Thomas Preljubović
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Thomas Preljubović (; ) was
ruler A ruler, sometimes called a rule, scale, line gauge, or metre/meter stick, is an instrument used to make length measurements, whereby a length is read from a series of markings called "rules" along an edge of the device. Usually, the instr ...
of the
Despotate of Epirus The Despotate of Epirus () was one of the Greek Rump state, successor states of the Byzantine Empire established in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade in 1204 by a branch of the Angelos dynasty. It claimed to be the legitimate successor of the ...
in
Ioannina Ioannina ( ' ), often called Yannena ( ' ) within Greece, is the capital and largest city of the Ioannina (regional unit), Ioannina regional unit and of Epirus (region), Epirus, an Modern regions of Greece, administrative region in northwester ...
from 1367 to his death in 1384. Thomas was an unpopular ruler and is appraised very negatively by his contemporaries. On December 23, 1384 he was stabbed to death by his guards at dawn. The conspiracy of the faction which overthrew him involved his wife Maria Angelina who succeeded him. A great deal of his rule was preoccupied with fighting against the Albanians of the
Despotate of Arta The Despotate of Arta (; ) was a despotate established by Albanians, Albanian rulers during the 14th century, after the defeat of the local Despot of Epirus, Nikephoros II Orsini, by Albanian tribesmen in the Battle of Achelous (1359), Battle of ...
to his south, the Zenebishi family to his north and the Mazreku and other clans to his northwest. Thomas gave himself the self-styled epithet of Albanian-slayer (
Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...
: Αλβανοκτόνος/Αλβανιτόκτονος) after torturing Albanian prisoners in order to terrify his enemies.


Life


Early years

Thomas was the son of ''caesar'' Gregorios Preljub (), the
Serbia , image_flag = Flag of Serbia.svg , national_motto = , image_coat = Coat of arms of Serbia.svg , national_anthem = () , image_map = , map_caption = Location of Serbia (gree ...
n governor of
Thessaly Thessaly ( ; ; ancient Aeolic Greek#Thessalian, Thessalian: , ) is a traditional geographic regions of Greece, geographic and modern administrative regions of Greece, administrative region of Greece, comprising most of the ancient Thessaly, a ...
, who died in late 1355 or early 1356. His mother Irene Nemanjić was a daughter of Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia and Helena of Bulgaria. After the violent death of his father, Thomas' claim to Thessaly was asserted by his mother Irene, but they were forced to flee to Serbia by the advance of Nikephoros II Orsini in 1356. Here, Irene married
Radoslav Hlapen Radoslav Hlapen (; 1350–1383) was a Serbian magnate who served Serbian Emperor Stefan Dušan (r. 1331–1355) and Stefan Uroš V (r. 1355–71) as '' vojvoda'' (military commander). He took part in the conquest of Byzantine lands, and was ...
, the ruler of Vodena, who took Thomas under his wing. During the absence of Thessaly's new ruler, Simeon Uroš Palaiologos, in the
Despotate of Epirus The Despotate of Epirus () was one of the Greek Rump state, successor states of the Byzantine Empire established in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade in 1204 by a branch of the Angelos dynasty. It claimed to be the legitimate successor of the ...
in 1359–1360, Hlapen invaded Thessaly, attempting to win it for his stepson. Although Simeon Uroš managed to contain the invasion, he was forced to cede
Kastoria Kastoria (, ''Kastoriá'' ) is a city in northern Greece in the modern regions of Greece, region of Western Macedonia. It is the capital of Kastoria (regional unit), Kastoria regional unit, in the Geographic regions of Greece, geographic region ...
to Thomas and to marry him to his daughter Maria. Over the next several years, Simeon Uroš recognized that he could not assert effective authority over most of Epirus and delegated power in Arta and Angelokastron to local
Albania Albania ( ; or ), officially the Republic of Albania (), is a country in Southeast Europe. It is located in the Balkans, on the Adriatic Sea, Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea, and shares land borders with Montenegro to ...
n lords. In 1366 the citizens of
Ioannina Ioannina ( ' ), often called Yannena ( ' ) within Greece, is the capital and largest city of the Ioannina (regional unit), Ioannina regional unit and of Epirus (region), Epirus, an Modern regions of Greece, administrative region in northwester ...
, the last major fortress to remain under Simeon Uroš's control, sent him a petition to appoint a governor who could protect them from the raids of Albanian nobles. Simeon Uroš responded by designating Thomas as his governor and forwarding the Ioanninan and Vagenetian (Thesprotian) embassy to him. Thomas arrived in Ioannina from
Edessa Edessa (; ) was an ancient city (''polis'') in Upper Mesopotamia, in what is now Urfa or Şanlıurfa, Turkey. It was founded during the Hellenistic period by Macedonian general and self proclaimed king Seleucus I Nicator (), founder of the Sel ...
in 1367 with a large army and was originally applauded by the city's population. Despite his early popularity, not all the citizens of Ioannina or the Greek commanders of the towns of Paramythia and Arachovitsa supported his rule.


Reign

Thomas' reign in Ioannina is reflected in detail in the Chronicle of Ioannina. Primary sources, including the Chronicle of Ioannina treat him in a negative outlook and reflect the hostility towards him by his contemporaries. The Chronicle depicts him as a cruel and capricious tyrant, describing him as "wicked", a "merciless sadist" and a "murderer", "greedy and avaricious" and special mention is made to his tyrannical actions towards the church, the nobility and regular citizens of Ioannina. According to historian Donald Nicol, the Chronicle is "deeply prejudiced" against Thomas. The two successive outbreaks of plague that occurred in Ioannina in 1374 and 1375 caused the loss of his daughter. Among the unpopular initiatives he is said to have taken were the intolerable taxation, the confiscation of church property as well as the imposition of monopolies on various commodities, including fish, cheese, vegetables and fruit. Thomas seized various properties of the Church of Ioannina and awarded them to his Serbian retainers. In 1382 a new appointee to the local archbishopric, Matthew, was sent out from
Constantinople Constantinople (#Names of Constantinople, see other names) was a historical city located on the Bosporus that served as the capital of the Roman Empire, Roman, Byzantine Empire, Byzantine, Latin Empire, Latin, and Ottoman Empire, Ottoman empire ...
, and invested Thomas with the title of
despotes Despot or ''despotes'' () was a senior Byzantine court title that was bestowed on the sons or sons-in-law of reigning emperors, and initially denoted the heir-apparent of the Byzantine emperor. From Byzantium it spread throughout the late medie ...
on behalf of the
Byzantine Emperor The foundation of Constantinople in 330 AD marks the conventional start of the Eastern Roman Empire, which Fall of Constantinople, fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 AD. Only the emperors who were recognized as legitimate rulers and exercised s ...
John V Palaiologos John V Palaiologos or Palaeologus (; 18 June 1332 – 16 February 1391) was Byzantine emperor from 1341 to 1391, with interruptions. His long reign was marked by constant civil war, the spread of the Black Death and several military defea ...
. Nevertheless, later Thomas quarreled with the archbishop and exiled him from Ioannina. Thomas is said to have forcefully married the widows of local Greek noblemen to Serbian husbands so as to alienate their property. He undoubtedly became quite unpopular by the Greek population by settling Serbs into the church and the administration. However, several of his initiatives were essential for the financial support of his almost continuous warfare against the Albanians including the construction of defensive works and the payment of armed units. Some of the local nobility enjoyed favorable treatment of Thomas including Koutzotheodoros, Manuel Tziblos and Michael Apsaras. The later being awarded the title of
protovestiarios ''Protovestiarios'' (, ) was a high Byzantine court position, originally reserved for eunuchs. In the late Byzantine period (12th–15th centuries), it denoted the Empire's senior-most financial official, and was also adopted by the medieval Ser ...
after denouncing his own first cousin, Nikephoros Batalas, who was as a result blinded and exiled with his family. On the other hand the first secretary Manuel Philanthropenos was poisoned and the Prokathemenos of Ioannina was imprisoned, then exiled and finally murdered for alleged treason.


Warfare

Under Peter Losha, the despot of Arta, the Albanian Mazaraki and Malakasioi tribes attacked and at times blockaded Ioannina during the first three years of Thomas' reign. Thomas betrothed his daughter to Losha's son in 1370 as a means to end the conflict. Ioannina enjoyed peace for the following five years. His actions during this peaceful period are described as "tyrranical and destructive" towards the people of Ioannina with the local Albanians and their children as his main target. In 1374, Pjetër Losha died of the plague in Arta, after which Gjin Bua Shpata took over the city. At this time he was not bound by agreement to Thomas; he laid siege to Ioannina and ravaged the country-side. Thomas brought peace when he betrothed his sister Helena to Gjin Bua Shpata the following year. However, sporadic and often savage warfare still occurred between Ioannina and Albanians. Other Albanian tribes continued their offensives against Ioannina, such as the Malakasioi, who were defeated by Thomas in 1377 and 1379. After the failed siege of 1377, the chieftain Gjin Phrates was dragged in triumph through the streets of Ioannina and the other captives were sold into slavery. Despite Thomas' victory, the Albanians managed to get away with much plunder. In 1379, in yet another unsuccessful siege the Malakasioi met a well organized resistance by the outnumbered citizens of Ioannina who finally succeeded to defeat the invaders. Two hundred Albanian besiegers who had entered the castle area surrendered to Thomas, who badly mistreated his prisoners. Albanians were sold into slavery, while a group of Bulgarians and Vlachs who were captured after the siege were mutilated. In reference to
Basil II Basil II Porphyrogenitus (; 958 – 15 December 1025), nicknamed the Bulgar Slayer (, ), was the senior Byzantine emperor from 976 to 1025. He and his brother Constantine VIII were crowned before their father Romanos II died in 963, but t ...
who was nicknamed ''Bulgar-Slayer'' (Boulgaroktónos), Thomas styled himself with the epithet "Albanian-Slayer" (Αλβανοκτόνος, ''Albanoktonos''). His actions led Gjin Bua Shpata to besiege the city and to devastate the surrounding fields and vineyards in March 1379. As a response during the siege Thomas hung prisoners from the walls and threw mutilated body parts of his prisoners from the castle walls. In May 1379, Gjin Bua Shpata devastated the countryside of Ioannina. The Chronicle of Ioannina attributes the victory of the defenders to the people of Ioannina and
Archangel Michael Michael, also called Saint Michael the Archangel, Archangel Michael and Saint Michael the Taxiarch is an archangel and the warrior of God in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. The earliest surviving mentions of his name are in third- and second ...
; the city's protector saint, with Thomas receiving no credit by its author. In 1380 Thomas passed to the offensive having also secured Ottoman support. The latter responded promptly and dispatched an auxiliary force and finally Thomas took a number of fortresses from his enemies in 1381–1384. He managed to expand his control in Dryinopolis, Velas, Boursina, Krezounista, Dragomi and Vagenetia and most of the land previously under the control of the Malakasioi tribe. The Albanians, in particular the Mazreku of the Kalamas area, held firm against him.Hammond, 1976 & ps
'"In 1380 Thomas brought in the Turks as allies and passed to the... The Albanians and in particular the Mazarakii of the Kalamas valley held firm against him. In 1385 he was assassinated by some of his own bodyguards"'' (Epeirotica 2.230), p. 59.
In 1384, an Ottoman Turkish army led by Timurtash Bey attacked Arta and took many prisoners. Gjin Bua Shpata sent Matthew, the bishop of Arta and his counselor Kalognomos to propose an anti-Ottoman pact to Thomas, but he rejected it. Led "by his hatred towards the Albanians", according to the Chronicle, Thomas maltreated Gjin's delegation. Matthew was sent into exile and Kalognomos was imprisoned.


Death

Thomas used the hostilities with the Albanians as the justification for his tyrannical rule over Ioannina and his alliance to the Ottomans, but as the hostilities subsided, his regime could no longer justify its actions. Thomas certainly dealt in a savage manner with many Greeks of Ioannina whom he suspected of conspiring against him. Eventually, a coalition of collaborators that included Thomas' wife Maria participated in a conspiracy against him. On December 23, 1384, Thomas was assassinated in his bed by his own bodyguards. His assassination happened ''at dawn, five hours in the morning'' when he was stabbed to death by his guards Nikephorakes, Rainakes, Artabastos and Anton the Frank, according to the Chronicle of Ioannina. Upon his death, the population of Ioannina gathered in the cathedral where the basilissa Maria Angelina was acclaimed their
despoina Despoina or Despoena (; ) was the epithet of a goddess worshipped by the Eleusinian Mysteries in Ancient Greece as the daughter of Demeter and Poseidon and the sister of Arion. Surviving sources refer to her exclusively under the title ''Des ...
. Her brother John Uroš Doukas Palaiologos was invited to come and advise her in governance. Thomas' collaborators were punished and the protovestiarios, Michael Apsaras, was imprisoned and exiled.


Children

By Tsarevna Princess Jerina (daughter of Tsar Dusan), Thomas II Preljubović had at least one daughter: * Irene, who married Gjin Losha, and died in 1374–5. By his wife Maria Angelina Doukaina Palaiologina Thomas II possibly had a son: * Preljub (Prealoupes), who must have died young.


References


Bibliography

* * * * * * * * * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas Preljubovic 1384 deaths 14th-century Serbian nobility 14th-century Byzantine people 14th-century despots of Epirus Assassinated Byzantine people Year of birth unknown 14th-century monarchs in Europe Medieval Ioannina Boyars of Stefan Dušan 14th-century murdered monarchs