''Succinea'',

common name In biology, a common name of a taxon or organism (also known as a vernacular name, English name, colloquial name, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; and is often con ...

the amber snails, is a large

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

of small, air-breathing

land snail A land snail is any of the numerous species of snail that live on land, as opposed to the sea snails and freshwater snails. ''Land snail'' is the common name for terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks that have gastropod shell, shel ...

s, terrestrial

pulmonate Pulmonata or pulmonates is an informal group (previously an order, and before that, a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group inclu ...

gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...

mollusc Mollusca is a phylum of protostome, protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant taxon, extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum ...

s in the

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Succineidae Succineidae are a family of small to medium-sized, air-breathing land snails (and slug Slug, or land slug, is a common name for any apparently shell-less Terrestrial mollusc, terrestrial gastropod mollusc. The word ''slug'' is also often ...

.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succinea Draparnaud, 1801. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=181586 on 2021-02-23 The common name refers to the fact that live snails in this genus are translucent and similar to

amber Amber is fossilized tree resin. Examples of it have been appreciated for its color and natural beauty since the Neolithic times, and worked as a gemstone since antiquity."Amber" (2004). In Maxine N. Lurie and Marc Mappen (eds.) ''Encyclopedia ...

in appearance.

Description

The length of the shell ranges between ; the width ranges between . The dextrous, pointed ovoid shell consists of 3⅓–3½ whorls. It is thin-walled, glossy and translucent. The

protoconch A protoconch (meaning first or earliest or original shell) is an embryonic or larval shell which occurs in some classes of molluscs, e.g., the initial chamber of an ammonite or the larval shell of a gastropod. In older texts it is also called " ...

is very compact. The

spire A spire is a tall, slender, pointed structure on top of a roof of a building or tower, especially at the summit of church steeples. A spire may have a square, circular, or polygonal plan, with a roughly conical or pyramidal shape. Spire ...

is short and consists mainly of a large, wide

body whorl The body whorl is part of the morphology (biology), morphology of the gastropod shell, shell in those gastropod mollusks that possess a coiled shell. The term is also sometimes used in a similar way to describe the shell of a cephalopod mollusk ...

and an oval

aperture In optics, the aperture of an optical system (including a system consisting of a single lens) is the hole or opening that primarily limits light propagated through the system. More specifically, the entrance pupil as the front side image o ...

with a sharp angle at the top. The deep sutures are prominent.The interior surface of the aperture is cream-colored or white. The shell is usually light brown, but may be whitish with gray or light yellow streaks. The large body cannot be completely withdrawn within the shell. The lower pair of tentacles is

vestigial Vestigiality is the retention, during the process of evolution, of genetically determined structures or attributes that have lost some or all of the ancestral function in a given species. Assessment of the vestigiality must generally rely on co ...

. The many species in this genus are difficult to distinguish. Sometimes they need dissecting to confirm identification through the shape of the jaw and character of the reproductive system.

Distribution

This large genus has a worldwide distribution. Species in this genus usually live in damp

habitat In ecology, habitat refers to the array of resources, biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species. A species' habitat can be seen as the physical manifestation of its ...

s such as marshes. Some species are amphibious.

Species

Species within the genus ''Succinea'' include: * '' Succinea aegyptiaca'' Ehrenberg, 1831 * ''

Succinea aequinoctialis ''Succinea'', common name the amber snails, is a large genus of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Succineidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succinea Draparnaud, 1801. Accessed ...

'' d'Orbigny, 1837 * ''

Succinea africana ''Succinea'', common name the amber snails, is a large genus of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Succineidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succinea Draparnaud, 1801. Accessed th ...

'' F. Krauss, 1848 * ''

Succinea alpestris ''Succinea'', common name the amber snails, is a large genus of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Succineidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succinea Draparnaud, 1801. Accessed th ...

'' Möllendorff, 1875 * ''

Succinea amoi ''Succinea'', common name the amber snails, is a large genus of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Succineidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succinea Draparnaud, 1801. Accessed th ...

'' C. M. Cooke & Clench, 1945 * ''

Succinea ampulacea ''Succinea'', common name the amber snails, is a large genus of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Succineidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succinea Draparnaud, 1801. Accessed th ...

'' E. von Martens, 1898 * ''

Succinea andecola ''Succinea'', common name the amber snails, is a large genus of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Succineidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succinea Draparnaud, 1801. Accessed th ...

'' Crawford, 1939 * ''

Succinea angustior ''Succinea'', common name the amber snails, is a large genus of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Succineidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succinea Draparnaud, 1801. Accessed th ...

'' (C. B. Adams, 1850)"Mollusca"
. Diversidad Biológica Cubana, accessed 23 March 2011. * † ''

Succinea antiqua ''Succinea antiqua'' is an extinct species of small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) ...

'' Colbeau, 1867 * ''

Succinea aperta ''Succinea'', common name the amber snails, is a large genus of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Succineidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succinea Draparnaud, 1801. Accessed th ...

'' I. Lea, 1838 * ''

Succinea apicalis ''Succinea'', common name the amber snails, is a large genus of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Succineidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succinea Draparnaud, 1801. Accessed th ...

'' Ancey, 1904 * '' Succinea approximans'' Shuttleworth, 1854Shuttleworth R. J. (1854). "Beiträge zur näheren Kenntniss der Land- und Süsswasser-Mollusken der Insel Portorico". '' Mitteilungen der naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern'' Nr. 310-330
33
56
page 55
* '' Succinea approximata'' G. B. Sowerby II, 1872 * '' Succinea arangoi'' Pfeiffer, 1866 (taxon inquirendum) * '' Succinea arboricola'' Connolly, 1912 * '' Succinea archeyi'' Powell, 1933 * '' Succinea argentina'' Miquel, Rapacioli & Meneghini, 2019 * '' Succinea arundinetorum'' Heude, 1882 * '' Succinea aurita'' Hylton Scott, 1951 * '' Succinea aurulenta'' Ancey, 1889 * '' Succinea australis'' (Férussac, 1821) * '' Succinea baconi'' L. Pfeiffer, 1855 * '' Succinea badia'' Morelet, 1867 * '' Succinea bakeri'' Hubricht, 1963 * † '' Succinea baoyueensis'' W. Yü & X.-Q. Zhang, 1982 * '' Succinea barbadensis'' Guilding, 1828 * '' Succinea baumanni'' Sturany, 1894 * '' Succinea bequaerti'' Pilsbry, 1919 * '' Succinea bermudensis'' L. Pfeiffer, 1857 * '' Succinea bernardii'' Récluz, 1852 * † '' Succinea bertrandi'' Fontannes, 1884 * '' Succinea bettii'' E. A. Smith, 1877 * ''

Succinea bicolorata ''Succinea'', common name the amber snails, is a large genus of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Succineidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succinea Draparnaud, 1801. Accessed thr ...

'' Ancey, 1889 * † '' Succinea boissyi'' Deshayes, 1863 * '' Succinea brevis'' Dunker in Pfeiffer, 1850 * † '' Succinea brevispira'' Deshayes, 1863 * '' Succinea burmeisteri'' Döring, 1873 * '' Succinea caduca'' Mighels, 1845 * '' Succinea californica'' P. Fischer and Crosse, 1878 – San Tomas ambersnail * '' Succinea campestris'' Say, 1817 – Crinkled Ambersnail * '' Succinea canella'' A. Gould, 1846 * '' Succinea carectorum'' Heude, 1882 * '' Succinea carmenensis'' P. Fischer & Crosse, 1878 * '' Succinea casta'' Ancey, 1899 * '' Succinea cepulla'' A. Gould, 1846 * '' Succinea ceylanica'' Pfeiffer, 1855 * '' Succinea chinensis'' L. Pfeiffer, 1857 * '' Succinea chudeaui'' Germain, 1907 * '' Succinea cinnamomea'' Ancey, 1889 * '' Succinea clarionensis'' Dall, 1926 * '' Succinea cochinchinensis'' Crosse & P. Fischer, 1863 * '' Succinea collina'' Hanley & Theobald, 1873 * '' Succinea colorata'' P. Fischer & Crosse, 1877 * '' Succinea comorensis'' Fischer-Piette & Vukadinovic, 1974 * '' Succinea concordialis'' A. Gould, 1848 * '' Succinea congoensis'' Pilsbry, 1919 * '' Succinea contenta'' (Iredale, 1939) * '' Succinea contorta'' C. B. Adams, 1845 * '' Succinea cordovana'' P. Fischer & Crosse, 1877 * '' Succinea costaricana'' von Martens, 1898Villalobos M. C., Monge-Nájera J., Barrientos Z. & Franco J. (1995). "Life cycle and field abundance of the snail ''Succinea costaricana'' (Stylommatophora: Succineidae), a tropical pest". '' Revista de Biología Tropical'' 43: 181-188
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. * '' Succinea costulosa'' Pease, 1865 * '' Succinea crassinuclea'' L. Pfeiffer, 1849 * '' Succinea crocata'' A. Gould, 1846 * '' Succinea cryptica'' Tillier, 1981 * '' Succinea cygnorum'' Pilsbry, 1930 * '' Succinea dakaensis'' Sturany, 1898 * '' Succinea daucina'' L. Pfeiffer, 1854 * '' Succinea delicata'' Ancey, 1889 * '' Succinea dolphin'' C. M. Cooke & Clench, 1945 * '' Succinea dominicensis'' L. Pfeiffer, 1853 * † '' Succinea dongyingensis'' Youluo, 1978 * '' Succinea donneti'' L. Pfeiffer, 1853 * '' Succinea elegantior'' Annandale, 1921 * '' Succinea elongata'' Pease, 1870 * '' Succinea erythrophana'' Ancey, 1883 * ''

Succinea eussoensis ''Succinea'', common name the amber snails, is a large genus of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Succineidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succinea Draparnaud, 1801. Accessed th ...

'' Preston, 1912 * '' Succinea exarata'' F. Krauss, 1848 * '' Succinea falklandica'' E. A. Smith, 1884 * '' Succinea fischeri'' Gassies, 1871 * '' Succinea flexilis'' Quick, 1957 * '' Succinea floridana'' Pilsbry, 1905 – Florida chalksnail * '' Succinea fulgens'' Lea, 1841 (taxon inquirendum) * '' Succinea garrettiana'' Ancey, 1899 * '' Succinea gayana'' (d'Orbigny, 1835) * '' Succinea gibba'' Henshaw, 1904 * '' Succinea girnarica'' Theobald, 1859 * '' Succinea gladiator'' Schileyko & Likharev, 1986 * '' Succinea globispira'' Martens, 1898
Barrientos, Z. 2003. Lista de especies de moluscos terrestres (Archaeogastropoda, Mesogastropoda, Archaeopulmonata, Stylommatophora, Soleolifera) informadas para Costa Rica Revista de Biología Tropical 51: 293-304. * '' Succinea godivariana'' Gude, 1914 * '' Succinea gracilis'' I. Lea, 1841 * '' Succinea grosvenorii'' I. Lea, 1864 – Santa Rita ambersnail * '' Succinea guadelupensis'' Dall, 1900 * '' Succinea guatemalensis'' Morelet, 1849 * '' Succinea gundlachi'' Pfeiffer, 1852 (taxon inquirendum) * '' Succinea gyrata'' J. S. Gibbons, 1879 * '' Succinea hanleyi'' Gude, 1914 * '' Succinea hararensis'' Connolly, 1928 * '' Succinea haustellum '' Rehder, 1942 * † '' Succinea headonensis'' Wenz, 1919 * † '' Succinea henanensis'' Y.-T. Li, 1983 * '' Succinea hortulana'' Morelet, 1851 * '' Succinea humerosa'' A. Gould, 1846 * '' Succinea hyalina'' Shuttleworth, 1854 * † '' Succinea imperspicua'' S. V. Wood, 1851 * '' Succinea indiana'' Pilsbry, 1905 – xeric ambersnail * '' Succinea indica'' L. Pfeiffer, 1849 * '' Succinea infundibuliformis'' A. Gould, 1846 * '' Succinea interioris'' Tate, 1894 * '' Succinea kempi'' Preston, 1912 * '' Succinea konaensis'' Sykes, 1897 * '' Succinea kuntziana'' Solem, 1959 * '' Succinea labiosa'' Philippi, 1860 * '' Succinea latior'' C. B. Adams, 1849 * '' Succinea lauta'' A. Gould, 1859 * '' Succinea lauzannei'' Germain, 1909 * '' Succinea lebruni'' Mabille, 1884 * '' Succinea lessensis'' Pilsbry, 1919 * † '' Succinea lingulata'' X.-G. Zhu, 1985 * '' Succinea listeri'' E. A. Smith, 1889 * '' Succinea lopesi'' Lanzieri, 1966 * '' Succinea lumbalis'' A. Gould, 1846 * '' Succinea luteola'' Gould, 1848 – Mexico ambersnail * '' Succinea lutosa'' Pilsbry, 1926 * '' Succinea lutulenta'' Ancey, 1889 * '' Succinea macgillivrayi'' Cox, 1864 * '' Succinea macta'' Poey, 1858 * '' Succinea magellanica'' A. Gould, 1846 * '' Succinea magnaciana'' Heude, 1882 * '' Succinea manaosensis'' Pilsbry, 1926 * '' Succinea manuana'' A. Gould, 1846 * '' Succinea margarita'' L. Pfeiffer, 1853 * † '' Succinea marioni'' Saporta, 1889 * '' Succinea martini'' (Jousseaume, 1887) * '' Succinea masafuerae'' Odhner, 1922 * '' Succinea masoala'' Emberton & Griffiths, 2009 * '' Succinea mauiensis'' Ancey, 1889 * '' Succinea maxima'' Henshaw, 1904 * '' Succinea mcgregori'' Pilsbry, 1898 * '' Succinea meridionalis'' d'Orbigny, 1846 * '' Succinea mirabilis'' Henshaw, 1904 * '' Succinea modesta'' A. Gould, 1846 * '' Succinea monticula'' C. Semper, 1873 * '' Succinea montrouzieri'' Crosse, 1867 * † '' Succinea nagpurensis'' Hislop, 1860 * '' Succinea newcombiana'' Garrett, 1857 * ''

Succinea nobilis ''Succinea'', common name the amber snails, is a large genus of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family (biology), family Succineidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. ...

'' Poey, 1853 * '' Succinea norfolkensis'' Sykes, 1900 * '' Succinea normalis'' Ancey, 1881 * '' Succinea nyassana'' Dupuis & Putzeys, 1923 * '' Succinea obesa'' E. von Martens, 1867 * '' Succinea ochracina'' Gundlach in Poey, 1858 * '' Succinea ordinaria'' E. A. Smith, 1905 * '' Succinea oregonensis'' I. Lea, 1841 – Oregon ambersnail * '' Succinea orientalis'' Benson, 1851 * † '' Succinea palliolum'' F. Sandberger, 1871 * '' Succinea panamensis'' Pilsbry, 1920 * '' Succinea panucoensis'' Pilsbry, 1910 * '' Succinea paralia'' Hubricht, 1983 – Saltmarsh Ambersnail * † '' Succinea parscovensis'' Cobălcescu, 1883 * '' Succinea patagonica'' E. A. Smith, 1881 * '' Succinea peruviana'' L. Pfeiffer, 1867 * '' Succinea philippinica'' Möllendorff, 1893 * '' Succinea piratarum'' Quadras & Möllendorff, 1894 * '' Succinea princei'' Preston, 1912 * '' Succinea pristina'' Henshaw, 1904 * '' Succinea propinqua'' Drouët, 1859 * † '' Succinea protevoluta'' Yen, 1969 * '' Succinea protracta'' Sykes, 1900 * '' Succinea pseudomalonyx'' Dupuis & Putzeys, 1902 * '' Succinea pudorina'' A. Gould, 1846 * '' Succinea pueblensis'' Crosse & P. Fischer, 1877 * '' Succinea puna'' Tomassi & Cuezzo, 2021 * '' Succinea punctata'' L. Pfeiffer, 1855 * '' Succinea putamen'' A. Gould, 1846 * ''

Succinea putris ''Succinea putris'' is a species of small air-breathing land snail in the family (biology), family Succineidae, the amber snails. Description The 10-17 (27) x 6-8 mm shell has 3-4 whorls. These are relatively flat and with shallow sutur ...

'' (

Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...

1758 Events January–March * January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the starting point of modern zoologic ...

) – European ambersnail * ''

Succinea quadrasi ''Succinea quadrasi'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial gastropod mollusc in the family Succineidae, the amber snails. Distribution This species is endemic to Guam Guam ( ; ) is an island that is an Territories of ...

'' Möllendorff, 1894 * '' Succinea quadrata'' Ancey, 1904 * '' Succinea quicki'' van Benthem Jutting, 1964 * '' Succinea raoi'' Rao & Mitra, 1976 * '' Succinea recisa'' Morelet, 1851 – rustic ambersnail * '' Succinea riisei'' L. Pfeiffer, 1853 * † '' Succinea rollieri'' Maillard, 1892 * ''

Succinea rosariensis ''Succinea'', common name the amber snails, is a large genus of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Succineidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succinea Draparnaud, 1801. Accessed thr ...

'' Döring, 1873 * '' Succinea rubella'' Pease, 1871 * '' Succinea rugosa'' L. Pfeiffer, 1842 * '' Succinea rugulosa'' Morelet, 1872 * '' Succinea rusticana'' Gould, 1846 – rustic ambersnail * '' Succinea rutilans'' W. T. Blanford, 1870 * '' Succinea sagra'' d'Orbigny, 1842 * † '' Succinea schumacheri'' And. * † '' Succinea scitula'' X.-G. Zhu, 1985 * '' Succinea setchuanensis'' Heude, 1882 * † '' Succinea shenyangensis'' Youluo, 1978 * '' Succinea simplex'' L. Pfeiffer, 1855 * '' Succinea simplicissima'' Preston, 1912 * '' Succinea snigdha'' Rao, 1924 * '' Succinea socorroensis'' Dall, 1926 * '' Succinea solastra'' Hubricht, 1961 – Lone Star ambersnail * '' Succinea solidula'' L. Pfeiffer, 1849 * '' Succinea solitaria'' E. A. Smith, 1887 * † '' Succinea sparnacensis'' Deshayes, 1863 * '' Succinea striata'' F. Krauss, 1848 * '' Succinea strigillata'' A. Adams & Angas, 1864 * '' Succinea strubelli'' Strubell, 1895 * '' Succinea subgranosa'' L. Pfeiffer, 1850 * † '' Succinea subpfeifferi'' Gottschick, 1920 * '' Succinea tenella'' Morelet, 1865 * '' Succinea tenerrima'' Ancey, 1904 * '' Succinea tenuis'' Gundlach in Poey, 1858 * ''

Succinea teragona ''Succinea'', common name the amber snails, is a large genus of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Succineidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succinea Draparnaud, 1801. Accessed th ...

'' Ancey, 1904 * '' Succinea texta'' Odhner, 1922 * '' Succinea tornadri'' Rao, 1924 * † '' Succinea ubaghsi'' Bosquet, 1859 * '' Succinea undulata'' Say, 1829 * '' Succinea unicolor'' Tryon, 1866 – squatty ambersnail * '' Succinea urbana'' Hubricht, 1961 – urban ambersnail * '' Succinea vaginacontorta'' C. B. Lee, 1951 * '' Succinea venusta'' A. Gould, 1846 * '' Succinea vesicalis'' A. Gould, 1846 * '' Succinea virgata'' E. von Martens, 1865 * '' Succinea vitrea'' L. Pfeiffer, 1855 * '' Succinea waianaensis'' Ancey, 1899 * '' Succinea wallisi'' C. M. Cooke & Clench, 1945 * '' Succinea wilsonii'' I. Lea, 1864 – golden ambersnail * '' Succinea yarkandensis'' G. Nevill, 1881 * † ''

Succinea zhuoxianensis ''Succinea'', common name the amber snails, is a large genus of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family (biology), family Succineidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. ...

'' W. Yü & H.-Z. Pan, 1982 Additional species, taken from IUCN Red List: * '' Succinea sanctaehelenae'' Lesson, 1830

Synonyms

* ''Succinea aurea'' Lea, 1841: synonym of '' Mediappendix vermeta'' (Say, 1829) * ''Succinea barberi'' (W. B. Marshall, 1926) – Sanibel ambersnail:"''Succinea'' Draparnaud, 1801"
ITIS, accessed 4 January 2011. synonym of '' Oxyloma barberi'' (W. B. Marshall, 1926) * ''Succinea chittenangoensis'' Pilsbry, 1908 – Chittenango ovate amber snail: synonym of '' Novisuccinea chittenangoensis'' (Pilsbry, 1908) * ''Succinea depressa'' Rang, 1834: synonym of '' Pellicula depressa'' (Rang, 1834) (original combination) * ''Succinea forsheyi'' I. Lea, 1864 – spotted ambersnail: synonym of '' Succinea concordialis'' A. Gould, 1848 * ''Succinea gabbi'' Tryon, 1866 – riblet ambersnail: synonym of '' Mediappendix gabbii'' (Tryon, 1866) * ''Succinea greerii'' Tryon, 1866 – dryland ambersnail: synonym of ''Succinea grosvenorii'' I. Lea, 1864 * ''Succinea ovalis'' Say, 1817 is a synonym for '' Novisuccinea ovalis'' (Say, 1817) * ''Succinea pennsylvanica'' Pilsbry, 1948 – Penn ambersnail: synonym of ''

Novisuccinea pennsylvanica ''Novisuccinea'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Succineidae, the ambersnails. Species The following species are recognised in the genus ''Novisuccinea'': *' ...

'' (Pilsbry, 1948) * † ''Succinea peregrina'' F. Sandberger, 1872: synonym of †'' Oxyloma affine'' (Reuss in Reuss & Meyer, 1849) * ''Succinea pseudavara'' Webb, 1954: synonym of '' Succinea grosvenorii'' I. Lea, 1864 * ''Succinea strigata'' Pfeiffer, 1855 – striate ambersnail: synonym of '' Novisuccinea strigata'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1855) * ''Succinea tomentosa'' L. Pfeiffer, 1855: synonym of '' Austropeplea tomentosa'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1855)

Ecology

Parasites of ''Succinea'' spp. include: * '' Elaphostrongylus'' spp.Olsson I.-M., Stéen M. & Mann H. (1993). "Gastropod hosts of ''Elaphostrongylus'' spp. (Protostrongylidae, Nematoda)". '' Rangifer'' 13(1): 53-55
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Succinea consume small plants, such as

moss Mosses are small, non-vascular plant, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic phylum, division Bryophyta (, ) ''sensu stricto''. Bryophyta (''sensu lato'', Wilhelm Philippe Schimper, Schimp. 1879) may also refer to the parent group bryo ...

es and

leaf litter Plant litter (also leaf litter, tree litter, soil litter, litterfall, or duff) is dead plant material (such as leaves, bark, needles, twigs, and cladodes) that has fallen to the ground. This detritus or dead organic material and its constituen ...

. Succinea campestris in particular is known to live in leaf litter, and is also known to be attracted to light, an unusual characteristic in snails. In mating, the snails are

hermaphrodite A hermaphrodite () is a sexually reproducing organism that produces both male and female gametes. Animal species in which individuals are either male or female are gonochoric, which is the opposite of hermaphroditic. The individuals of many ...

s and mate reciprocally (both snails transfer sperm into one another). However, many have preferences in what role they take—some actively seek out mates, mounting others' shells, while others do not.

References

* Patterson C.M. (1989). Morphological studies of a Tahitian succineid, Succinea (Kondosuccinea) wallisi. Malacological Review. 22(1-2): 17-23.

External links

Draparnaud, J.-P.-R. (1801). Tableau des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la France. Montpellier / Paris (Renaud / Bossange, Masson & Besson). 1-116

Solem, A. (1959). Systematics and zoogeography of the land and fresh-water Mollusca of the New Hebrides. Fieldiana Zoology. 4(3): 1-359.
* {{Authority control Succineidae Gastropod genera