Tabela De Nós Matemáticos 01, Crop

''Durio graveolens,'' sometimes called the red-fleshed durian, orange-fleshed durian, or yellow durian, is a species of tree in the family Malvaceae. It is one of six species of durian named by Italian naturalist Odoardo Beccari. The specific epithet ('strong smelling' or 'rank') is due to the odor. Although most species of '' Durio'' (most notably '' Durio dulcis'') have a strong scent, the red-fleshed type of ''D. graveolens'' has a mild scent. It is native to Southeast Asia.

''D. graveolens'' is an edible durian, perhaps the most popular 'wild' species of durian, and it is sold commercially regionally.

Description

''D. graveolens'' is a large tree, sharing many features with '' D. dulcis''. It inhabits the upper canopy, growing up to tall. The trunk is in diameter and can have no branches until about high. The trunk will be smooth or flaky, grey/mauve to ruddy brown with steep buttress roots. The buttresses reach and extend out .

The oblong leaves are long without the petiole (leaf stalk), and wide. They are perfectly rounded on both ends, rigid, and slightly coriaceous (leather-like in feel or texture). On the top, they are glabrous (smooth and hairless) and crisp, almost vernicose (varnished). Underneath, the leaves are copper-brown and lepidote (scaly), with large scales of up to in diameter, which are not very noticeable, at least when dry. The leaf scales are peltate (shield-shaped), ciliate-radiated (fringed), and deeply-lobed in three to five parts. In addition to the scales, long strands of stellate hairs and other trichomes of varying size form a soft tomentose (fuzzy) surface. The leaf midrib is very prominent on the underside and forms a crease on top. The leaf stipules are caducous (drop early). Leaves have 10–12 lateral veins per side (with some smaller ones intermixed), which are tiny and superficial above and more distinct, but still barely visible. The petiole is very large, long, and tumescent (swollen) from the middle up.

Flowers grow on the branches on short cymes and a thin calyx. The base is sac-like with three to five connate lobes. It has white, spatulate (spoon-shaped) petals that are long. Inside are five separate bundles of staminodes and stamens, fused for less than half of their length. The anther has small clusters of four or five elongated pollen locules that open with longitudinal slits. Ovaries are ovoid to globose (roughly spherical) and possess a yellow capitate (shaped like a pinhead) stigma and white to greenish style about . The pollen is psilate (relatively smooth), spheroidal, and in diameter. The surface of the pollen includes three colporate apertures, meaning the apertures have a combined colpus (or furrow) and pore. The pollen grains are monad and do not cluster.

The fruits are up to in diameter, and weigh about . The greenish- to orange-yellow outside is densely covered with long () and thin angular- subulate spines which are straight or slightly curved, and prickly yet slightly soft. The fruit easily breaks into five fibrous-coriaceous valves (sections) with thick walls. Typically the fruit opens on the tree, but some varieties do not until they are on the ground or harvested. There are 2 bulbous or chestnut-shaped seeds per section, each completely enveloped by fleshy aril. These glossy brown seeds are . The pungent aril is the part consumed as food, though some sources note the odor is sometimes very mild. It ranges in color from light yellow to orange to lipstick red.
File:Durio graveolens Suluy Z 0zz.jpg, Trunk
File:Durio graveolens Suluy Z 1zz.jpg, Foliage
File:Durio graveolens 58959770.jpg, Fruit

Taxonomy

After its initial description in 1889 by Odoardo Beccari, in 1924, Dutch botanist Reinier Cornelis Bakhuizen Van Den Brink reduced it to a synonym of '' D. conicus''. British botanist John Wyatt-Smith combined it all under ''D. dulcis'' in 1953. Indonesian botanists André Joseph Guillaume Henri Kostermans and Wertit Soegeng-Reksodihardjo separated ''D. graveolens'' back to its own species in 1958.

This species should not be confused with the popular durian clones from Malaysia known as 'Red Flesh' (D164) and 'Red Prawn' (D175), as both of those belong to ''D. zibethinus''. A natural hybrid of ''D. graveolens'' and ''D. zibethinus'' is called ''durian siunggong'' or ''durian suluk''. It has the texture and flavour of the popular ''D. zibethinus'' and the burnt caramel overtones of ''D. graveolens''.

However, ''D. graveolens'' does have one registered variety, 'DQ2 nyekak (DK8)'. The color of the fruit's flesh denotes other varieties–an orange-fleshed, a red-fleshed one, and yellow-fleshed. These varieties may be different species, but currently there is no consensus. The yellow-fleshed kind is sometimes called ''durian simpor''.

''D. graveolens'' is in the core clade '' Palatadurio'' of the genus '' Durio''. It is most closely related to ''Durio kutejensis''.

Etymology

In the scientific name ''Durio graveolens'', '' graveolens'' means 'strong smelling', although it has been described as having a "mild" or "slight" odor or even, in a book published by the US National Research Council, as "odorless".

In Malay, the fruit is called ', ' (literally 'bird durian'), ' ('jungle durian'), ' ('yellow durian'), ' ('red durian'), or ' ('crayfish brain durian'). In Iban, it is '. The Bidayuh call it ''durian umot''. Among the Kenyah and Dayak peoples, it is known as ''durian anggang'' ('hornbill durian'), ''durian ajan'', ''pesang'', ''tabela'' or ''ta-bela'', ''tabelak'', ''taula'', ''tuala'', ''tuwala''. On Sumatra, the Batak call it ''tinambela''. In Karo, it is called '. In Thailand, it is referred to as () or (; sources differ on which name refers to this species, with the other being attributed to ''D. kutejensis''). In Aceh Tamiang Regency, it can be called ''durian batu'' ('stone durian'), and elsewhere in Sumatra, it known as ''durian adjan''. Other regional names include ''durian dalit'' (but this can apply also to '' Durio oxleyanus'') ''alau'', ''dujen'', ''durian alau'', ''durian daun dungoh'', ''durian hutan'' ('forest durian'), ''durian pipit'', ''lai bengang'', ''merang kunyit'', ''pasang'', and ''tongkai''.

Distribution

Wild ''D. graveolens'' grows in Peninsular Malaysia (states of Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Malacca, Penang, Perak, Selangor, and Terengganu), Indonesian Islands of Borneo and Sumatra, Palawan, and Southern Thailand. It is cultivated in Brunei, Sarawak, Sabah, and the Northern Territory of Australia. In Brunei, its popularity outshines ''D. zibethinus'', which is not cultivated in the country.

It is occasionally grown outside the tropics. In Florida, it has been seen to survive two consecutive nights at , albeit shrouded in cloth.

Ecology

''D. graveolens'' is a tropical plant species that needs high heat and humidity. Typically, it is found on clay-rich soils in wet lowland dipterocarp forests, frequently along riverbanks and swamps. Because of its tolerance for wet habitats, it is possibly resistant to infection by the oomycete ''Phytophthora palmivora''. It can also be found on hillsides and shale ridges up to in elevation.

It is pollinated by bats. As it is one of the only species to naturally hybridize with ''D. zibethinus'', they are thought to share a pollinator, likely the cave nectar bat (''Eonycteris spelaea''). Pollen from both of these durian species has been found in cave nectar bat feces, and possibly in that of the long-tongued fruit bat (''Macroglossus sobrinus'').

After harvest, fruit can be set upon by fungi such as ''Lasiodiplodia theobromae'', '' Glomerella cingulata'', ''Geotrichum candidum'', '' Calonectria kyotensis'', and occasionally '' Gliocephalotrichum bulbilium''. Secondary or opportunistic fungal infection can be from species such as ''Aspergillus niger'' and other ''Aspergillus'' spp., '' Candida'' spp., ''Gibberella intricans'', and ''Penicillium'' spp.

The fruit is fed on by Bornean orangutans (''Pongo pygmaeus''), Prevost's squirrels (''Callosciurus prevostii''), crab-eating macaques (''Macaca fascicularis''), black hornbills (''Anthracoceros malayanus''), possibly viverrids and sun bears (''Helarctos malayanus''). Black hornbills are also effective seed dispersers for the tree, and this is referenced in a few of the regional names for the tree .

Biochemistry

The fatty acids in the fruit are 30% saturated and 70% unsaturated. The saturated fats include myristic acid (14.49%), arachidic acid (7.08%), pentadecanoic acid (3.61%), heptadecanoic acid (2.2%), decanoic acid (1.62%), and lauric acid (1.31%). Unsaturated fats include oleic acid (22.18%), palmitoleic acid (13.55%), linolelaidic acid (12.39%), γ-linolenic acid (12.23%), linoleic acid (4.95%), elaidic acid (2.50%), and myristoleic acid (1.89%).

Uses

The fruit's pulp is typically eaten raw and has the fragrance of roasted almonds or burnt caramel. The taste is described as sweet and cheesy or similar to eating an avocado or pimento cheese. Sometimes, it is fermented into the condiment ''tempoyak''. The red-fleshed type is used with freshwater fish to make a type of '' sayur'' (a traditional Indonesian vegetable stew).

The seeds can also be ground into flour ('), which then can be used to make, for example, fish crackers.

The tree is also harvested for lumber in Sarawak. The Iban people there also bathe day-old infants (especially for preterm birth) in a tisane of mature bark, as they believe it strengthens the skin.

See also

* List of Durio species
* Durian Burung, a town in Malaysia

References

External links

*
*
''Durio graveolens'' at Year of the Durian''Durio graveolens'' at Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical databases

{{Durian

Tropical agriculture
Taxa named by Odoardo Beccari
graveolens
Flora of Malesia
Flora of Thailand
Tropical fruit
Non-timber forest products
Plants described in 1889
Fruits originating in Asia
Night-blooming plants