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Sayyid ''Sayyid'' (, ; ar, سيد ; ; meaning 'sir', 'Lord', 'Master'; Arabic plural: ; feminine: ; ) is a surname of people descending from the Prophets in Islam, Islamic prophet Muhammad through his grandsons, Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali ...
Saïd bin Sultan al-Busaidi ( ar, سعيد بن سلطان, , sw, Saïd bin Sultani) (5 June 1791 – 19 October 1856), was Sultan of
Muscat and Oman The Sultanate of Muscat and Oman ( ar, سلطنة مسقط وعمان, Salṭanat Masqaṭ wa-‘Umān), also known briefly as the State of Muscat and Oman () during the rule of Taimur bin Feisal, was a sovereign state that encompassed the prese ...
, the fifth ruler of the Busaid dynasty from 1804 to 4 June 1856. His rule commenced following the death of his father,
Sultan bin Ahmad Sultan bin Ahmad al Busaidi (died 1804) was the Sultan of Oman, the fourth of the House of Busaid, Busaid dynasty dynasty, ruling the country between 1792 and 1804. Early years Sultan bin Ahmad was the son of the Imam and Sultan Ahmad bin Said al ...
, in November 1804 and a period of conflict and internecine rivalry of succession that followed. He is often referred to as the Lion of Oman (''Asaad al Uman''), as one of the greatest Omani sultans. Said's uncle
Qais bin Ahmad Qais bin Ahmad (died May 1808) was the third son of Ahmad bin Sa'id Al-Busaidi, the first Sultan of Oman of the Al Said dynasty. After his father's death he made more than one attempt to gain the throne. Youth and first revolt Qais bin Ahmad bi ...
finally agreed to Said's primacy following Said's killing of his cousin, Badar bin Saif, a pretender to the throne. He is noted for having moved his capital to
Zanzibar Zanzibar (; ; ) is an insular semi-autonomous province which united with Tanganyika in 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania. It is an archipelago in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of the mainland, and consists of many small islands ...
, during which time the Omani Empire reached the zenith of its power and wealth.


Early years

Said bin Sultan was son of
Sultan bin Ahmed Sultan bin Ahmad al Busaidi (died 1804) was the Sultan of Oman, the fourth of the Busaid dynasty dynasty, ruling the country between 1792 and 1804. Early years Sultan bin Ahmad was the son of the Imam and Sultan Ahmad bin Said al-Busaidi. Early ...
, who ruled Oman from 1792 to 1804. Sultan bin Ahmed died in 1804 on an expedition to
Basra Basra ( ar, ٱلْبَصْرَة, al-Baṣrah) is an Iraqi city located on the Shatt al-Arab. It had an estimated population of 1.4 million in 2018. Basra is also Iraq's main port, although it does not have deep water access, which is hand ...
. He appointed Mohammed bin Nasir bin Mohammed al-Jabry as the Regent and guardian of his two sons,
Salim bin Sultan Salim bin Sultan was joint Sultan of Oman with his brother Said bin Sultan, ruling between 1804 and 1806. Salim bin Sultan was son of Sultan bin Ahmad, who ruled Oman from 1792 to 1804. Sultan bin Ahmad died in 1804 on an expedition to Basra. He a ...
and Said bin Sultan. Sultan's brother Qais bin Ahmad, the ruler of Sohar, decided to attempt to seize power. Early in 1805 Qais and his brother Mohammed marched south along the coast to
Muttrah Muttrah, ( ar, مطرح) administratively a wilayah (province), is located in the Muscat Governorate of Oman. Before the discovery of oil in Oman, Muttrah was the center of commerce in Oman (Muscat). It is still a center of commerce as one of t ...
, which he easily captured. Qais then started to besiege
Muscat Muscat ( ar, مَسْقَط, ) is the capital and most populated city in Oman Oman ( ; ar, عُمَان ' ), officially the Sultanate of Oman ( ar, سلْطنةُ عُمان ), is an Arabian country located in southwestern Asia. It is s ...
. Mohammed bin Nasir tried to bribe Qais to leave, but did not succeed. Mohammed bin Nasir called on Badr bin Saif for help. After a series of engagements, Qais was forced to retire to Sohar. Badr bin Saif became the effective ruler. Allied with the
Wahhabi Wahhabism ( ar, ٱلْوَهَّابِيَةُ, translit=al-Wahhābiyyah) is a Sunni Islamic revivalist and fundamentalist movement associated with the reformist doctrines of the 18th-century Arabian Islamic scholar, theologian, preacher, an ...
s, Badr bin Saif became increasingly unpopular. To get his wards out of the way, Badr bin Saif made Salim bin Sultan governor of
Al Maşna‘ah AL, Al, Ål or al may stand for: Arts and entertainment Fictional characters * Al (''Aladdin'') or Aladdin, the main character in Disney's ''Aladdin'' media * Al (''EastEnders''), a minor character in the British soap opera * Al (''Fullmetal ...
, on the Batinah coast and Said bin Sultan governor of Barka. In 1806, Said bin Sultan lured Badr bin Saif to Barka and murdered him nearby. Said was proclaimed ruler of
Oman Oman ( ; ar, عُمَان ' ), officially the Sultanate of Oman ( ar, سلْطنةُ عُمان ), is an Arabian country located in southwestern Asia. It is situated on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula, and spans the mouth of t ...
. There are different accounts of what happened, but it seems clear that Said struck the first blow and his supporters finished the job. Said was acclaimed by the people as a liberator from the Wahhabis, who left the country. Qais bin Ahmad at once gave his support to Said. Nervous of the Wahhabi reaction, Said blamed Mohammed bin Nasir for the murder.


Sultan

Said bin Sultan became the sole ruler of Oman, apparently with the consent of his brother. Their aunt, the daughter of the Imam
Ahmad bin Said al-Busaidi Ahmad bin Said al-Busaidi (1694 – 15 December 1783) was the first ruler of Oman of the Al Said dynasty. He came to power during a period when Oman was divided by civil war, and the Persians had occupied large parts of the country. During his long ...
, seems to have influenced this decision. In 1820, he launched a punitive expedition against the Bani Bu Ali with the assistance of the
East India Company The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (the Indian subcontinent and Southea ...
. It was defeated, but the following year a larger Company force returned and defeated the tribe. In 1835, he ratified a treaty with the United States on very favorable terms, that had been negotiated by Edmund Roberts at Muscat on 21 September 1833, and returned by USS ''Peacock''. In 1837, he conquered
Mombasa Mombasa ( ; ) is a coastal city in southeastern Kenya along the Indian Ocean. It was the first capital of the British East Africa, before Nairobi was elevated to capital city status. It now serves as the capital of Mombasa County. The town is ...
,
Kenya ) , national_anthem = "Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu"() , image_map = , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Nairobi , coordinates = , largest_city = Nairobi , ...
. In 1840, Said moved his capital from
Muscat, Oman Muscat ( ar, مَسْقَط, ) is the Capital (political), capital and most populated city in Oman. It is the seat of the Muscat (governorate), Governorate of Muscat. According to the National Centre for Statistics and Information (NCSI), the t ...
, to Stone Town,
Zanzibar Zanzibar (; ; ) is an insular semi-autonomous province which united with Tanganyika in 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania. It is an archipelago in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of the mainland, and consists of many small islands ...
where Richard Waters was American Consul, and sent a ship to the United States to try to further a trading relationship. In 1843 he nominated a nominal representative in
Mogadishu Mogadishu (, also ; so, Muqdisho or ; ar, مقديشو ; it, Mogadiscio ), locally known as Xamar or Hamar, is the capital and List of cities in Somalia by population, most populous city of Somalia. The city has served as an important port ...
and was forced to pay tribute to Sultan
Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim ( so, Yuusuf Maxamuud Ibrahiim, ar, يوسف محمود ابراهيم) was a Somali ruler. He was the third and most powerful Sultan of the Geledi sultanate, reigning from 1798 to 1848. Under the reign of Sultan Yusuf, his ...
of the
Geledi Sultanate The Sultanate of the Geledi ( so, Saldanadda Geledi, ar, سلطنة غلدي) also known as the Gobroon Dynasty Somali Sultanate: The Geledi City-state Over 150 Years - Virginia Luling (2002) Page 229 was a Somali kingdom that ruled parts of th ...
. Upon Said's death in 1856, his realm was divided. His third son, Thuwaini bin Said, became the Sultan of Muscat and Oman, and his sixth son, Majid bin Said, became the Sultan of Zanzibar. The National Museum of Oman in Muscat houses numerous items of silverware and other possessions that belonged to Said.


Children

Said had 36 children # Sayyid Sultan bin Said al-Said (ca. 1815–1851): an alcoholic, according to Ruete (Ch. 15), he left three sons, Saud, Faisal, and Muhammed # Sayyid Khalid bin Said al-Said (c.1819–1854) # Sayyid Thuwaini bin Said al-Said (also called Tueni) (−1866): Sultan of Muscat and Oman, 1856–1866 # Sayyid Muhammad bin Said al-Said (1826–1863): he "...was considered the most pious of our entire family.... cared little for the world and worldly goods.... possessed by... antipathy against Zanzibar" (Ch. 14, Ruete); he lived most of his life in Oman; father of Hamoud bin Mohammed, Sultan of Zanzibar. #
Sayyid Turki bin Said Turki or Torki bin Said al Busaidi, GCSI (1832 – 4 June 1888) ( ar, تركي بن سعيد, bal, ترکی بن سعید) was Sultan of Muscat and Oman from 30 January 1871 to 4 June 1888. He was the fifth son of Said bin Sultan. He acceded fol ...
(1832–1888): Sultan of Muscat and Oman, 1871–1888 # Sayyid Majid bin Said Al-Busaid (1834/5-1870): 1st Sultan of Zanzibar, 1856–1870 # Sayyid Ali bin Said al-Said (?-1893) # Sayyid Barghash bin Said Al-Busaid (1837–1888): 2nd Sultan of Zanzibar, 1870–1888 # Sayyid Abdu'l-Wahhab bin Said al-Said (1840–1866) # Sayyid Jamshid bin Said al-Said (1842–1870) # Sayyid Hamdan bin Said al-Said (1843–1858) # Sayyid Ghalib bin Said al-Said # Sayyid Sawedan bin Said al-Said (1845–?) # Sayyid Abdu'l-Aziz bin Said al-Said (1850–1907) #
Sayyid Khalifah bin Said Al-Busaid, 3rd Sultan of Zanzibar Sayyid Khalifa I bin Said al-Busaidi, GCMG, (or Chalîfe) (1852 – 13 February 1890) ( ar, خليفة بن سعيد البوسعيد) was the third Sultan of Zanzibar. He ruled Zanzibar from 26 March 1888 to 13 February 1890 and was succeede ...
(1852–1890): Sultan of Zanzibar, 1888–1890 # Sayyid Hamad bin Said al-Said # Sayyid Shuwaid bin Said al-Said # Sayyid Abbas bin Said al-Said # Sayyid Manin bin Said al-Said #
Sayyid Ali bin Said Al-Busaid, 4th Sultan of Zanzibar Sayyid Ali bin Said al-Busaidi, GCSI, (1854 – March 5, 1893) ( ar, علي بن سعيد البوسعيد) was the fourth Sultan of Zanzibar. He ruled Zanzibar from February 13, 1890, to March 5, 1893. In June 1890 he was forced to accept ...
(1854–1893): Sultan of Zanzibar, 1890–1893 # Sayyid Badran bin Said al-Said (?-1887) # Sayyid Nasir bin Said al-Said (also called Nasor) (?-1887) went to
Mecca Mecca (; officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, commonly shortened to Makkah ()) is a city and administrative center of the Mecca Province of Saudi Arabia, and the Holiest sites in Islam, holiest city in Islam. It is inland from Jeddah on the Red ...
with his older sister Chadudj: died in his twenties # Sayyid Abdu'l-Rab bin Said al-Said (?-1888) # Sayyid Ahmad bin Said al-Said # Sayyid Talib bin Said al-Said # Sayyid Abdullah bin Said al-Said # Sayyida Sharîfe of Zanzibar and Oman: the daughter of a Circassian woman, she was "a dazzling beauty with the complexion of a German blonde. Besides, she possessed a sharp intellect, which made her into a faithful advisor of my father's" (described in Ruete, Ch. 15) # Sayyida Chole (or Khwala) of Zanzibar and Oman (died 1875): the daughter of a Mesopotamian woman, she "was particularly close to our father; her enchanting personality, her cheerfulness and charm won him over completely" (Ruete, Ch. 15) # Sayyida Aashe of Zanzibar and Oman: full sister of Chole; after the death of their brother Hilal (1851), she "took motherly care of his eldest son Suud" (Ruete) # Sayyida Chadudj of Zanzibar and Oman: full sister of Majid; after his death (1870), she went with her younger brother Nasir to
Mecca Mecca (; officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, commonly shortened to Makkah ()) is a city and administrative center of the Mecca Province of Saudi Arabia, and the Holiest sites in Islam, holiest city in Islam. It is inland from Jeddah on the Red ...
and died not long afterward (Ruete) # Sayyida Shewâne of Zanzibar and Oman: the daughter of an Abyssinian woman; "a
classical beauty Beauty is commonly described as a feature of objects that makes these objects pleasurable to perceive. Such objects include landscapes, sunsets, humans and works of art. Beauty, together with art and taste, is the main subject of aesthetics, o ...
... endowed with a keen mind", she died early (Ruete) # Sayyida Mettle of Zanzibar and Oman: the daughter of an Abyssinian woman, she married a "distant cousin" in Stonetown and had "two charming twin boys" (Ruete) # Sayyida Zeyâne of Zanzibar and Oman: the daughter of an Abyssinian woman (Ruete) # Sayyida Semsem of Zanzibar and Oman: full sister of Zeyâne, she was married "rather late in life oour distant cousin Humud" (Ruete) # Sayyida Nunu of Zanzibar and Oman: the daughter of a Circassian woman, she was born blind; after the deaths of her parents, she lived with her sister Aashe (Ruete) # Sayyida Salme of Zanzibar and Oman (1844–1924): she became known as
Emily Ruete Emily Ruete (30 August 1844 – 29 February 1924), born in Zanzibar as Sayyida Salama bint Said (), also called Salme, was a Princess of Zanzibar and Oman. She was the youngest of the 36 children of Said bin Sultan, Sultan of the Omani Empire. She ...
from then


References

Citations Sources * * * * * * * * *


Further reading

*''Memoirs of an Arabian Princess from Zanzibar'',
Emily Ruete Emily Ruete (30 August 1844 – 29 February 1924), born in Zanzibar as Sayyida Salama bint Said (), also called Salme, was a Princess of Zanzibar and Oman. She was the youngest of the 36 children of Said bin Sultan, Sultan of the Omani Empire. She ...
, 1888. (Many reprints). Author (1844–1924) was born Princess Salme of Zanzibar and Oman and was a daughter of Sayyid Said. In the fifteenth chapter of her book, she describes her sisters and two of her brothers (Hilal and Thuweini).


External links


Seyyid Said Facts
{{Authority control 1790 births 1856 deaths 18th-century Arabs 18th-century Omani people 19th-century Arabs 19th-century Omani people Al Said dynasty Modern child rulers People from Ad Dakhiliyah Governorate Sons of Omani sultans Sultans of Oman Sultans of Zanzibar