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A super-Jupiter is a gas giant exoplanet that is more massive than the planet
Jupiter Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the List of Solar System objects by size, largest in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a Jupiter mass, mass more than 2.5 times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined a ...
. For example, companions at the
planet A planet is a large, Hydrostatic equilibrium, rounded Astronomical object, astronomical body that is generally required to be in orbit around a star, stellar remnant, or brown dwarf, and is not one itself. The Solar System has eight planets b ...
–
brown dwarf Brown dwarfs are substellar objects that have more mass than the biggest gas giant planets, but less than the least massive main sequence, main-sequence stars. Their mass is approximately 13 to 80 Jupiter mass, times that of Jupiter ()not big en ...
borderline have been called super-Jupiters, such as around the star
Kappa Andromedae Kappa Andromedae, Romanization of Greek, Latinized from κ Andromedae, also named Kaffalmusalsala, is a star in the northern constellation of Andromeda (constellation), Andromeda. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual mag ...
.


Makeup

By 2011 there were 180 known super-Jupiters, some hot, some cold. Even though they are more massive than Jupiter, they remain about the same size as Jupiter up to 80 Jupiter masses. This means that their surface gravity and density go up proportionally to their mass. The increased mass compresses the planet due to gravity, thus keeping it from being larger. In comparison, planets somewhat lighter than Jupiter can be larger, so-called " puffy planets" (gas giants with a large diameter but low density). An example of this may be the exoplanet HAT-P-1b with about half the mass of Jupiter but about 1.38 times larger diameter.


CoRoT-3b

CoRoT-3b CoRoT-3b (formerly known as CoRoT-Exo-3b) is a brown dwarf or massive extrasolar planet with a mass 21.66 times that of Jupiter. The object orbits the stellar classification, F-type star CoRoT-3 in the constellation of Aquila (constellati ...
, with a mass around 22 Jupiter masses, is predicted to have an average density of 26.4 g/cm3, greater than
osmium Osmium () is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol Os and atomic number 76. It is a hard, brittle, bluish-white transition metal in the platinum group that is found as a Abundance of elements in Earth's crust, trace element in a ...
(22.6 g/cm3), the densest natural element under standard conditions. Extreme compression of matter inside it causes the high density, because it is likely composed mainly of
hydrogen Hydrogen is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol, symbol H and atomic number 1. It is the lightest and abundance of the chemical elements, most abundant chemical element in the universe, constituting about 75% of all baryon, normal matter ...
. The
surface gravity The surface gravity, ''g'', of an astronomical object is the gravitational acceleration experienced at its surface at the equator, including the effects of rotation. The surface gravity may be thought of as the acceleration due to gravity experi ...
is also high, over 50 times that of Earth.


Kappa Andromedae b

In 2012, the super-Jupiter
Kappa Andromedae b Kappa Andromedae b is a directly imaged substellar object and likely superjovian-mass planet orbiting Kappa Andromedae, a young B9IV star in the Andromeda (constellation), Andromeda constellation, about 170 light-years away. The companion's mass ...
was imaged around the star
Kappa Andromedae Kappa Andromedae, Romanization of Greek, Latinized from κ Andromedae, also named Kaffalmusalsala, is a star in the northern constellation of Andromeda (constellation), Andromeda. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual mag ...
, orbiting it about 1.8 times the distance at which
Neptune Neptune is the eighth and farthest known planet from the Sun. It is the List of Solar System objects by size, fourth-largest planet in the Solar System by diameter, the third-most-massive planet, and the densest giant planet. It is 17 t ...
orbits the
Sun The Sun is the star at the centre of the Solar System. It is a massive, nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma, heated to incandescence by nuclear fusion reactions in its core, radiating the energy from its surface mainly as visible light a ...
.


See also

*
Extrasolar planet An exoplanet or extrasolar planet is a planet outside the Solar System. The first confirmed detection of an exoplanet was in 1992 around a pulsar, and the first detection around a main-sequence star was in 1995. A different planet, first detect ...
*
Ice giant An ice giant is a giant planet composed mainly of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, such as oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. There are two ice giants in the Solar System: Uranus and Neptune. In astrophysics and planetary science ...
*
Kepler-1704b Kepler-1704b is a super-Jupiter on a highly eccentric orbit around the star Kepler-1704. It has a mass of 4.51 . The planet's distance from its star varies from 0.16 to 3.9 Astronomical unit, AU. It is a failed hot Jupiter, having been scattered fr ...
*
List of planet types The following is a list of planet types by their mass, orbit, physical and chemical composition, or by another classification. By mass regime By orbital regime By composition Other types See also * * Dwarf planet * Minor pla ...
*
Red dwarf A red dwarf is the smallest kind of star on the main sequence. Red dwarfs are by far the most common type of fusing star in the Milky Way, at least in the neighborhood of the Sun. However, due to their low luminosity, individual red dwarfs are ...
*
Sub-brown dwarf A sub-brown dwarf or planetary-mass brown dwarf is an astronomical object that formed in the same manner as stars and brown dwarfs (i.e. through the collapse of a gas cloud) but that has a planetary mass, therefore by definition below the limi ...
*
Super-Earth A super-Earth is a type of exoplanet with a mass higher than Earth, but substantially below those of the Solar System's ice giants, Uranus and Neptune, which are 14.5 and 17.1 times Earth's, respectively. The term "super-Earth" refers only to t ...
* Red Hypergiant


References


External links


Brown dwarfs: Failed stars, super Jupiters (2008)
{{Portal bar, Astronomy, Stars, Outer space * Types of planet Exoplanets