São Gonçalo, Rio De Janeiro
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São Gonçalo () is a
municipality A municipality is usually a single administrative division having municipal corporation, corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality' ...
in
Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the capital of the Rio de Janeiro (state), state of Rio de Janeiro. It is the List of cities in Brazil by population, second-most-populous city in Brazil (after São Paulo) and the Largest cities in the America ...
,
Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population ...
, in the Southeast region. It is located in the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro, having land limits with the municipalities of
Niterói Niterói () is a List of municipalities in Rio de Janeiro, municipality in the state of Rio de Janeiro (state), Rio de Janeiro, in the Southeast Region, Brazil, southeast region of Brazil. It lies across Guanabara Bay, facing the city of Rio de ...
, Maricá and Itaboraí, and a maritime limit, by Guanabara Bay, with the capital,
Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the capital of the Rio de Janeiro (state), state of Rio de Janeiro. It is the List of cities in Brazil by population, second-most-populous city in Brazil (after São Paulo) and the Largest cities in the America ...
. According to the 2022 census, it has a population of 896,744 inhabitants, making it the second most populous municipality in the state and the 18th most populous in the country.


History

The current Brazilian territory had been inhabited since at least 10,000 BC by people from other continents. Around the year 1000, the Tapuia people who inhabited the region currently occupied by the municipality were expelled to the interior of the continent due to the arrival of
Tupi people The Tupi people, a subdivision of the Tupi-Guarani linguistic families, were one of the largest groups of indigenous peoples in Brazil before its colonization. Scholars believe that while they first settled in the Amazon rainforest, from abo ...
from the
Amazon Amazon most often refers to: * Amazon River, in South America * Amazon rainforest, a rainforest covering most of the Amazon basin * Amazon (company), an American multinational technology company * Amazons, a tribe of female warriors in Greek myth ...
.


16th century

In the 16th century, when the first Europeans arrived in the region, it was inhabited by one of these Tupi people: the Tupinambás, who would later be part of the Tamoios Confederation. Archaeological remains indicate that a place especially inhabited by the Tupinambás in the municipality was the island of Itaóca. The coast of Rio de Janeiro, as well as São Gonçalo, was the scene, in the 16th century, of the revolt known as the Confederation of Tamoios, which united the Tupinambás, Tupiniquins, Aimorés and Temiminós tribes and the French explorers against the Portuguese. The end of the revolt came with the strengthening of Portuguese colonization, with the Portuguese attacking the indigenous villages, killing and enslaving the population. In 1567, with the arrival of reinforcements for the Portuguese captain-general
Estácio de Sá Estácio de Sá (1520 – 20 February 1567) was a Portuguese soldier and officer. Sá travelled to the colony of Brazil on the orders of the Portuguese crown to wage war on the French colonists commanded by Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon. The ...
, who had founded the village of São Sebastião in Rio de Janeiro two years earlier, the final stage of expulsion of the French and their Tamoio allies began, with the final decimation of the Tupinambás in the region taking place. The Tupinambás withdrew from the region of the current city of Rio de Janeiro, first towards Guanabara Bay and, later, towards
Cabo Frio Cabo Frio (, ''Cold Cape'') is a tourist destination located in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The Brazilian coast runs east from Rio de Janeiro to Cabo Frio where it turns sharply north. North of Cabo Frio is Cabo de São Tomé. It was named aft ...
. On April 6, 1579, the nobleman Gonçalo Gonçalves received from the governor of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro, the land located on the banks of the Imboaçu River, with the duty of building a chapel and a village within a period of three years. He built a chapel with the saint of his devotion, São Gonçalo de Amarante.


17th century

The European settlement of São Gonçalo, which began at the end of the 16th century, was led by
Jesuit The Society of Jesus (; abbreviation: S.J. or SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits ( ; ), is a religious order (Catholic), religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rom ...
priests, who, at the beginning of the 17th century, established a farm in the area known as Colubandê, near the current RJ-104 highway. This farm still exists today and is a tourist attraction in São Gonçalo. On October 26, 1644, the parish was created. On February 10, 1647, the parish was confirmed. According to records at the time, the main town occupied an area of 52 km2, with approximately 6,000 inhabitants, being transformed into a parish. Aiming to facilitate communication, the headquarters was later transferred to the banks of the Imboaçu River, where a second chapel was built. The set of historical landmarks remaining from the 17th century includes the Nossa Senhora da Boa Esperança Farm in Ipiiba and the property of captain Miguel Frias de Vasconcelos, in Engenho Pequeno, the Chapel of São João in Porto do Gradim and Fazenda da Luz in Itaóca. In 1660–1661, the farmers of São Gonçalo and Niterói rebelled against the collection of taxes related to the production of cachaça and marched in arms to the city of Rio de Janeiro, where they deposed the governor. This episode became known as the Cachaça Revolt.


19th century

On May 10, 1819, its status as a parish was suspended, becoming a district of the Village of Niterói. In 1860, thirty sugarcane mills were already exporting sugar through the ports of Guaxindiba, Boaçu, Porto Velho and Pontal. Until the 20th century, São Gonçalo had around twelve ports that exported products from the state of Rio de Janeiro to the court. On September 22, 1890, the District of São Gonçalo was elevated to town and municipality, through State Decree 124. In 1892, Decree One, of May 8, suppressed the municipality of São Gonçalo, reincorporating it into Niterói for a brief period of seven months, being restored by Decree 34, of December 7 of the same year.


20th century

In 1922, São Gonçalo was elevated to the category of city, which was revoked in 1923, making the city lower to the category of town. In 1943, a new territorial division occurred in the state of Rio de Janeiro and, this time, São Gonçalo lost the district of Itaipu to the municipality of Niterói, leaving only five districts, namely: São Gonçalo, Ipiiba, Monjolos, Neves and Sete Pontes. During the same period, in the 1940s and 1950s, large-scale installation of large factories and industries began in the municipality. Its industrial park was the most important in the state of Rio de Janeiro, which earned it the nickname "Manchester Fluminense".


Industrial sector

On April 17, 1925, the Brazilian Company of Metallurgical Plants established itself in the municipality. Later, this plant was incorporated into the Hime Group, which, in addition to foundry and ceramics, developed the production of phosphorus, with the Brazilian Phosphorus Company, which operated within its metallurgical area. The company also maintained a primary school and a cutting and sewing school. Later, Hime was acquired by Gerdau. On December 2, 1937, José Emílio Tarragó, from Rio Grande do Sul, founded, under the corporate name Tarragó, Martínez e Cia Ltda., the future Coqueiro, a fish canning industry. The change in the company's name was due to the change in the line of business. The first activity of this industry was related to the exploitation of
tamarind Tamarind (''Tamarindus indica'') is a Legume, leguminous tree bearing edible fruit that is indigenous to tropical Africa and naturalized in Asia. The genus ''Tamarindus'' is monotypic taxon, monotypic, meaning that it contains only this spe ...
. When moving into the fish canning business, the industry had to change its name. The new company prospered and the Coqueiro brand gained national and international recognition. In 1973, Quaker Oats purchased the factory and consolidated the Coqueiro brand, in addition to expanding its market leadership. On February 9, 1941, José Augusto Domingues founded the Fábrica de Artefatos de Cimento Armado, producing cobblestones and curbs. On October 5, 1941, Indústria Reunidas Mauá was established in the district of Neves, which produced glass and porcelain. On November 16, 1941, Companhia Vidreira do Brasil was founded. It was the first in Brazil and the largest in South America in the mechanical manufacture of flat glass, with exports to Egypt, India and South Africa. Over time, it changed owners and name to Vidrobrás and, currently, Electrovidro. The raw material for this industry came from Maricá. On November 22, 1941, the Sardinha Neptune Canning Factory was installed, close to Porto do Gradim. On May 10, 1942, Fábrica de Fogos Santo Antônio was founded. During the Second World War, São Gonçalo grew meteorically. With the large farms being divided, cheap and abundant labor, large areas, in addition to the proximity to the then federal (city of Rio de Janeiro) and state (Niterói) capitals, which facilitated the flow of production, São Gonçalo became fertile soil for development. During Joaquim Lavoura's government, the municipality had a major push towards urbanization, paving the main roads, connecting Niterói to Alcântara, passing through the important Parada 40 neighborhood. Lavoura governed São Gonçalo three times (from 31 from January 1955 to January 20, 1959, from January 31, 1963, to January 30, 1967, and from January 31, 1973, to August 12, 1975).


Geography

São Gonçalo is made up of crystalline terrain, divided into massifs and coastal hills. The municipality contains 4% of the Guanabara Ecological Station, created in 2006. It contains part of the
Central Rio de Janeiro Atlantic Forest Mosaic The Central Rio de Janeiro Atlantic Forest Mosaic () is a Protected area mosaic (Brazil), protected area mosaic in the state of Rio de Janeiro (state), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The mosaic is inland, to the east of the city of Rio de Janeiro. Histor ...
of conservation units, created in 2006.


Climate

The climate in São Gonçalo is tropical and subtropical, with summer rain and relatively dry winter. Temperatures vary relatively throughout the year, with hot and humid summers, with an average temperature of 28 °C, and peaks of up to 38 to 40 °C. During winter, the days are sunnier and temperatures are milder, averaging 21 °C during the day and 15 °C at night. Due to the presence of the Atlantic Polar Mass, temperatures during the day can be below 18 °C and have minimum temperatures in the early morning hours close to 10 °C.


Demography

According to the 2022 census, São Gonçalo has a population of 896,744 inhabitants, making it the second most populous municipality in the state and the 18th most populous in the country. In 2022, the municipality was 35,59%
Protestant Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes Justification (theology), justification of sinners Sola fide, through faith alone, the teaching that Salvation in Christianity, salvation comes by unmerited Grace in Christianity, divin ...
, 35,21%
Catholic The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwid ...
, 18,33% with no religion, 2,34% Spirist, among other religions and faiths. In 2022, 45.9% of the population was multiethnic, 36.9% was
white White is the lightest color and is achromatic (having no chroma). It is the color of objects such as snow, chalk, and milk, and is the opposite of black. White objects fully (or almost fully) reflect and scatter all the visible wa ...
, 17.0% was
black Black is a color that results from the absence or complete absorption of visible light. It is an achromatic color, without chroma, like white and grey. It is often used symbolically or figuratively to represent darkness.Eva Heller, ''P ...
, 0.1% was
East Asian East Asia is a geocultural region of Asia. It includes China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan, plus two special administrative regions of China, Hong Kong and Macau. The economies of Economy of China, China, Economy of Ja ...
and 0.1% was indigenous.


Subdivisions

São Gonçalo is administratively divided into 91 ''bairros'' (neighborhoods) and 5 ''distritos'' (districts).


Education

The Rio de Janeiro State Teachers Training College (FFP-UERJ) stands out in the city. It is the largest teachers' college in the state of Rio de Janeiro, offering advanced training of senior staff. The campus offers undergraduate courses in Biological Sciences, History, Geography, Portuguese, Literature, English, Mathematics and Pedagogy. The Open University of Brazil Center was created in Gradim, which offers courses from the Fluminense Federal University (Computer Sciences and Mathematics), the
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (, UFRJ) is a public university, public research university in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is the largest federal university in the country and is one of the Brazilian centers of excellence in teaching and r ...
(Chemistry and Physics) and the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (Administration and Tourism).


Health

São Gonçalo has eight major hospitals: * Hospital Estadual Alberto Torres. * Hospital Luiz Palmier. * Hospital Barone de Medeiros. * Hospital Infantil Darcy Silveira Vargas. * Hospital Santa Maria. * Hospital e Clínica de São Gonçalo. * Hospital São José dos Lírios. * Casa de Saúde Nossa Senhora das Neves.


Notable people

* Helton Arruda,
goalkeeper In many team sports that involve scoring goal (sport), goals, the goalkeeper (sometimes termed goaltender, netminder, GK, goalie, or keeper) is a designated player charged with directly preventing the opposing team from scoring by blocking or i ...
. * Zizinho,former Brazilian professional footballer * Vinícius Júnior, a professional footballer currently playing for
Real Madrid Real Madrid Club de Fútbol (), commonly referred to as Real Madrid, is a Spanish professional Football club (association football), football club based in Madrid. The club competes in La Liga, th ...
. * Ibson, Brazilian professional footballer * Vinícius Pacheco, Brazilian professional footballer.Globo, Esporte. "Como surgiu o futebol em nosso país: 70° aniversário de uma religião brasileira." Revusta do Esporte, Rio de Janeiro, N. 171, December 1998. pp. 34–35.and * Isac Santos, volleyball player * Claudinho & Buchecha, singers, funk carioca


See also

* Jardim Catarina


References


External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Sao Goncalo, Rio De Janeiro Municipalities in Rio de Janeiro (state) Guanabara Bay Populated coastal places in Rio de Janeiro (state)