Tifa (drum)

The ''tifa'', ''tiwa'' or ''tiva'' is a single-headed goblet drum used throughout the Maluku Islands of Eastern Indonesia, where it is traditionally the "dominant instrument" in Maluku province music. The term tifa has been used outside of the Maluku Islands, including on the island of Java and on the island of New Guinea, in Indonesia's Papuan provinces.

Where the Maluku-tradition tifas tend to be unadorned or plain, the Papua-tradition tifas tend to be decorated with patterns and symbols, which may be ethnic or spiritual in nature.

Forms

With two overall traditions, Papuan and Maluku, there are two basic forms for the tifa drums. Papua hourglass drums tend to be more slender and often have a handle. They are played with the empty hand. Some of them are made from lenggua wood ("thick and strong".) The drumhead can be made from variety of skins, such as deerhide, lizard skin, goat hide, stingray skin, or magewang skin.

The Maluku tifa is more of a tubular drum without a handle. It varies in size, and may use a woven rattan rope with ''badeng'' pegs to tension the drumhead, which is made of goat skin. It may be played with empty hands or from a drumstick made from sago palm fronds, coconut fronds, rattan or ''gaba-gaba'' (sections of long sago palms 60–100 cm long).

Maluku tradition, drums with heads attached with rattan harness

File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Enkelvellige bekervormige trom TMnr 1468-129.jpg, Tifa, Tanimbar Islands; the drum can be worn around the neck by means of a rattan band.
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Enkelvellige conische trom vervaardigd van o.a. de huid van een bok TMnr A-1245.jpg, Tifa, Leti Islands
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Enkelvellige bekervormige trom TMnr A-963.jpg, Tiwa or Tiva from the Kai Islands, Indonesia.
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Enkelvellige cilindrische trom TMnr A-2867.jpg, Tiwah
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Enkelvellige cilindrische trom TMnr 1071-4.jpg, tiwa, or tiva / tifa, from the Kai Islands
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Enkelvellige conische trom TMnr 1082-8.jpg, Tifa, Tidore
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Enkelvellige conische trom TMnr 1083-2.jpg, Tifa, Halmahera.
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Mannen in Kota Ambon (Taman Wisata) tonen Zuidoost-Molukse kleding en gebruiken TMnr 20018280.jpg, Men at Kota Ambon
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Muzikanten met angklungs en tifa's Batavia TMnr 10017848.jpg, Angklungs and tifas at a fair or celebration in Batavia on Java.
File:Penabuh Suling Tambur.jpg, Tambur drum being played with a suling flute (center) in a Suling Tambur (flute-drum) combination in the Raja Ampat Islands.
File:Penabuh Tifa dalam Suling Tambur.jpg, Tambur drum being played in a Suling Tambur combination at a Sing-sing.
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Muzikanten tijdens het bespelen van een totobuang en trommen Amahusu TMnr 20018289.jpg, Tifa drums being played with totobuang gong chimes, in a tifa totobuang combination.
File:Tummour.jpg, ''Tummour'' or ''Tumyour'' belonging to Mbaham-Matta people of Fakfak
File:Bezoek minister Helders aan Nieuw-Guinea De Band van Waigama, Bestanddeelnr 144-1134.tif, ''Tifa Sawat'' band from Waigama, Misool Island

Papua tradition: hourglass drums with heads glued on

::''See Kundu (drum)''

Hourglass drums with glued on drumheads. Where the tifas with heads attached by rattan are associated with the Maluku Islands, these drums are associated with New Guinea and nearby islands. Related to the Papua New Guinean kundu. To the extent which the New Guinea instruments are close to the kundu, they also fall within Melanesian musical tradition.

One Papua tifa that uses rattan on the drumhead is the hourglass drum made by the Asmat people. The Asmat glue down the drumhead, then slip a tight fitting ring of rattan over the edges to keep the glued edge of the skin head in place. Traditionally, the lizard skin was held in place with a layer of human blood (as glue).

File:Tifa drum from Manokwari (Dorei).jpg, "''Tifa''" drum from Manokwari (then called Dorei or Doreh), 1885.
File:Tifa, Geelvink Bay cultures, Cenderawasih Bay, before 1883.jpg, Tifa, Geelvink Bay cultures, Cenderawasih Bay, before 1883.
File:Tifa drum, Cenderawasih Bay.jpg, Tifa drum, Cenderawasih Bay, Geelvink culture
File:Penari tifa papua.jpg, Dancer with tifa, Biak.
File:Tifa drum, Wereldmuseum Rotterdam.jpg, Tifa drum, Yabim people, Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea. Although labeled Tifa in the museum, this drum comes from Eastern Papua New Guinea, where there is a carved kundu-drum tradition.
File:Papua ceremonial Dema drum, Marind-Anim people.jpg, ''Kandara'', "tifa" drum from Marind-Anim.

Customs

The tifa has traditionally been played by men, and this custom has resisted modern attitudes of equality between men and women. Adherence to gender roles is seen as a way to honor ancestors. In rural communities, older values dictate the role of the male musician is to be a leader. His role is to "play ritual music," the rituals of which are seen as a "cultural and hereditary heritage from their ancestors." When played for ritual use, the community procedures dictate getting permission to play.

The Maluku tifa is used to accompany "traditional ceremonies, traditional dances and war dances," including the ''Cakalele'' dance. The ''Cakalele'' dance recalls the "atmosphere of war in ancient Maluku society." The Maluku tifa is also combined with ''totobuang'' gong chimes to form a tifa totobuang ensemble to accompany Maluku Island's Sawat Lenso dance. The Sawat Lenso joins a form or instrumental ensemble called ''Lenso'' used by Christians with Sawat music and dance brought by Muslims.

In Papua, one occasion to play the tifas is a Sing-sing, a gathering of a few tribes or villages in Papua New Guinea. People arrive to show their distinct culture, dance and music. The aim of these gatherings is to peacefully share traditions as each Islands have their own dance. Villagers paint and decorate themselves for sing-sings which they only have once a year. The male-exclusive role of drummers has been relaxed in some places, such as Raja Ampat Islands, where photos show women playing the Maluku-style tifas in ''suling tambur'' (flute drum) ensembles. (See gallery, Maluku traditions.) Furthermore similar to the Moluccas, regions in West Papua such as the Kokoda people of South Sorong also have Sawat musical tradition in the form of ''tifa syawat'' which was a type of '' tetabuhan'', introduced from Kokas in Fakfak, consisting of tifa, gong, ''adrat'', ''suling'', to accompany ''Kasuari'' dance, weddings, '' Mauludan'' and other events.

Names

In Papua the tifa is called by the Asmat people, in Teminabuan, in Sentani, , or (for the larger drum) in Biak, among the Marind people, and or (for the larger drum) among the Mbaham-Matta people of Fakfak.

Closer to Maluku, the tifa drums are called ''tifa''; in central Maluku there is the or and on the island of Aru it is called the .

See also

* Kundu (drum), the drum from Papua New Guinea
* Tifa, article on Indonesian Wikipedia

References

{{reflist

External links

Page with photo of large Papuan-style tifa drums (or possibly kundus).Page with Papuas-style tifa or kundu, about 6 feet long.Video: a tifa totobuang ensemble playing in an indoor setting, showing both totobuang chimes and tifa drums.Video: a tifa totobuang ensemble playing in an outdoor setting, showing both totobuang chimes and tifa drums.

Indonesian musical instruments
Papua New Guinean musical instruments
Membranophones