In the

history of thermodynamics The history of thermodynamics is a fundamental strand in the history of physics, the history of chemistry, and the history of science in general. Due to the relevance of thermodynamics in much of science and technology, its history is finely wov ...

, ''Thermodynamik chemischer Vorgänge'' (Chemical thermodynamic process) is a sequence of three papers (1882–1883) written by German physicist

Hermann von Helmholtz Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (; ; 31 August 1821 – 8 September 1894; "von" since 1883) was a German physicist and physician who made significant contributions in several scientific fields, particularly hydrodynamic stability. The ...

. It is one of the founding papers in

thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, Work (thermodynamics), work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed b ...

, along with

Josiah Willard Gibbs Josiah Willard Gibbs (; February 11, 1839 – April 28, 1903) was an American mechanical engineer and scientist who made fundamental theoretical contributions to physics, chemistry, and mathematics. His work on the applications of thermodynami ...

's 1876 paper "''

On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances In the history of thermodynamics, "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances" is a 300-page paper written by American chemical physicist Willard Gibbs. It is one of the founding papers in thermodynamics, along with German physicist Hermann ...

''". Together they form the foundation of

chemical thermodynamics Chemical thermodynamics is the study of the interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics. Chemical thermodynamics involves not only laboratory measure ...

as well as a large part of

physical chemistry Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic and microscopic phenomena in chemical systems in terms of the principles, practices, and concepts of physics such as motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mech ...

. It was published in three parts in ''Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin'' Proceedings of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences" and is available on

HathiTrust HathiTrust Digital Library is a large-scale collaborative repository of digital content from research libraries. Its holdings include content digitized via Google Books and the Internet Archive digitization initiatives, as well as content digit ...

and online archive of the ''Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin''. * First part: ''Die Thermodynamik chemischer Vorgänge'', Submitted on 2 February 1882. * Second part: ''Zur Thermodynamik chemischer Vorgänge'', subtitled ''Folgerungen die galvanische Polarisation betreffend'' Conclusions concerning galvanic polarization" Submitted on 27 July 1882. ** (yes, the word "Die" was turned to "Zur", which might cause bibliographical confusion) * Third part: ''Zur Thermodynamik chemischer Vorgänge'', subtitled ''Versuche an Chlorzink-Kalomel-Elementen'' Experiments on zinc chloride calomel elements" Submitted on 31 May 1883.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thermodynamik Chemischer Vorgange Thermodynamics Historical physics publications Physics papers