Soups

Soup is a primarily liquid food, generally served warm or hot (but may be cool or cold), that is made by combining ingredients of meat or vegetables with stock, milk, or water. Hot soups are additionally characterized by boiling solid ingredients in liquids in a pot until the flavors are extracted, forming a broth. Soups are similar to stews, and in some cases there may not be a clear distinction between the two; however, soups generally have more liquid (broth) than stews.

In traditional French cuisine, soups are classified into two main groups: ''clear soups'' and ''thick soups''. The established French classifications of clear soups are ''bouillon'' and ''consommé''. Thick soups are classified depending upon the type of thickening agent used: ''purées'' are vegetable soups thickened with starch; '' bisques'' are made from puréed shellfish or vegetables thickened with cream; cream soups may be thickened with béchamel sauce; and '' veloutés'' are thickened with eggs, butter, and cream. Other ingredients commonly used to thicken soups and broths include rice, lentils, flour, and grains; many popular soups also include pumpkin, carrots, potatoes, pig's trotters and bird's nests.

Other types of soup include fruit soups, dessert soups, pulse soups like split pea, cold soups and other styles.

History

Evidence of the existence of soup can be found as far back as about 20,000 BC. Boiling was not a common cooking technique until the invention of waterproof containers (which probably came in the form of clay vessels). Animal hides and watertight baskets of bark or reeds were used before this. To boil the water hot rocks were used. This method was also used to cook acorns and other plants.

The word ''soup'' comes from French ''soupe'' ("soup", "broth"), which comes through Vulgar Latin ''suppa'' ("bread soaked in broth") from a Germanic source, from which also comes the word "sop", a piece of bread used to soak up soup or a thick stew.

The word ''restaurant'' (meaning " omethingrestoring") was first used in France in the 16th century, to refer to a highly concentrated, inexpensive soup, sold by street vendors, that was advertised as an antidote to physical exhaustion. In 1765, a Parisian entrepreneur opened a shop specializing in such soups. This prompted the use of the modern word ''restaurant'' to refer to eating establishments.

In the US, the first colonial cookbook was published by William Parks in Williamsburg, Virginia, in 1742, based on Eliza Smith's '' The Compleat Housewife; or Accomplished Gentlewoman's Companion'', and it included several recipes for soups and bisques. A 1772 cookbook, ''The Frugal Housewife'', contained an entire chapter on the topic. English cooking dominated early colonial cooking; but as new immigrants arrived from other countries, other national soups gained popularity. In particular, German immigrants living in Pennsylvania were famous for their potato soups. In 1794, Jean Baptiste Gilbert Payplat dis Julien, a refugee from the French Revolution, opened an eating establishment in Boston called " The Restorator", and became known as the "Prince of Soups". The first American cooking pamphlet dedicated to soup recipes was written in 1882 by Emma Ewing: ''Soups and Soup Making''.

Portable soup was devised in the 18th century by boiling seasoned meat until a thick, resinous syrup was left that could be dried and stored for months at a time.

Commercial products

Commercial soup became popular with the invention of canning in the 19th century, and today a great variety of canned and dried soups are on the market.

Canned

Canned soup can be condensed, in which case it is prepared by adding water (or sometimes milk) or it can be "ready-to-eat", meaning that no additional liquid is needed before eating. Condensed soup (invented in 1897 by John T. Dorrance, a chemist with the Campbell Soup Company) allows soup to be packaged into a smaller can and sold at a lower price than other canned soups. The soup is usually doubled in volume by adding a "can full" of water or milk, about . The "ready-to-eat" variant can be prepared by simply heating the contents of the can on a kitchen stove or in a microwave oven, rather than actually cooking anything. Such soups can be used as a base for homemade soups, with the consumer adding anything from a few vegetables to eggs, meat, cream or pasta.

Since the 1990s, the canned soup market has burgeoned, with non-condensed soups marketed as "ready-to-eat", so they require no additional liquid to prepare. Microwaveable bowls have expanded the "ready-to-eat" canned soup market even more, offering convenience (especially in workplaces), and making for popular lunch items. In response to concerns over the negative health effects of excessive salt intake, some soup manufacturers have introduced reduced-salt versions of popular soups.

Today, Campbell's Tomato (introduced in 1897), Cream of Mushroom, and Chicken Noodle (introduced in 1934) are three of the most popular soups in America. Americans consume approximately 2.5 billion bowls of these three soups alone each year. Other popular brands of soup include Progresso.

Dried

Dry soup mixes are sold by many manufacturers, and are reconstituted with hot water; other fresh ingredients may then be added.

The first dried soup was bouillon cubes; the earlier meat extract did not require refrigeration, but was a viscous liquid.

East Asian-style instant noodle soups include ramen and seasonings, and are marketed as a convenient and inexpensive instant meal, requiring only hot water for preparation. While North American ones tend to have a powder pack only, instant noodles sold in East Asia commonly include a pack of dried vegetables too.

Western-style dried soups include vegetable, chicken base, potato, pasta and cheese flavors.

Types

In French cuisine, soup is often served before other dishes in a meal. In 1970, Richard Olney gave the place of the entrée in a French full menu: "A dinner that begins with a soup and runs through a fish course, an entrée, a sorbet, a roast, salad, cheese and dessert, and that may be accompanied by from three to six wines, presents a special problem of orchestration".

Dessert

* ''Chè'', a Vietnamese cold dessert soup containing sugar and coconut milk, with many different varieties of other ingredients including taro, cassava, adzuki bean, mung bean, jackfruit, and durian.
* ''Ginataan'', Filipino soup made from coconut milk, fruits and tapioca pearls, served hot or cold
* ''Shiruko'', a Japanese azuki bean soup
* ''Tong sui'', a collective term for Chinese sweet soups
* ''Sawine'', a soup made with milk, spices, parched vermicelli, almonds and dried fruits, served during the Muslim festival of Eid ul-Fitr in Trinidad and Tobago
* Chinese dessert soups include ''douhua'' and black sesame soup

Fruit

Fruit soups are prepared using fruit as a primary ingredient, and may be served warm or cold depending on the recipe. Many varieties of fruit soups exist, and they may be prepared based upon the availability of seasonal fruit.

Cold

Cold soups are a particular variation on the traditional soup, wherein the temperature when served is kept at or below room temperature. They may be sweet or savory. In summer, sweet cold soups can form part of a dessert tray. An example of a savory chilled soup is ''gazpacho'', a chilled vegetable-based soup originating from Spain. Vichyssoise is a cold purée of potatoes, leeks, and cream.

Asian

A feature of East Asian soups not normally found in Western cuisine is the use of tofu in soups. Many traditional East Asian soups are typically broths, "clear soups", or starch thickened soups.

Traditional regional varieties

* ''Aguadito'' is a green soup from Peru, when prepared with chicken, it is called ''aguadito de pollo''. It also includes cilantro, carrot, peas, potatoes, ají amarillo, other meat like hen, mussels or fish, it can alleviate hangover.
* ''Asopao'' is a rice soup very popular in Puerto Rico. When prepared with chicken, it is referred to as ''asopao de pollo''.
* ''Ajiaco'' is a chicken soup from Colombia.
* ''Avgolemono'' is a Greek chicken soup with lemon and egg. It is also prepared as a sauce.
* ''Bánh canh'' is a Vietnamese ''udon'' noodle soup, popular variants include ''bánh canh cua'' (crab udon soup), ''bánh canh chả cá'' (fish cake udon soup)
* Bird's nest soup is a delicacy in Chinese cuisine.
* Bisque is a thick, creamy, highly seasoned soup, classically of pureed crustaceans, of French origin.
* ''Borscht'' is a beet-vegetable soup: originally for Eastern Europe beetroots with cabbage from Ukraine and beetroots with mushrooms from Poland.
* ''Bouillabaisse'' is a fish soup from Marseille, is also made in other Mediterranean regions; in Catalonia it is called ''bullebesa''.
* ''Bourou-bourou'' is a vegetable and pasta soup from the island of Corfu, Greece.
* ''Bún bò Huế'' is a spicy lemongrass-flavored beef noodle soup from Huế, Central Vietnam, topped with fresh herbs, sliced onions and shallots and other crunchy toppings like pork rind
* ''Caldo verde'' is a Portuguese minced kale soup
* ''Callaloo'' is a thick, creamy soup made with okra, spinach and, often, crab meat from Trinidad and Tobago
* ''Canh chua'' – (sour soup) made with rice, fish, various vegetables, and in some cases pineapple is from Vietnam.
* ''Canja de galinha'' is a Portuguese soup of chicken, rice and lemon.
* ''Cazuela'' is a Chilean soup of medium thick flavoured stock obtained from cooking several kinds of meats and vegetables mixed together.
* Clam chowder is found in two major types, New England clam chowder, made with potatoes and cream, and Manhattan clam chowder, made with a tomato base.
* Cock-a-leekie soup is leek and potato soup made with chicken stock, from Scotland.
* Cullen skink, also from Scotland, is a fish soup made with smoked haddock, potatoes, onions and cream.
* Egg drop soup, a savory Chinese soup, is made by adding already-beaten eggs into boiling water or broth.
* ''Egusi'' soup, a traditional soup from Nigeria, is made with vegetables, meat, fish, and balls of ground melon seed. It is often eaten with ''fufu''.
* ''Etrog'' is a fruit soup made from the citron used in Jewish rituals at the feast of Succoth, is eaten by Ashkenazi Jews at '' Tu Bishvat''.
* '' Ezogelin soup'' is a traditional Turkish variety of lentil soup, also very common in Turkey.
* '' Faki soupa'' is a Greek lentil soup, with carrots, olive oil, herbs and possibly tomato sauce or vinegar.
* ''Fanesca'' is a traditional cod soup from Ecuador.
* ''Fasolada'' is a traditional Greek bean soup.
* French onion soup is a clear soup made with beef broth and sautéed (caramelized) onions.
* ''Garbure'' is a traditional dish in Gascony (southwest France), midway between a soup and a stew.
* ''Gazpacho'' (from Spain and Portugal) is a savory soup based on tomato.
* ''Goulash'' is a Hungarian soup of beef, paprika and onion.
* Gumbo is a traditional Creole soup from the Southern United States. It is thickened with okra pods, roux and sometimes filé powder.
* ''Halászlé'' (fisherman's soup), a very hot and spicy Hungarian river fish soup, is made with hot paprika.
* ' is a traditional Icelandic meat soup made with lamb and vegetables.
* ''Kharcho'' is a Georgian soup of lamb, rice, vegetables and a highly spiced bouillon.
* ''Kulajda'' is a Czech sour cream soup.
* ''Kuyteav'' is a Cambodian rice noodle soup with pork stock and various toppings.
* ''Kyselo'' is a traditional Bohemian (Krkonoše region) sour soup made from sourdough, mushrooms, cumin

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