Teraupo'o ( – 23 December 1918) was a
Tahitian (Maohi) resistance leader of the islands of
Raiatea and
Tahaa who fought off French rule from 1887 to 1897 during the decade-long
Leeward Islands War
The annexation of the Leeward Islands () or the Leewards War () was a series of diplomatic and armed conflicts between the French Third Republic and the native kingdoms of Kingdom of Raiatea, Raiatea-Tahaa, Kingdom of Huahine, Huahine and Kingd ...
.
Born during the decades following the
Franco-Tahitian War (1844–1847), Teraupo'o was a lesser chief from the village of
Avera, on the east coast of Raiatea. He grew to resent the French after being mistreated by an officer. After King
Tamatoa VI of Raiatea submitted to French annexation, Teraupo'o refused to surrender and led the native resistance against the French and installed a resistance government under
Tuarii as queen at Avera. He and his followers, dubbed the ''Teraupiste'', included a majority of the natives of Raiatea and Tahaa. They fought off French colonial rule from 1887 until 1897 while attempting to convince the British to support their cause to remain independent.
The French under Governor
Gustave Gallet sent for reinforcement to quell the native resistance and defeated the native forces of Raiatea in battle and the subsequent guerrilla campaign that followed. Teraupo'o was captured on the night of 15–16 February 1897. After he was defeated and captured, he was exiled to
New Caledonia
New Caledonia ( ; ) is a group of islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean, southwest of Vanuatu and east of Australia. Located from Metropolitan France, it forms a Overseas France#Sui generis collectivity, ''sui generis'' collectivity of t ...
until 1905 when he was allowed to return to Raiatea. He lived out the rest of his life as a recluse and died in 1918 of the
Spanish flu epidemic.
Early life
He was born in with the name ''Hapaitahaa a Etau'', at
Avera, a village on the east coast of the island of
Raiatea in the
Leeward Islands
The Leeward Islands () are a group of islands situated where the northeastern Caribbean Sea meets the western Atlantic Ocean. Starting with the Virgin Islands east of Puerto Rico, they extend southeast to Guadeloupe and its dependencies. In Engl ...
, a part of the larger
Society Islands
The Society Islands ( , officially ; ) are an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean that includes the major islands of Tahiti, Mo'orea, Moorea, Raiatea, Bora Bora and Huahine. Politically, they are part of French Polynesia, an overseas country ...
group. He also initially bore the name ''Taraiupo'o'', meaning "Headhunter", while his later adopted name ''Teraupo'o'', meaning "This Head" in the
Tahitian language
Tahitian (autonym: , , part of , , languages of French Polynesia) correspond to "languages of natives from French Polynesia", and may in principle designate any of the seven indigenous languages spoken in French Polynesia. The Tahitian language s ...
.
Teraupo'o was considered a "chief of a minor lineage".
The Society Islands were evangelized by British missionaries and converted to
Protestant Christianity by the
London Missionary Society (LMS) in the early 19th century. The ''
ari'i rahi'' (supreme rulers) were early patrons of the British Protestants. By the mid-19th century, the adoption of a British parliamentary system of government eroded the traditional supremacy of the ''ari'i rahi'' in favor of the ''ra'atira'' (freemen) class. Local chiefs and ''tāvana'' (district governors) gain greater power and autonomy at the expense of the nominal island monarchs especially in Raiatea-Tahaa. A decade before Teraupo'o's birth, the neighboring
Kingdom of Tahiti had been subjugated under a
protectorate
A protectorate, in the context of international relations, is a State (polity), state that is under protection by another state for defence against aggression and other violations of law. It is a dependent territory that enjoys autonomy over ...
in the
Franco-Tahitian War (1844–1847) but the kingdoms of the Leeward Islands including Raiatea-Tahaa were ensured independence by France and Great Britain under the
Jarnac Convention or the Anglo-French Convention of 1847.
According to French historian Auguste Charles Eugène Caillot, Teraupo'o grew to resent the French after he was kicked by a French captain or pilot in Raiatea. He allegedly received a kick from the officer in “dans la partie la moins noble de son individu" (the least noble part of his person).
French annexation
In 1880, King
Tahitoe of Raiatea accepted the provisional protectorate by French commissioner
Isidore Chessé. Tahitoe was deposed by his subjects for requesting the protectorate and his daughter and successor Queen
Tehauroa unsuccessfully attempted to enlist the protection of the British to preserve the independence of Raiatea in accordance with the Convention of 1847. On 16 March 1888, the French annexed Raiatea and Tahaa after formal negotiation between Great Britain and France abrogated the 1847 Convention.
The last independent monarch of Raiatea-Tahaa, King
Tamatoa VI was originally from the royal family of
Huahine. On 25 September 1887, five chiefs of Raiatea petitioned Papeete to send a French resident administrator. Teraupo'o refused to comply with the order of King Tamatoa VI to surrender to the French, and he built up a resistance force in 1887.
Two French warships and government schooner was landed in Raiatea to override the ruling of the native courts to the advantage of a few European residents disgruntled with the recent economic depression of the
copra and cotton trade. This action resulted in greater resentment within the rank of the anti-French faction of the population. LMS missionary William Edward Richards wrote that Tamatoa "abdicated rather than become the tool of the native French party" and "One or two villages
ereshelled and a great many native houses burnt down" by the French...and this made the Raiateans still more ‘resolute’ not to ‘yield quietly’ as the missionary advised". Tamatoa VI returned to Huahine to become a ''tāvana'' (district governor) and left the government of Raiatea without a king.
War of resistance
Richards wrote in 1888 that "the whole of the Raiatean Government (save one governor Teraupoo) were enrolled as Frenchmen and nearly the whole of the people banded together as one man to resist them." Teraupo'o led the native resistance against the French in the place of Tamatoa VI. He installed a resistance government under
Tuarii (a younger daughter of Tahitoe) as queen at Avera. The French established themselves at the former capital of
Uturoa and appointed a
résident,
Marie Maximilien Gustave Alby, and had the support of Tahaa chief
Tavana who became known as the viceroy of Raiatea-Tahaa. A prolonged war prevented the French from entering the rural areas of Raiatea as the native resorted to guerrilla warfare.
[; ; ] The conflict leading to the
annexation of the Leeward Islands became known as the Leewards War, the Raiatean rebellion or the Teraupo’o War.
Bearing his rifle, the "'oporo 'ute'ute" or "red pepper", Teraupo'o was able to muster a force of 800 men or nearly one third of the population of the island although Newbury noted that "hardly more than 359 Ra'iateans
ereunder arms". The followers of the rebel chief were referred to as the ''Teraupiste''.
Teraupo'o's brother Hupe served as his
''généralissime'' or general-in-chief. The courageous chiefess Mai of
Tevaitoa and her husband Moti Roi and the chief Faterehau of
Opoa and his wife, a half-white woman, named Taupe allied themselves with the ''Teraupiste''. Foreign residents were also attracted to his cause. Jose Jordan, son of American settler and blacksmith Joseph Jordan, was a partisan of Teraupo'o, and was later exiled for his involvement. The German G. Neuffer became an adopted son of Teraupo'o and supplied him with arms and funds.
From the few surviving letters of Teraupo'o, he was known to have been resolute in the belief that Great Britain would intervene on the behalf of their cause and rescue the natives from the French. The Raiateans unsuccessfully appealed to Robert Teesdale Simons, the British Consul in Tahiti, for assistance and offered their country to the "Great White Queen". In 1895, Queen Tuarii travelled to the British protectorate
Rarontonga to seek help from the British
Resident Frederick Moss who refused to meet with her.
Attempts were made to mediate the conflict by Consul Simons and
Tati Salmon, an Anglo-Tahitian businessman of royal descent. The French Protestant missionary Jean-Frédéric Vernier, former chaplain of Tahiti's Queen
Pōmare IV, also unsuccessfully attempted to sway the natives. Teraupo'o also controlled the Raiatean pastors. French Protestant missionary Pastor
Gaston Brunel, who took charge of the Protestant schools on the island in 1894, was largely sympathetic to the natives. Brunel visited the camp of the resistance leader often and gained valuable insight into the rebellion. French artist
Paul Gauguin, who witnessed the final phase of the rebellion, noted that diplomacy failed to persuade the natives of Raiatea to surrender.
Gauguin also witnessed the 1896 expedition to Raiatea.
The French appointed Governor
Gustave Gallet to suppress the entrenched rebellion. Gallet had previous experience with suppressing the 1878
Kanak rebellion in
New Caledonia
New Caledonia ( ; ) is a group of islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean, southwest of Vanuatu and east of Australia. Located from Metropolitan France, it forms a Overseas France#Sui generis collectivity, ''sui generis'' collectivity of t ...
. In 1896, two French warships, the ''Duguay Trouin'' and ''L'Aube'' arrived from New Caledonia with two hundred French soldiers to quell the native resistance. The invasion force was further reinforced with a company of Tahitian volunteers. On 27 December 1896, Governor Gallet attempted to parley with the rebels to avoid bloodshed. He set an ultimatum for the rebels to surrender by 1 January 1897. The rebel government at Avera under Queen Tuarii and 1700 rebels reluctantly surrendered. Teraupo'o and the rebels of Tahaa and the district of Tevaitoa refused the call, prompting the French to land and engage the remaining armed natives. The French routed the underequipped and disorganized native forces and many fled into the mountains to escape capture.
The armed native resistance ended with the capture of Teraupo'o. He and his wife and daughter fled into the mountains of
Vaiaau. They evaded the French expeditionary force by hiding in the cave in the Faneuhi mountain (located at ) and rolling a boulder in front of the entrance during the day. The hiding place was discovered on the night of 15 February and 16 February 1897 when light from a fire within the cave gave the location away. On orders to capture him alive, Teraupo'o was led out of the cave by gunpoint while his family remained defiant.
French historian Bruno Saura credited the discovery to "two Polynesians in the service of the French" while American historian Edward Dodd credited to an "astute French lieutenant".
The casualties of the six-week campaign were nearly fifty deaths mainly on the side of the Raiateans.
Exile and death
After the capture of Teraupo'o, the
Chamber of Deputies
The chamber of deputies is the lower house in many bicameral legislatures and the sole house in some unicameral legislatures.
Description
Historically, French Chamber of Deputies was the lower house of the French Parliament during the Bourb ...
in Paris proclaimed "the victorious end of the last military campaign in our islands". The Chamber ratified annexation on 19 November 1897.
The captured resistance leaders were deported to
Nouméa
Nouméa () is the capital and largest city of the French Sui generis collectivity, special collectivity of New Caledonia and is also the largest Francophone city in Oceania. It is situated on a peninsula in the south of New Caledonia's main i ...
, New Caledonia and their followers were deported to the
Ua Huka in the
Marquesas Islands while others were conscripted as forced laborers to improve the roads of Raiatea. Teraupo'o, his wife and his brother Hupe were exiled in New Caledonia until 1905.
Teraupo'o was allowed to return to Raiatea in 1905 and lived out the rest of his life as a "silent, unreconstructed recluse". He died at Vaiaau on 23 December 1918, at the height of the
Spanish flu epidemic. His grave is currently located at Pamatai point (located at ) under a road. The next indigenous leader to advocate French resistance and Tahitian separatism was
Pouvanaa a Oopa in 1958.
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Teraupoo
1850s births
1910 deaths
French Polynesian exiles
French prisoners and detainees
French Polynesian royalty
Deaths from the Spanish flu pandemic
People from Raiatea