sou ...

. Greek-American priest John Romanides publishes his doctoral dissertation ''The Ancestral Sin'' with the approval of the Theological Faculty of the University of Athens, representing a classic, landmark work in the theological revolution of the 1960s that set an unimpeachable standard of Orthodoxy. *1958

Pope John XXIII Pope John XXIII (born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli; 25 November 18813 June 1963) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 28 October 1958 until his death on 3 June 1963. He is the most recent pope to take ...

and Ecumenical Patr. Athenagoras I (Spyrou) exchanged formal letters calling for peace among the Christian churches. *1959 Death of Blessed Elder Joseph (Spilaiotis) the Hesychast; death of Venerable Elder and New Confessor

George (Karslidis) of Drama Saint George of Drama (, ka, დრამის წმინდა გიორგი, January 1, 1901 – November 4, 1959), born Athanasios Karslidis, was a Caucasus Greek Orthodox elder who is venerated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Chu ...

; the Zoe Brotherhood edition of the

New Testament The New Testament (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon. It discusses the teachings and person of Jesus in Christianity, Jesus, as well as events relating to Christianity in the 1st century, first-century Christianit ...

had sold over 650,000 copies by 1959;

Hieromonk A hieromonk,; Church Slavonic, Slavonic: ''Иеромонахъ''; ; ; ; ; Albanian language, Albanian: ''Hieromurg'' also called a priestmonk, is a person who is both monk and Priest#Roman Catholic and Orthodox, priest in the Eastern Christianity ...

Augoustinos Kantiotes founds the Society of Theologians ''"The Cross" ("O Stavros")'' , which assumed the form of a brotherhood in 1966; Abp. Anastasios (Yannoulatos) of Albania establishes inter-Orthodox mission agency ''Porefthentes (Go Ye)'' to revive the church's mission activities. *1960 Death of Venerable Saint Anthimos of Chios; death of Archimandrite Iakovos Valodimos of

Monodendri, Ioannina Monodendri () is a village in the Ioannina regional unit (Epirus region) in Greece. It is part of the municipal unit of Central Zagori in the Zagori region, and is located north of the city of Ioannina. Monodendri is built at a height of and r ...

(1870–1960), ascetic and confessor. *1961

of Nektarios of Pentapolis (†1920);Great Synaxaristes :
Ὁ Ἅγιος Νεκτάριος Μητροπολίτης Πενταπόλεως Αἰγύπτου
'' 9 Νοεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ. first ever visit of a Greek Orthodox Patriarch to Canada, as Patr.

Benedict I of Jerusalem Patriarch Benedict of Jerusalem, also Benediktos I of Jerusalem, born Vasileios Papadopoulos (, 1892 – December 10, 1980) was the Patriarch of Jerusalem of the Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem from 1957 to 1980. Biography Vasileios was born ...

begins a North-American tour to raise funds for the restoration of the shrines in the Holy Land; Greek language ultraconservative ecclesiastical newspaper ''Orthodoxos Typos'' (''Orthodox Press'') is founded by Archimandrite Charalambos Vasilopoulos (1910–1982);Stavros Zoumboulakis. "The Orthodox Church in Greece Today." In: Anna Triandafyllidou, Ruby Gropas and Hara Kouki (Eds.). ''The Greek Crisis and European Modernity.'' Palgrave Macmillan, August 2013. Page 148. death of Metr. Eulogios (Kourilas) of Korytsa (Korçë), one of the leaders of the

Northern Epirus Northern Epirus (, ; ) is a term used for specific parts of southern Albania which were first claimed by the Kingdom of Greece in the Balkan Wars and later were associated with the Greek minority in Albania and Greece-Albania diplomatic relation ...

movement. *1962 Foundation of Monastery of the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary, in

Oinousses Oinousses (, alternative forms: ''Aignousa'' (Αιγνούσα) or ''Egnousa'' (Εγνούσα)) is a barren cluster of 1 larger and 8 smaller islands some off the north-east coast of the Greek island of Chios and west of Turkey. Administrative ...

( Metropolis of Chios, Psara and Oinouses). *1962–68 The 12-Volume ''"Religious and Ethical Encyclopedia"'' ('' Θρησκευτική και Ηθική Εγκυκλοπαίδεια'', ''ΘΗΕ'') is compiled as a joint effort between academics, university scholars and other contributors, published by the Athanasios Martinos publishing house, Athens. *1963 Soter Brotherhood is created, as the more traditionalist members broke away from the Zoe Brotherhood to form a smaller new brotherhood under the leadership of Prof. Panagiotes N. Trembelas, having a profound influence on the Church of Greece;CNEWA Canada (

Catholic Near East Welfare Association The Catholic Near East Welfare Association (abbreviated CNEWA, pronounced "k-NAY-wah" ) is a papal agency established in 1926 and dedicated to giving pastoral and humanitarian support to Northeast Africa, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and India ...

).
The Orthodox Church of Greece
'' Last Modified: 26 June 2008. Retrieved: 1 May 2013. Second Pan-Orthodox Conference held in Rhodes;
Towards the "Eighth" Ecumenical Council
'' Orthodox Christian Information Center. (From: ''The Orthodox Word'', Nov.-Dec. 1976 (71), 184–195). Retrieved: 1 May 2013. 1000th anniversary celebration of founding of Mount Athos; Archimandrite Chrysostomos Papasarantopoulos founds the Orthodox missionary society "The Friends of Uganda", known today as the "Orthodox Missionary Fraternity" (Αδελφότητα Ορθοδόξου Εξωτερικής Ιεραποστολής). *1964 The skull of St.

Andrew the Apostle Andrew the Apostle ( ; ; ; ) was an apostle of Jesus. According to the New Testament, he was a fisherman and one of the Apostles in the New Testament, Twelve Apostles chosen by Jesus. The title First-Called () used by the Eastern Orthodox Chu ...

, the martyred Patron Saint of Greece, was returned to the Greek Orthodox Church as a gesture of Church unity by

Pope Paul VI Pope Paul VI (born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini; 26 September 18976 August 1978) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 21 June 1963 until his death on 6 August 1978. Succeeding John XXII ...

;
St. Andrew Skull: Relic Returned to Greece
'' Catholic Herald. Friday 2 October 1964. Page 9. death of Nicephorus the Leper; Panagia Malevi icon of the Mother of God begins gushing myrrh, at the Malevi Monastery, at

Agios Petros, Arcadia Agios Petros () is a mountain village and a community in the municipality of North Kynouria in southeastern Arcadia, Greece. It is considered a traditional settlement. The community includes the village Xirokampi and the Malevi Monastery. It is ...

; Third Pan-Orthodox Conference held in Rhodes; in March, Turkey denounced the 1930 bilateral agreement on disputes arising from the exchange of populations and expelled more than 17,000 ethnic Greeks, who were deprived of all access to their real estate, goods and chattels, subsequently followed by the de facto exodus of 40,000 ethnic Greeks of Turkish citizenship. *1965 Death of icon painter Photios Kontoglou, who was a strong influence in the reintroduction of traditional Byzantine and postbyzantine style in church icon painting; first Metropolitan for Piraeus is elected, Chrysostomos (Tabladorakis) of Argolidos; Monastery of Panagia Pantanassa (Kranidiou) founded; Pope Paul VI of Rome and Patr. Athenagoras I (Spyrou) of Constantinople mutually nullify the excommunications of 1054; translation of the Holy Relics of Venerable

Sabbas the Sanctified SabasPatrich (1995). (439–532), in Church parlance Saint Sabas or Sabbas the Sanctified (), was a Cappadocian Greek monk, priest, grazer and saint, who was born in Cappadocia and lived mainly in Palaestina Prima. He was the founder of several ...

from the church of

Sant'Antonin, Venice Sant'Antonin is a church in the sestiere of Castello in Venice, Italy. History The church was initially founded by the patrician Badoer family in the seventh century. It was reconstructed in the 12th century, and again in 1680, under designs o ...

, back to the Holy Lavra of Saint Sabbas the Sanctified, preceded by consultations between

and Patriarch

;
Περί της επανακομιδής του ιερού λειψάνου του αγίου Σάββα
'' Impankratoros.gr (Holy Monastery of Pantokratoros, Melisohori). Retrieved: 12 August 2015. Professor John Karmiris wrote about the Vatican's plan to promote the union of the Orthodox and

Papist The words Popery (adjective Popish) and Papism (adjective Papist, also used to refer to an individual) are mainly historical pejorative words in the English language for Roman Catholicism, once frequently used by Protestants and Eastern Orthodox ...

, stating: ''"Pope

Paul VI Pope Paul VI (born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini; 26 September 18976 August 1978) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 21 June 1963 until his death on 6 August 1978. Succeeding John XXII ...

and his circle of Papist theologians worked out a well-researched and broad program of Rome-centered

Ecumenism Ecumenism ( ; alternatively spelled oecumenism)also called interdenominationalism, or ecumenicalismis the concept and principle that Christians who belong to different Christian denominations should work together to develop closer relationships ...

, in agreement with Latin Ecclesiology."'' Andrew of Dryinoupolis, Pogoniani and Konitsa, and, Seraphim of Piraeus and Faliro.
A Letter to Pope Francis Concerning His Past, the Abysmal State of Papism, and a Plea to Return to Holy Orthodoxy
'' HOLY AUTOCEPHALOUS ORTHODOX CATHOLIC CHURCH OF GREECE (THE HOLY METROPOLIS OF DRYINOUPOLIS, POGONIANI AND KONITSA, and, THE HOLY METROPOLIS OF PIRAEUS AND FALIRO). 10 April 2014. p. 35. :* citing: ΙΩΑΝΝΗΣ ΚΑΡΜΙΡΗΣ, ''Ὀρθοδοξία καί Ρωμαιοκαθολικισμός'', vol. ΙΙ, Ἀθήναι 1965, p. 170. the Patriarchal Institute for Patristic Studies is established in

Thessaloniki Thessaloniki (; ), also known as Thessalonica (), Saloniki, Salonika, or Salonica (), is the second-largest city in Greece (with slightly over one million inhabitants in its Thessaloniki metropolitan area, metropolitan area) and the capital cit ...

, located at the Holy Patriarchal and Stavropegial Monastery of Vlatadon (Moni Vlatadon). *1966 Professor Panagiotes K. Chrestou becomes the first director of the Patriarchal Institute for Patristic Studies (1966–1989), justly regarded as the leading Greek Patrologist of the 20th century; death of Ieronymos (Apostolides) of Aegina; Center for Byzantine Research established at the

; translation of the sacred relics of the Holy

Apostle Titus Titus ( ; , ''Títos'') was an early Christian missionary and church leader, a companion and disciple of Paul the Apostle, mentioned in several of the Pauline epistles including the Epistle to Titus. He is believed to be a Gentile converted to C ...

of Crete, from Venice (which had taken them in 1669), back to the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Crete; Greek–American academic and professor

C. A. Patrides Constantinos Apostolos Patrides (1930 – 23 September 1986) was a Greek–American academic and writer, and "one of the greatest scholars of Renaissance literature of his generation". His books list the name C. A. Patrides; his Christian nam ...

publishes ''Milton and the Christian Tradition'', a classic study of

John Milton John Milton (9 December 1608 – 8 November 1674) was an English poet, polemicist, and civil servant. His 1667 epic poem ''Paradise Lost'' was written in blank verse and included 12 books, written in a time of immense religious flux and politic ...

's Christian theology.L. R. N. Ashley. ''"Milton and the Christian Tradition by C. A. Patrides."'' Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance. T. 29, No. 2 (1967), pp. 495–497. *1966–1980 About 160,000 Greeks emigrated to the USA.C. Moskos. ''"The Greeks in the United States."'' In: R. Clogg (cd.). The Greek Diaspora in the Twentieth Century. St. Martin's Press, New York, 1999. p.105. *1967

of Arsenios of Paros (†1877) by the

; professor

surveyed the history of

apocatastasis In theology, apokatastasis (, also spelled apocatastasis) is the restoration of creation to a condition of perfection. In Christianity, the term refers to a form of Christian universalism, often associated with Origen, that includes the ultimate s ...

in his ''Salvation of Satan.''

Military dictatorship (1967–1974)

*1967 The military junta which seized power in Greece on 21 April, adopted a new law which dismissed the twelve bishops of the Synod, the executive body of the sixty-seven member Assembly of Bishops, reduced the membership of the Synod to nine, and provided that the government, rather than the Assembly of Bishops, would elect the members of the Synod;R. T. M. ''"NOTES ON CHURCH-STATE AFFAIRS".'' Journal of Church and State, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Autumn 1967), pp. 417–428. p. 419. on 13 May, eight members of the handpicked Aristindin Synod choose three candidates for the election of the

Archbishop of Athens The Archbishopric of Athens () is a Greek Orthodox archiepiscopal see based in the city of Athens, Greece. It is the senior see of Greece, and the seat of the autocephalous Church of Greece. Its incumbent (since 2008) is Ieronymos II of Athens. ...

, of whom two, the Metropolitans of Patras and of Trikki, waived their candidacy in favour of the third, Archimandrite

Ieronymos Kotsonis Ieronymos I (, ''Ierōnymos''; Latin: Hieronymus I; English: Jerome I; 1 May 1905 – 15 November 1988) was a Greek monk and theologian, who served as the Archbishop of Athens and All Greece and as such the primate of the Autocephalous Orthodox Chu ...

, who became the Archbishop of Athens and all Greece (1967–1973);Julian Walter, A.A.
Renewal in Orthodox Greece
'' The Tablet: The International Catholic News Weekly. 4 November 1967. p. 7. on 1, 20 June and 22 the Aristindin Synod met to propose candidates for thirteen vacant sees, with most of the new bishops being sympathetically disposed towards the Zoe and Sotir Brotherhoods;

Augoustinos Kantiotes elected Metropolitan of Florina, Prespai and Eordaia (1967–2000). *1968 Orthodox Academy of Crete (OAC) founded by the Archdiocese of Crete, near the

Moni Gonia Monastery Gonia Monastery (), Monastery of Our Lady of Gonia or Monastery of Panagia Hodegetria (Μονή της Οδηγήτριας) is an Eastern Orthodox Church, Orthodox monastery located 1 km north of Kolymvari and some 26 km from Chania, o ...

. the Pope removed from the

Calendar of Saints The calendar of saints is the traditional Christian method of organizing a liturgical year by associating each day with one or more saints and referring to the day as the feast day or feast of said saint. The word "feast" in this context does n ...

the Great-Martyr St. George the Trophy-bearer and erased thirty other Saints with him, including

Saint Nicholas Saint Nicholas of Myra (traditionally 15 March 270 – 6 December 343), also known as Nicholas of Bari, was an early Christian bishop of Greeks, Greek descent from the maritime city of Patara (Lycia), Patara in Anatolia (in modern-day Antalya ...

Saint Christopher Saint Christopher (, , ; ) is venerated by several Christian denominations. According to these traditions, he was a martyr killed in the reign of the 3rd-century Roman Empire, Roman emperor Decius (), or alternatively under the emperor Maximin ...

Saint Barbara Saint Barbara (; ; ; ), known in the Eastern Orthodox Church as the Great Martyr Barbara, was an Early Christianity, early Christian Greek saint and martyr. There is no reference to her in the authentic early Christian writings nor in the origin ...

, and Saint

Catherine Katherine (), also spelled Catherine and Catherina, other variations, is a feminine given name. The name and its variants are popular in countries where large Christian populations exist, because of its associations with one of the earliest Ch ...

, being among the chief Saints of

Orthodoxy Orthodoxy () is adherence to a purported "correct" or otherwise mainstream- or classically-accepted creed, especially in religion. Orthodoxy within Christianity refers to acceptance of the doctrines defined by various creeds and ecumenical co ...

. *1970 Death of Elder Amphilochios (Makris) of Patmos. Adalar 6954

* 1970–1971 In his survey of

relic In religion, a relic is an object or article of religious significance from the past. It usually consists of the physical remains or personal effects of a saint or other person preserved for the purpose of veneration as a tangible memorial. Reli ...

s in the Greek Orthodox Church, German scholar Dr. Otto Meinardus found evidence for 3602 relics, out of approximately 3800 saints who were liturgically recognized by the end of the Ottoman period (1922).

John Anthony McGuckin John Anthony McGuckin (born 1952) is a British theologian, church historian, Orthodox Christian priest and poet. Education McGuckin attended Heythrop College from 1970 to 1972, graduated from the University of London with a divinity degree in 1 ...

.
The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, 2 Volume Set
'' John Wiley & Sons, 2010. p. 467. *1971

Halki Seminary The Halki seminary, formally the Theological School of Halki ( and ), was founded on 1 October 1844 on the island of Halki ( Turkish: Heybeliada), the second-largest of the Princes' Islands in the Sea of Marmara. It was the main school of theo ...

, Orthodoxy's most prominent theological school, is closed by Turkish authorities breaching Article 40 of the

Lausanne Treaty The Treaty of Lausanne (, ) is a peace treaty negotiated during the Lausanne Conference of 1922–1923 and signed in the Palais de Rumine in Lausanne, Switzerland, on 24 July 1923. The treaty officially resolved the conflict that had initially ...

and Article 24 of the

Turkish Constitution The Constitution of Turkey, formally known as the Constitution of the Republic of Türkiye (), and informally as the Constitution of 1982 (), is Turkey's fundamental law. It establishes the organization of the government, and sets out the pr ...

which both guarantee religious freedom and education; Abp. Makarios III (Mouskos) of Cyprus baptizes more than 5,000 into the Orthodox Church in Kenya, mostly from the

Kikuyu Kikuyu or Gikuyu (Gĩkũyũ) mostly refers to an ethnic group in Kenya or its associated language. It may also refer to: *Kikuyu people, a majority ethnic group in Kenya * Kikuyu language, the language of Kikuyu people *Kikuyu, Kenya, a town in Cen ...

tribe; the island of

Tinos Tinos ( ) is a Greek island situated in the Aegean Sea. It forms part of the Cyclades archipelago. The closest islands are Andros, Delos, and Mykonos. It has a land area of and a 2021 census population of 8,934 inhabitants. Tinos is famous amo ...

is proclaimed

sacred Sacred describes something that is dedicated or set apart for the service or worship of a deity; is considered worthy of spiritual respect or devotion; or inspires awe or reverence among believers. The property is often ascribed to objects ( ...

by an act of parliament in 1971;Helena Smith. ''VISIONS OF THE VIRGIN FILL GREEK SKIES.'' The Guardian (London). 17 August 1992. p.7.Evy Johanne Haland. ''From the Ritual Year of the Miraculous Icon on the Greek Island of Tinos to the Wider Mediterranean.'' Comparative Civilizations Review. No. 63, Fall 2010. p.19. the Church of Greece designated Pelagia of Tinos (†1834) a saint on 11 September. *1972–1973 Ecclesiastical coup in Cyprus fails to remove Abp.

Makarios III Makarios III (born Michael Christodoulou Mouskos; 13 August 1913 – 3 August 1977) was a Greek Cypriots, Greek Cypriot prelate and politician who served as Archbishop of the Church of Cyprus from 1950 to 1977 and as the first president o ...

from the Presidency. *1972 Death of missionary

Archimandrite The title archimandrite (; ), used in Eastern Christianity, originally referred to a superior abbot ('' hegumenos'', , present participle of the verb meaning "to lead") whom a bishop appointed to supervise several "ordinary" abbots and monaste ...

Chrysostomos Papasarantopoulos, having laboured to spread the Orthodox faith in

Uganda Uganda, officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, and to the ...

Kenya Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country located in East Africa. With an estimated population of more than 52.4 million as of mid-2024, Kenya is the 27th-most-populous country in the world and the 7th most populous in Africa. ...

Tanzania Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It is bordered by Uganda to the northwest; Kenya to the northeast; the Indian Ocean to the east; Mozambique and Malawi to t ...

, and Congo;Fr. Alexander Veronis ( OCMC).
Orthodox Concepts of Evangelism and Mission
'' In: Paul Wesley Chilcote, & Laceye C. Warner (Eds.). The Study of Evangelism: Exploring a Missional Practice of the Church. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2008. pp.279–294. on 28 November, the Church of Greece reaffirmed its 1933 ban on

, declaring and proclaiming that Freemasonry is a proven

mystery religion Mystery religions, mystery cults, sacred mysteries or simply mysteries (), were religious schools of the Greco-Roman world for which participation was reserved to initiates ''(mystai)''. The main characteristic of these religious schools was th ...

. *1973 On 18 January the Synodal-Stavropegial Monastery of Panagia Chrysopigi («Παναγία η Χρυσοπηγή») is founded in

Kapandriti Kapandriti () is a town in the north of East Attica in Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Oropos, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of . Historical population Kapandriti has ...

, in the periphery of the Archdiocese of Athens, via a royal edict signed by Abp. Ieronimos Kotsonis of Athens; in Athens on Christmas 1973, an association called the "Theologians for Freedom and Dignity" published the document ''"Theological Declaration on Freedom and Dignity for Greek People from Greek Orthodox Theologians",'' denouncing the dictatorship in Greece. *1974

Turkish invasion of Cyprus The Turkish invasion of Cyprus began on 20 July 1974 and progressed in two phases over the following month. Taking place upon a background of Cypriot intercommunal violence, intercommunal violence between Greek Cypriots, Greek and Turkish Cy ...

, Turkish forces advance capturing the 37% of the island, 3,000 are killed or missing, 200,000 become refugees;Paul Hamilos.
Cyprus
''

The Guardian ''The Guardian'' is a British daily newspaper. It was founded in Manchester in 1821 as ''The Manchester Guardian'' and changed its name in 1959, followed by a move to London. Along with its sister paper, ''The Guardian Weekly'', ''The Guardi ...

. 16 January 2002. Retrieved 2008-11-23. the Monarchy is voted out by a plebiscite vote of 69%.

Notes

References

Bibliography

. ''Orthodoxy and the West: Hellenic Self-Identity in the Modern Age.'' Transl. Peter Chamberas and Norman Russell. Brookline: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2006. * Giannēs Koliopoulos and Thanos Veremēs.
Greece: The Modern Sequel, from 1831 to the Present
'' NYU Press, 2002. 407 pp. * C.M. Woodhouse. ''Modern Greece''. 4th ed. Boston : Faber and Faber, 1986. * Demetrios J. Constantelos.
Understanding the Greek Orthodox Church: Its Faith, History and Life
'' 4th Edition. Brookline, Mass.: Hellenic College Press, 2005. * Dimitri E. Conomos, Graham Speake. ''Mount Athos, the Sacred Bridge: The Spirituality of the Holy Mountain.'' Oxford: Peter Lang, 2005. * Effie Fokas. ''Religion in the Greek Public Sphere: Nuancing the Account.'' Journal of Modern Greek Studies. Volume 27, Number 2, October 2009, pp. 349–374. * Herman A. Middleton.
Precious Vessels of the Holy Spirit: The Lives & Counsels of Contemporary Elders of Greece
'' 2nd Ed. Protecting Veil Press, 2004. * John L. Tomkinson.
Between Heaven and Earth: The Greek Church
'' Anagnosis Books, Athens, 2004. * Mother Nectaria McLees. ''EVLOGEITE! A Pilgrim's Guide to Greece.'' 1st Ed. St. Nicholas Press, Kansas City, MO, 2002. 927 pp. * Norman Russell. ''.'' Philosophy & Theology Volume 18, Issue 1. 2007.10.17. Pages 77–92. () * Rev. Dr. Nicon D. Patrinacos (M.A., D.Phil. (Oxon)).

'. Light & Life Publishing, Minnesota, 1984. * Rev. A. H. Hore.
Eighteen centuries of the Orthodox Greek Church
'' London: James Parker & Co. 1899. 706pp. (''Re-printed
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2003.'') {{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece 20th century in Greece Cultural history of Greece Greek Orthodoxy