Synthesis or synthesize may refer to:
Science
Chemistry and biochemistry
*
Chemical synthesis
Chemical synthesis (chemical combination) is the artificial execution of chemical reactions to obtain one or several products. This occurs by physical and chemical manipulations usually involving one or more reactions. In modern laboratory uses ...
, the execution of chemical reactions to form a more complex molecule from chemical precursors
**
Organic synthesis
Organic synthesis is a branch of chemical synthesis concerned with the construction of organic compounds. Organic compounds are molecules consisting of combinations of covalently-linked hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms. Within the gen ...
, the chemical synthesis of organic compounds
***
Total synthesis
Total synthesis, a specialized area within organic chemistry, focuses on constructing complex organic compounds, especially those found in nature, using laboratory methods. It often involves synthesizing natural products from basic, commercially ...
, the complete organic synthesis of complex organic compounds, usually without the aid of biological processes
***
Convergent synthesis or linear synthesis, a strategy to improve the efficiency of multi-step chemical syntheses
**
Dehydration synthesis
In chemistry, a dehydration reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the loss of an H2O from the reacting molecule(s) or ion(s). This reaction results in the release of the H2O as water. When the reaction involves the coupling of two molecu ...
, a chemical synthesis resulting in the loss of a water molecule
*
Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis, i.e., chemical synthesis occurring in biological contexts, is a term most often referring to multi-step, enzyme-Catalysis, catalyzed processes where chemical substances absorbed as nutrients (or previously converted through biosynthe ...
, the creation of an organic compound in a living organism, usually aided by enzymes
**
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis ( ) is a system of biological processes by which photosynthetic organisms, such as most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, convert light energy, typically from sunlight, into the chemical energy necessary to fuel their metabo ...
, a biochemical reaction using a carbon molecule to produce an organic molecule, using sunlight as a catalyst
**
Chemosynthesis
In biochemistry, chemosynthesis is the biological conversion of one or more carbon-containing molecules (usually carbon dioxide or methane) and nutrients into organic matter using the oxidation of inorganic compounds (e.g., hydrogen gas, hydrog ...
, the synthesis of biological compounds into organic waste, using methane or an oxidized molecule as a catalyst
**
Amino acid synthesis
Amino acid biosynthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the amino acids are produced. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to ...
, the synthesis of an amino acid from its constituents
***
Peptide synthesis
In organic chemistry, peptide synthesis is the production of peptides, compounds where multiple amino acids are linked via amide bonds, also known as peptide bonds. Peptides are chemically synthesized by the condensation reaction of the carboxyl ...
, the biochemical synthesis of peptides using amino acids
****
Protein biosynthesis
Protein biosynthesis, or protein synthesis, is a core biological process, occurring inside Cell (biology), cells, homeostasis, balancing the loss of cellular proteins (via Proteolysis, degradation or Protein targeting, export) through the produc ...
, the multi-step biochemical synthesis of proteins (long peptides)
**
DNA synthesis, several biochemical processes for making DNA
***
DNA replication
In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. DNA replication occurs in all life, living organisms, acting as the most essential part of heredity, biolog ...
, DNA biosynthesis ''in vivo''
***
Synthesis (cell cycle)
**
RNA synthesis
Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA for the purpose of gene expression. Some segments of DNA are transcribed into RNA molecules that can encode proteins, called messenger RNA (mRNA). Other segments of DNA are transc ...
, the synthesis of RNA from nucleic acids, using another nucleic acid chain as a template
**
ATP synthesis, the biochemical synthesis of ATP
Physics
*
Nucleosynthesis
Nucleosynthesis is the process that creates new atomic nuclei from pre-existing nucleons (protons and neutrons) and nuclei. According to current theories, the first nuclei were formed a few minutes after the Big Bang, through nuclear reactions in ...
, the process of creating new atomic nuclei from pre-existing nucleons
*
Kinematic synthesis, part of the process of designing a machine to achieve its objective
Electronics
*
Logic synthesis
In computer engineering, logic synthesis is a process by which an abstract specification of desired circuit behavior, typically at register transfer level (RTL), is turned into a design implementation in terms of logic gates, typically by a co ...
, the process of converting a higher-level form of a design into a lower-level implementation
*
High-level synthesis
High-level synthesis (HLS), sometimes referred to as C synthesis, electronic system-level (ESL) synthesis, algorithmic synthesis, or behavioral synthesis, is an automated design process that takes an abstract behavioral specification of a digital ...
, an automated design process that interprets an algorithmic description of a desired behavior and creates hardware that implements that behavior
*
Frequency synthesizer
A frequency synthesizer is an electronic circuit that generates a range of frequencies from a single reference frequency. Frequency synthesizers are used in devices such as radio receivers, televisions, mobile telephones, radiotelephones, walkie ...
, an electronic system for generating any of a range of frequencies
Speech and sound creation
*
Sound synthesis
A synthesizer (also synthesiser or synth) is an electronic musical instrument that generates audio signals. Synthesizers typically create sounds by generating waveforms through methods including subtractive synthesis, additive synthesis an ...
, various methods of sound generation in audio electronics
**
Wave field synthesis
Wave field synthesis (WFS) is a spatial audio rendering technique, characterized by creation of virtual acoustic environments. It produces ''artificial'' wavefronts synthesized by a large number of individually driven loudspeakers from elemen ...
, a spatial audio rendering technique, characterized by creation of virtual acoustic environments
**
Subtractive synthesis
Subtractive synthesis is a method of sound synthesis in which Harmonic_series_(music)#Partial.2C_harmonic.2C_fundamental.2C_inharmonicity.2C_and_overtone, overtones of an audio signal are attenuated by a audio filter, filter to alter the timbre of ...
, a method of creating a sound by removing harmonics, characterised by the application of an audio filter to an audio signal
**
Frequency modulation synthesis
Frequency modulation synthesis (or FM synthesis) is a form of Synthesizer#Sound synthesis, sound synthesis whereby the frequency of a waveform is changed by Frequency modulation, modulating its frequency with a modulator. The instantaneous frequen ...
, a form of audio synthesis where the timbre of a simple waveform is changed by frequency modulating it with a modulating frequency that is also in the audio range
*
Speech synthesis
Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech. A computer system used for this purpose is called a speech synthesizer, and can be implemented in software or hardware products. A text-to-speech (TTS) system converts normal langua ...
, the artificial production of human speech
Humanities
*In philosophy, the end result of a dialectic, as in
thesis, antithesis, synthesis
Dialectic (; ), also known as the dialectical method, refers originally to dialogue between people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to arrive at the truth through reasoned argument. Dialectic resembles debate, but th ...
*A cognitive skill, in Benjamin Bloom's
Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
*In philosophy and science, a higher
a priori
('from the earlier') and ('from the later') are Latin phrases used in philosophy to distinguish types of knowledge, Justification (epistemology), justification, or argument by their reliance on experience. knowledge is independent from any ...
process than analysis
*in linguistics, a scale denoting the average ratio of morphemes to words; see
synthetic language
A synthetic language is a language that is characterized by denoting syntactic relationships between words via inflection or agglutination. Synthetic languages are statistically characterized by a higher morpheme-to-word ratio relative to an ...
*In law, the process of condensing and combining large quantities of information
Music
*
''Synthesis'' (The Cryan' Shames album), 1968
*
''Synthesis'' (Evanescence album), 2017
*
''Synthesis'' (Reggie Workman album), 1986
Other uses
*
Synthesis anarchism
Synthesis anarchism, also known as united anarchism, is an organisational principle that seeks unity in diversity, aiming to bring together anarchists of different tendencies into a single federation. Developed mainly by the Russian anarchist V ...
, a form of anarchist organization which tries to join anarchists of different tendencies
*
Synthesis (clothing)
The ''synthesis'' (Greek for something "put together"), probably synonymous with ''cenatoria'', "dinner clothes" (from Latin '' cena'', "dinner"), was a garment or outfit worn in ancient Rome for dining or special occasions such as the Saturnalia. ...
, a garment or outfit worn in ancient Rome for dining or special occasions
*''Synthesis'', a 1974 Indian short animated film by A. R. Sen and B. R. Dohling, winner of the
National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Animation Film
*
''Synthesis'' (journal), a journal of chemical synthesis
*
Program synthesis
In computer science, program synthesis is the task to construct a computer program, program that provably correct, provably satisfies a given high-level formal specification. In contrast to program verification, the program is to be constructed rat ...
, a task in computer science to automatically generate programs from a formal specification
See also
*
Analysis
Analysis (: analyses) is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts in order to gain a better understanding of it. The technique has been applied in the study of mathematics and logic since before Aristotle (38 ...
, the converse of synthesis
*
Carlson Curve
The Carlson curve is a term to describe the rate of DNA sequencing or cost per sequenced base as a function of time. It is the biotechnological equivalent of Moore's law. Carlson predicted that the doubling time of DNA sequencing technologies (me ...
*
Synthesizer (disambiguation)
*
Synthetic (disambiguation)
Synthetic may refer to:
Science
* Synthetic biology
* Synthetic chemical or compound, produced by the process of chemical synthesis
* Synthetic elements, chemical elements that are not naturally found on Earth and therefore have to be created i ...
*
Creation (disambiguation)
Creation or The Creation or Creations, may refer to:
Arts and entertainment Film
*Creation (1922 film), ''Creation'' (1922 film), a British silent drama
*Creation (unfinished film), ''Creation'' (unfinished film), 1931
*Creation (2009 film), '' ...
*
Formation (disambiguation)
*
Production (disambiguation)
Production may refer to:
Economics and business
* Production (economics)
* Production, the act of manufacturing goods
* Production, in the outline of industrial organization, the act of making products (goods and services)
* Production as a stati ...
*
Derivation (disambiguation)
Derivation may refer to:
Language
* Morphological derivation, a word-formation process
* Parse tree or concrete syntax tree, representing a string's syntax in formal grammars
Law
* Derivative work, in copyright law
* Derivation proceeding, a pro ...
{{disambiguation