Tayyibi Isma'ilism () is the only surviving sect of the

Musta'li Musta'li Isma'ilism () is a branch of Isma'ilism named for their acceptance of al-Musta'li as the legitimate ninth Fatimid caliph and legitimate successor to his father, al-Mustansir Billah (). The Nizari the other living branch of Ismailism, ...

branch of

Isma'ilism Ismailism () is a branch of Shia Islam. The Isma'ili () get their name from their acceptance of Imam Isma'il ibn Jafar as the appointed spiritual successor (Imamate in Nizari doctrine, imām) to Ja'far al-Sadiq, wherein they differ from the ...

, the other being the extinct

Hafizi Hafizi Isma'ilism (), also known as Majidi Isma'ilism (), was a branch of Musta'li Isma'ilism that emerged as a result of a split in 1132. The Hafizis accepted the Fatimid caliph Abd al-Majid al-Hafiz li-Din Allah () and his successors as imams ...

branch. Followers of Tayyibi Isma'ilism are found in various Bohra communities: Dawoodi,

Sulaymani The Sulaymani branch of Tayyibi Isma'ilism is an Islamic community, of which around 70,000 members reside in Yemen, while a few thousand Sulaymani Bohras can be found in India. The Sulaymanis are sometimes headed by a ''Da'i al-Mutlaq'' from th ...

, and Alavi. The Tayyibi originally split from the

Fatimid Caliphate The Fatimid Caliphate (; ), also known as the Fatimid Empire, was a caliphate extant from the tenth to the twelfth centuries CE under the rule of the Fatimids, an Isma'ili Shi'a dynasty. Spanning a large area of North Africa and West Asia, i ...

-supporting

branch by supporting the right of

at-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim Abū'l-Qāsim al-Ṭayyib ibn al-Āmir () was, according to the Tayyibi sect of Isma'ilism, the twenty-first imam. The only son of Caliph al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah, al-Tayyib was an infant when his father was murdered. Amidst the ensuing power str ...

to the

Imamate The term imamate or ''imamah'' (, ''imāmah'') means "leadership" and refers to the office of an ''imam'' or a Muslim theocratic state ruled by an ''imam''. Theology *Imamate in Shia doctrine, the doctrine of the leadership of the Muslim commu ...

History

Upon the death of the twentieth Imam,

al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah Abu Ali al-Mansur ibn al-Musta'li (; 31 December 1096 – 7 October 1130), better known by his regnal name al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah () was the tenth Fatimid caliph, ruling from 1101 to his death in 1130, and the 20th imam of the Musta'li Isma' ...

(d. ), his new born child

(b. ) was appointed the twenty-first Imam. As he was not in a position to run the

Dawah ' (, , "invitation", also spelt , , , or ) is the act of inviting people to Islam. The plural is () or (). Preachers who engage in dawah are known as da'i. Etymology literally means "issuing a summons" or "making an invitation". Gramma ...

, the Queen

Arwa al-Sulayhi Arwa al-Sulayhi (), () was a long-reigning ruler of Yemen, firstly as the co-ruler of her first two husbands and then as sole ruler, from 1067 until her death in 1138. She was the last of the rulers of the Sulayhid dynasty, Sulayhid Dynasty and ...

, his Hujjah or proof, established the office of the

Da'i al-Mutlaq (; pl. , ) is the most senior spiritual rank and office in Tayyibi Isma'ilism. The Da'i al-Mutlaq has headed the Tayyibi community since the occultation (Islam), seclusion of the 21st Tayyibi Imamate in Ismaili doctrine, Imam, at-Tayyib Abu'l-Q ...

, who acted on his behalf. The Da'i al-Mutlaq had now been given absolute authority and made independent from political activity.

Da'i al-Mutlaq Dhu'ayb ibn Musa

Da'i al-Mutlaq Zoeb bin Moosa used to live in and died in Huth, Yemen. His ''ma'zoon'' ("associate") was Khattab bin Hasan. After the death of

Abdullah Abdullah may refer to: * Abdullah (name), a list of people with the given name or surname * Abdullah, Kargı, Turkey, a village * ''Abdullah'' (film), a 1980 Bollywood film directed by Sanjay Khan * '' Abdullah: The Final Witness'', a 2015 Pakis ...

, Zoeb bin Moosa appointed Yaqub as the

wali The term ''wali'' is most commonly used by Muslims to refer to a saint, or literally a "friend of God".John Renard, ''Friends of God: Islamic Images of Piety, Commitment, and Servanthood'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008); John ...

("representative" or "caretaker") of the Tayyibi organization ("dawah") in India. Yaqub was the first person of Indian origin to receive this honor. He was the son of Bharmal, minister of the

Chaulukya The Chaulukya dynasty (), also Solanki dynasty, was a dynasty that ruled parts of what are now Gujarat and Rajasthan in north-western India, between and . Their capital was located at Anahilavada (modern Patan). At times, their rule extended ...

king

Jayasimha Siddharaja Jayasiṃha, who assumed the title Siddharāja, ruled the Kingdom of Gujarat between 1092 and 1142. He was a member of the Chaulukya (also called Solanki) dynasty. Jayasimha's capital was located at Anahilapataka (modern Patan) in present-day ...

. Fakhruddin, son of Tarmal also another minister, was sent to western

Rajasthan Rajasthan (; Literal translation, lit. 'Land of Kings') is a States and union territories of India, state in northwestern India. It covers or 10.4 per cent of India's total geographical area. It is the List of states and union territories of ...

. One Da'i al mutlaq after another continued until the twenty-fourth Da'i al mutlaq,

Yusuf Najmuddin ibn Sulaiman Syedna Yusuf Najmuddin bin Sulayman () (died on 23 June 1567 CE or 16 Dhu al-Hijjah 974 AH, Taibah, Yemen) was the 24th Da'i al-Mutlaq (Absolute Missionary) of the Taiyabi Ismailis. He succeeded Mohammad Ezzuddin to the religious post. Famil ...

, in Yemen. Due to persecution by the local Zaidi ruler, the dawah then shifted to India under the twenty-fifth Da'i al mutlaq, Syedna Jalal Shamsuddin bin Hasan in 1567.

Sulaymani-Dawoodi-Alavi split

In 1592, the Tayyibi broke into two factions in a dispute over who should become the twenty-seventh Da'i al mutlaq:

Dawood Bin Qutubshah Syedna Dawood Bin Qutubshah (born 23 Rabi-Ul-Awwal 946 AH/8 August 1539; died 15 Jumadil Akhir 1021 AH/1612 AD, Ahmedabad, India) was the 27th ''Da'i al-Mutlaq'' (Absolute Missionary) of the Dawoodi Bohra sect of Musta‘lī Islam. He succeede ...

Sulayman bin Hassan The 27th Da'i al-Mutlaq of Ismailism according to the Sulaymanis. The Sulaymanis believed he became a Dai' as per the " Nass" of Syedna Dawood Bin Ajabshah while those who did not accept this (primarily in India and elsewhere in Arab lands) wer ...

. The followers of the former, primarily in India, became the

Dawoodi Bohra The Dawoodi Bohras are a religious denomination within the Ismā'īlī branch of Shia Islam. They number approximately one million worldwide and have settled in over 40 countries around the world. The majority of the Dawoodi Bohra community re ...

, the latter the

of Yemen. In 1621, the

Alavi Bohra The Alavi Bohras are a Tayyibi Musta'lavi Isma'ili Shi'i Muslim community from Gujarat, India. In India, during the time of the 18th Fatimid Imam Al-Mustansir Billah around 1093 AD in Egypt, the designated learned people (''wulaat'') who wer ...

split from the Dawoodi Bohra community. There is also a community of

Sunni Bohra Sunni Vohras or Sunni Bohras, are a community from the state of Gujarat in India. Sharing the same name as the Dawoodi Bohras, they are often confused with that community. A few families use the slightly different spelling of "Vora" or "Vahora" ...

in India. In the fifteenth century, there was a schism in the Bohra community of Patan in Gujarat as a large number converted from Mustaali Ismaili Shia Islam to mainstream Hanafi Sunni Islam. The leader of this conversion movement to Sunni was Syed Jafar Ahmad Shirazi who also had the support of the governor of Gujarat. Thus this new group is known as Jafari Bohras, Patani Bohras or

. Syed Jafar Ahmad Shirazi convinced the Patani Bohras to cease social relations with Ismaili Bohras. The cumulative results of these pressures resulted in a large number of Bohras converting from Shia Ismaili fiqh to Sunni Hanafi fiqh. The

Hebtiahs Bohra The Hebtiahs Bohra were a branch of Mustaali Ismaili Shi'a Islam that broke off from the mainstream Dawoodi Bohra after the death of the 39th Da'i al-Mutlaq in 1754. They were mostly concentrated in Ujjain in India with a few families who were H ...

was a branch of Mustaali Ismaili Shi'a Islam that broke off from the mainstream Dawoodi Bohra after the death of the 39th Da'i al-Mutlaq in 1754. The

Atba-e-Malak The Atba-e-Malak community are a branch of Musta'li Isma'ili Shi'a Islam that broke off from the mainstream Dawoodi Bohra after the death of the 46th ''Da'i al-Mutlaq'', under the leadership of ''Maulana'' Abdul Hussain Jivaji in 1890. They are ba ...

community are a branch of Mustaali Ismaili Shi'a Islam that broke off from the mainstream Dawoodi Bohra after the death of the 46th Da'i al-Mutlaq, under the leadership of Abdul Hussain Jivaji in 1840. They have further split into two more branches, the

Atba-e-Malak Badar The Atba-i-Malak Badar are a branch of Atba-i-Malak Mustaali Ismaili Shi'a Islam. They follow the preachings of both Abdul Hussain Jivaji and Badruddin Ghulam Hussain Miya Khan Saheb. The current leader or Dai al Mutlaq is Maulana Amiruddin Mal ...

and

Atba-e-Malak Vakil The Atba-e-Malak community are a branch of Musta'li Isma'ili Shi'a Islam that broke off from the mainstream Dawoodi Bohra after the death of the 46th ''Da'i al-Mutlaq'', under the leadership of ''Maulana'' Abdul Hussain Jivaji in 1890. They are ba ...

. The

Progressive Dawoodi Bohra Progressive Dawoodi Bohra also known as ''Bohra Youth'' is a reform movement within the Dawoodi Bohra subsect of Mustaali Ismai'li Shi'a Islam. They disagree with mainstream Dawoodi Bohra, as led by the incumbent Da'i al-Mutlaq, on doctrinal, ...

is a reformist sect within Mustaali Ismai'li Shi'a Islam that broke off circa 1977. They disagree with mainstream Dawoodi Bohra, as led by the Da'i al-Mutlaq, on doctrinal, economic and social issues. At present, the largest Tayyibi faction/sub-sect is the

, whose current leader is Syedna

Mufaddal Saifuddin Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin () is the spiritual leader, the 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq of more than one million Dawoodi Bohras, a subgroup of the Tayyibi, Musta'li, Ismaili Shia branch of Islam. He is the second son of the 52nd Da'i al-Mutlaq, M ...

Taher Fakhruddin Taher Fakhruddin is the 54th Da'i al-Mutlaq of the Dawoodi Qutbi Bohras, a sect within Shia Islam distinguished as the Shia Fatimi Ismaili Tayyibi Dawoodi Qutbi Bohras. He is the son of Khuzaima Qutbuddin, the 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq of the group ...

is also a claimant to the title of Dai al Mutlaq since 2016, although it is widely accepted that Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin is the leader of the Dawoodi Bohras, in all aspects and administration.

References

*''The Ismaili, their history and doctrine'' by

Farhad Daftary Farhad Daftary (; born 1938) is a Belgian-born Iranian-British Islamic scholar who is co-director and head of the Department of Academic Research and Publications at the Institute of Ismaili Studies in London. He was born in Brussels. Daftary rec ...

*''Religion, learning and science'' by Lathan Young *''Medieval Islamic Civilisation'' by Joseph W. Meri, Bacharach *''Sayyida Hurra: The Isma‘ili Sulayhid Queen of Yemen'' by

*The ''Uyun al-akhbar'' is the most complete text written by an Ismaili/Tayyibi/Dawoodi 19th Dai Sayyedna Idris bin Hasan on the history of the Ismaili community from its origins up to the 12th century CE. period of the Fatimid caliphs al-Mustansir (d. 487 AH / 1094 AD), the time of Musta‘lian rulers including al-Musta‘li (d. 495 AH / 1102 AD) and al-Amir (d. 526 AH / 1132 AD), and then the Tayyibi Ismaili community in Yemen.

External links

The Hafizids and Tayyibids

* ttps://www.islamawareness.net/Deviant/Ismailis/ismailis.html History of Ismailis
A visual chart of different Shia communities

Doctrine of the Tayyibis
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