Ta'ang National Liberation Army
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The Ta'ang National Liberation Army (;
abbreviated An abbreviation () is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method including shortening, contraction, initialism (which includes acronym), or crasis. An abbreviation may be a shortened form of a word, usually ended with a trailing per ...
TNLA) is a
political organization A political organization is any organization that involves itself in the political process, including political parties, non-governmental organizations, and special interest advocacy groups. Political organizations are those engaged in polit ...
and armed group in
Myanmar Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; and also referred to as Burma (the official English name until 1989), is a country in northwest Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has ...
. It is the armed wing of the Palaung State Liberation Front (PSLF).


History

The PSLF has its origins in the Palaung National Front (PNF), a Ta’ang armed group that was founded in 1963. In 1976, a PNF leader, Mai Kwan Tong, broke away with the support of the Kachin Independence Organisation (KIO) and formed the Palaung State Liberation Organisation/Palaung State Liberation Army (PSLO/PSLA), which quickly upstaged the PNF. The PSLA then waged a guerrilla war against the armed forces of the
Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma , conventional_long_name = Socialist Republic ofthe Union of Burma , common_name = Burma , status = , status_text = , p1 = Union of Burma (1948–1962)Union of Burma , flag_p1 ...
. In the late 1980s, the group was weakened by the introduction of new counter-insurgency tactics and the signing of a ceasefire agreement by the KIO 4th Brigade, its long-time ally, who became the Kachin Defence Army and stopped supplying it with weapons. On 27 April 1991, the PSLA agreed to sign a ceasefire with the State Law and Order Restoration Council. In reaction, several of its members based at the headquarters of the
Karen National Union The Karen National Union (; abbreviated KNU) is a political organisation with an armed wing, the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA), that claims to represent the Karen people of Myanmar. It operates in mountainous eastern Myanmar and has un ...
in Manerplaw, on the Thailand-Myanmar border, decided to reject the decision of their mother organization and on 12 January 1992 formed the Palaung State Liberation Front (PSLF) under the leadership of Mai Tin Moung. In the subsequent years, the PSLO progressively lost its influence and was eventually forced by the regime to disarm and demobilize in 2005. Many dissatisfied rank-and-file members of the PSLO then joined the PSLF and were provided training by the KIA's 3rd and 4th Brigades in Laiza. In October 2009, the PSLF held its 3rd congress and its leaders Tar Aik Bong and Tar Bone Kyaw announced the creation of the Ta'ang National Liberation Army (TNLA) as the armed wing of the PSLF. The TNLA then started operating in Ta'ang populated areas of northern
Shan State Shan State (, ; , ) is a administrative divisions of Myanmar, state of Myanmar. Shan State borders China (Yunnan) to the north, Laos (Louang Namtha Province, Louang Namtha and Bokeo Provinces) to the east, and Thailand (Chiang Rai Province, Chia ...
and engaging in occasional clashes with the Tatmadaw. On 9 November 2012, it held an unofficial meeting with the junta's negotiating body, the Union Peace-making Work Committee, but contacts were not further developed. The TNLA subsequently did not take part in peace negotiations with the
central government A central government is the government that is a controlling power over a unitary state. Another distinct but sovereign political entity is a federal government, which may have distinct powers at various levels of government, authorized or deleg ...
partly because of their lack of confidence in the latter's ability to control the army's actions. It was not a signatory of the
Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement The Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA), officially the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement between the Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and the Ethnic Armed Organisations (), was a landmark ceasefire agreement between the governmen ...
in 2015 but joined the UWSA-led Federal Political Negotiation and Consultative Committee. In 2016, it joined the
Northern Alliance The Northern Alliance ( ''Da Šumāl E'tilāf'' or ''Ettehād Šumāl''), officially known as the United National Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan ( ''Jabha-ye Muttahid-e barāye Afğānistān''), was a military alliance of groups that op ...
along with the
Arakan Army The Arakan Army (; Abbreviation, abbreviated AA), sometimes referred to as the Arakha Army is an Ethnic nationalism, ethnic-List of insurgent groups in Myanmar, armed organisation based in Rakhine State (Arakan). Founded in April 2009, the Ara ...
(AA), the
Kachin Independence Army The Kachin Independence Army (KIA; Kachin: ''Wunpawng Mungdan Shanglawt Hpyen Dap''; ) is a non-state armed group and the military wing of the Kachin Independence Organization (KIO), a political group of ethnic Kachins in Northern Myanmar ...
(KIA) and the
Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army The Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA) is an armed Insurgency, resistance group in the Kokang region of Myanmar (Burma). The army has existed since 1989, having been the first one to sign a ceasefire agreement with the Burmese gov ...
(MNDAA). In 2019, the AA, the MNDAA and the TNLA strengthened their military cooperation by founding the Three Brotherhood Alliance. Following the 2021 coup d'état the TNLA initially avoided conflict with junta troops and took advantage of the drop in fighting to boost its governance capacities in northern Shan State. However, the group is known to have "engaged indirectly with the NUG and provided support to PDFs and anti-military forces, even if mostly covertly". In December 2023, the TNLA took control of the Pa Laung Self-Administered Zone following the capture of the towns of Namhsan and Mantong as part of
Operation 1027 Operation 1027 ( my-name-MLCTS, MLCTS=1027 Cachcangre:, MY=၁၀၂၇ စစ်ဆင်ရေး, ) is an ongoing military offensive conducted by the Three Brotherhood Alliance, a military coalition composed of three ethnic armed organisati ...
during the current Myanmar civil war. On 11 January 2024 the junta and the Brotherhood Alliance agreed to a China-brokered ceasefire for northern Shan State, although the truce remains tenuous, with rebel forces claiming that regime's troops regularly conduct airstrikes and shelling in the area. On 18 June, the TNLA announced that one of its fighters had been killed and four others injured by a junta drone strike in Nawnghkio Township. On 25 June, the group declared it was resuming Operation 1027 in response to repeated ceasefire violations by the junta and launched attacks in Nawnghkio and Kyaukme townships, in coordination with local
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units. The following day, it took control of the town of Nawnghkio and seized several positions near Kyaukme. On 28 June, it captured the town of Kyaukme and began to encircle
Mogok Mogok (, ; Shan language, Shan: , ) is a town of around 90,000 people in the Thabeikkyin District of Mandalay Region of Myanmar, located north of Mandalay and north-east of Shwebo, Sagaing, Shwebo. History Mogok is believed to be founded in ...
, taking over several military bases near the city. On 2 September, the SAC declared the TNLA as a terrorist group. From June 1 to 3, 2025, the Ta'ang Political Consultative Committee (TPCC) held a summit in Pangsang,
Wa State Wa State is a '' de facto'' independent state and self-governing region in Myanmar that has its own political system, administrative divisions and army.29 December 2004佤帮双雄, Phoenix TV. While the Wa State government recognises Myanm ...
, bringing together representatives from the Ta'ang National Liberation Army, the Ta'ang National Party, and civil society groups. The meeting concluded with an agreement to transform the TPCC into the Ta'ang Land Council (TLC), which would act as the highest governing body of Ta'ang State, overseeing executive, legislative, and judicial functions.


Structure

Although in theory the TNLA is supposed to simply be the defense department of the PSLF, in practice “there is little separation between the two" and "most PSLF officials are seconded from the armed wing". In 2013, the TNLA started to organize their armed forces across Ta’ang areas in five regular battalions, plus one dedicated to headquarters-defence and special forces. The number of battalions has been increased to 7 in 2013 and to 21 in 2015, divided into 3 brigades and supervised by two tactical operation commands. In 2024, Tar Hod Plarng, TNLA's commander-in-chief, claimed that the group had now "seven brigades and more than 30 battalions.” The TNLA recruits primarily through a conscription policy that obliges each household in areas under their control to provide at least one male recruit. Those with many sons often have to provide two. The group has also been accused of enlisting child soldiers.


Governance

The TNLA is known for their opposition to drug trade and drug use, which they see as they see it as a health disaster for the local population, conducting operations where they actively destroy poppy fields, heroin refineries and
meth lab Clandestine chemistry is chemistry carried out in secret, and particularly in Illegal drug trade, illegal drug laboratories. Larger labs are usually run by gangs or organized crime intending to produce for distribution on the black market. Smalle ...
s. The TNLA claims that they arrest opium smugglers regularly and the narcotics seized are publicly burned on special occasions to deter drug trade. In August 2012, a PSLF Central Committee meeting set up a 5 year plan for the eradication of drugs and in 2014 the group claimed to have been “able to destroy more than 1,000 acres of opium farms in Ta’ang regions” in two years. The group regularly detains drug users and send them by to “detention centres” in order to cut them off from their addictions. They also try to discourage local farmers from continuing to grow poppy by offering them crop substitution programs and interest-free micro-financing. In the areas they control, the PSLF has set up a bureaucracy of 1,500 staff, divided into thirteen departments. Many of these lower-ranking administrators are members of the junta's administrative apparatus that were assimilated by the TNLA as they took control of their villages. This administrative network comprises "a central office, five district-level offices, eighteen offices at the township level and many more at the village-tract level". The TNLA has set up their own police force since 2018 to maintain public order. The group also operates a parallel justice system with dedicated courts and prisons by recruiting civil servants and lawyers who sought refuge in their territory after defecting from the junta. In June 2023, the TNLA announced that they would establish forest reserve areas to prevent deforestation and preserving local species. In terms of education, the TNLA has set up their own education system in partnership with local civil society groups and NUG workers, under the umbrella of the Ta’ang National Education Committee (TNEC). In 2023, the committee said it ran more than 420 schools, providing education to around 25,000 students. The TNLA largely generates revenue through taxes on the transportation of goods and people. Another important financing source of the group is the payment of fees by Chinese contractors conducting infrastructure projects in the region in exchange for ensuring their free access and safety. The TNLA has also been accused of making money from taxing the local drug market, despite its anti-drug stance. Resistance on the part of certain inhabitants to pay taxes to the group have led its members to kidnap resisters and detain them until a ransom is paid.


Armed conflict

Since its creation the TNLA has been frequently engaged in clashes with local armed militias established by the
State Peace and Development Council The State Peace and Development Council ( ; abbreviated SPDC or , ) was the official name of the Military dictatorship, military government of Burma (Myanmar) which, in 1997, succeeded the State Law and Order Restoration Council (; abbrevi ...
junta, that are often involved in drug trafficking. From 2009 to 2011, more aggressive attempts by the Tatmadaw to subordinate groups in the region led to an increase in direct clashes with the TNLA, as well as with the KIA and the MNDAA. Fighting between the TNLA and government troops then reached a new high in 2013 and 2014, leading to the death of 200 people and the displacement of more than 4,000 inhabitants. In November 2016, Northern Alliance forces launched coordinated attacks on military targets in northern Shan State and briefly took control of a portion of the Mandalay-Muse Highway. In November 2017, the TNLA attacked two Burma Army bases in Namhsan. After joining the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement in October 2015, the
RCSS RCSS may refer to: * Real Canadian Superstore * Restoration Council of Shan State * Taipei Songshan Airport Taipei Songshan Airport is a city airport and military airbase located in Songshan District, Taipei, Songshan District, Taipei, Taiwa ...
/ Shan State Army-South began expanding its operations towards the China border, thus encroaching on territories controlled by the TNLA. Hostilities between the two groups broke out in November 2015 after RCSS forces ambushed TNLA soldiers near Namkham. The two groups engaged in regular skirmishes in the following years. In late 2020, fighting escalated again. In 2021, the TNLA, in cooperation with the Shan State Progress Party (SSPP), managed to register gains against RCSS troops, forcing them to withdraw south of the Mandalay-Muse Highway before pushing them back to their strongholds near the Thailand-Myanmar border.


Alliances

The TNLA has long been allied with the KIO/KIA, with whom it maintains close ties and cooperates militarily. However, in recent years, the group has increasingly turned towards the SSPP, which fought alongside it against the RCSS, as well as the UWSA, which supplies it with weapons. In May 2018, the TNLA opened its first liaison office in Pangkham, the ''de facto''
capital Capital and its variations may refer to: Common uses * Capital city, a municipality of primary status ** Capital region, a metropolitan region containing the capital ** List of national capitals * Capital letter, an upper-case letter Econom ...
of
Wa State Wa State is a '' de facto'' independent state and self-governing region in Myanmar that has its own political system, administrative divisions and army.29 December 2004佤帮双雄, Phoenix TV. While the Wa State government recognises Myanm ...
. This turnaround has led to a deterioration in relations with the KIA, coupled with mutual accusations of mistreatment of the local populations. Tensions with the SSPP over the control and administration of territories liberated from the junta have also arose in several occasions.


Notes


References


External links


Taang National Liberation Army
on
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ta'ang National Liberation Army Ethnic armed organisations in Myanmar Rebel groups in Myanmar Guerrilla organizations Organizations designated as terrorist by Myanmar