Sürmene (; , ''Sourmena''; , romanized as ''Sürmena e') is a municipality and

district A district is a type of administrative division that in some countries is managed by the local government. Across the world, areas known as "districts" vary greatly in size, spanning regions or county, counties, several municipality, municip ...

Trabzon Province Trabzon Province () is a Provinces of Turkey, province and Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey, metropolitan municipality of Turkey on the Black Sea coast. Its area is 4,628 km2, and its population is 818,023 (2022). Located in a strategic ...

Turkey Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armen ...

. Its area is 166 km², and its population is 25,950 (2022). In ancient times the town of Hyssus or Hyssos () was nearby. The mayor is Rahmi Üstün ( AKP). Sürmene (Humurgan) is situated some east of

Trabzon Trabzon, historically known as Trebizond, is a city on the Black Sea coast of northeastern Turkey and the capital of Trabzon Province. The city was founded in 756 BC as "Trapezous" by colonists from Miletus. It was added into the Achaemenid E ...

. Known in antiquity also as Susarmia or Augustopolis, it lies on the River Kora ( Manahoz Deresi) and is best known as the place where

Xenophon Xenophon of Athens (; ; 355/354 BC) was a Greek military leader, philosopher, and historian. At the age of 30, he was elected as one of the leaders of the retreating Ancient Greek mercenaries, Greek mercenaries, the Ten Thousand, who had been ...

and his

Ten Thousand The Ten Thousand (, ''hoi Myrioi'') were a force of mercenary units, mainly Greeks, employed by Cyrus the Younger to attempt to wrest the throne of the Persian Empire from his brother, Artaxerxes II. Their march to the Battle of Cunaxa and bac ...

fell sick after eating wild honey, an event which was confirmed by the local people. In the village of Kastil, to the west of Sürmene, stands a ruined medieval castle as well as the impressively restored 18th-century Yakupoğlu Memiş Ağa Konağı mansion. This was formerly the seat of the Yakupoğlu family, who lived here as rulers (

derebey A derebey () was a feudalism, feudal lord in Anatolia and the Black Sea, Pontic areas of Lazistan and Adjara in the 18th century, with considerable independence from the central government of the Ottoman Empire. Derebeys were required to provide m ...

s, hence its alternative name of Derebeyli Kale, the Castle of the Derebeys) of the surrounding region relatively free of interference from the Ottoman government in faraway

Constantinople Constantinople (#Names of Constantinople, see other names) was a historical city located on the Bosporus that served as the capital of the Roman Empire, Roman, Byzantine Empire, Byzantine, Latin Empire, Latin, and Ottoman Empire, Ottoman empire ...

Istanbul Istanbul is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, constituting the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With Demographics of Istanbul, a population over , it is home to 18% of the Demographics ...

Economy

Historically, Sürmene produced small amounts of

manganese Manganese is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol Mn and atomic number 25. It is a hard, brittle, silvery metal, often found in minerals in combination with iron. Manganese was first isolated in the 1770s. It is a transition m ...

. The area also had

mineral spring Mineral springs are naturally occurring springs that produce hard water, water that contains dissolved minerals. Salts, sulfur compounds, and gases are among the substances that can be dissolved in the spring water during its passage un ...

s, and shipped

bottled water Bottled water is drinking water (e.g., Water well, well water, distilled water, Reverse osmosis, reverse osmosis water, mineral water, or Spring (hydrology), spring water) packaged in Plastic bottle, plastic or Glass bottle, glass water bott ...

Composition

There are 37

neighbourhoods A neighbourhood (Commonwealth English) or neighborhood (American English) is a geographically localized community within a larger town, city, suburb or rural area, sometimes consisting of a single street and the buildings lining it. Neighbourh ...

in Sürmene District: * Aksu * Armutlu * Aşağıovalı * Balıklı * Birlik * Çamburnu * Çamlıca * Çarşı * Çavuşlu * Çiftesu * Çimenli * Dirlik * Fındıcak * Gültepe * Güneyköy * Kahraman * Karacakaya * Konak * Koyuncular * Küçükdere * Muratlı * Ormanseven * Ortaköy * Ortamahalle * Oylum * Petekli * Soğuksu * Üstündal * Üzümlü * Yazıoba * Yemişli * Yeniay * Yeşilköy * Yokuşbaşı * Yukarıçavuşlu * Yukarıovalı * Zeytinli

Flora and fauna

According to WWF the largest amount of endemic flora is to be found in the Ağaçbaşı ''yayla'' (summer upland pasture) in Sürmene. * Zehirli biberiye ('' Andromeda polifolia''), * Böcek yiyen bitkilerden ''

Drosera ''Drosera'', which is commonly known as the sundews, is one of the largest genus, genera of carnivorous plants, with at least 194 species. 2 volumes. These members of the family Droseraceae lure, capture, and digest insects using stalked mucil ...

'', * Pamukotu ('' Eriophorum angustifolium'' ve '' E. latifolium''), * Kurtayağı ('' Lycopodiella inundata''), * Kara ot ('' Rhynchospora alba'')

Gallery

File:Surmene Ticaret Odasiii.jpg, alt=The Chamber of Commerce of Sürmene -It was the first chamber of commerce in Turkey, The Sürmeme Chamber of Commerce was the first

chamber of commerce A chamber of commerce, or board of trade, is a form of business network. For example, a local organization of businesses whose goal is to further the interests of businesses. Business owners in towns and cities form these local societies to a ...

in Turkey File:Surmene rushdiye diplomasi.jpg, Sürmene Mekteb-i Rushdiye Sekbanlardan Ahmed Agha Shahadetnamesi (

Diploma A diploma is a document awarded by an educational institution (such as a college or university) testifying the recipient has graduated by successfully completing their courses of studies. Historically, it has also referred to a charter or offi ...

) File:300 yıllık mezar taşı çavuşlu.jpg, alt=Cavuszade Muhammed Agha's historical graveyard stone, Çavuşzade Muhammed Ağa's gravestone File:Ten Thousand March to Madur 2007.jpg, alt=Sürmene Festivali on the top of Madur mountain., Sürmene Festival on the top of Madur mountain. File:Fatih Akin.jpg, alt=Fatih Akın Turkish film director from Çamburnu,

Fatih Akın Fatih Akin (, born 25 August 1973) is a Turkish-German film director, screenwriter and producer. His films have won numerous awards and accolades, including the Golden Bear at the Berlin Film Festival for his film '' Head-On'' (2004), Best Scr ...

Turkish film director from Çamburnu, a village of Sürmene File:Persian Empire, 490 BC.png, alt=Ten Thousand's route to Sürmene, The route that brought Xenophon's

to Sürmene

References

External links