Subtropical

The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical and climate zones to the north and south of the tropics. Geographically part of the temperate zones of both hemispheres, they cover the middle latitudes from to approximately 35° north and south. The horse latitudes lie within this range.

Subtropical climates are often characterized by hot summers and mild winters with infrequent frost. Most subtropical climates fall into two basic types: humid subtropical ( Koppen climate Cfa), where rainfall is often concentrated in the warmest months, for example Southeast China and the Southeastern United States, and dry summer or Mediterranean climate ( Koppen climate Csa/Csb), where seasonal rainfall is concentrated in the cooler months, such as the Mediterranean Basin or Southern California.

Subtropical climates can also occur at high elevations within the tropics, such as in the southern end of the Mexican Plateau and in Da Lat of the Vietnamese Central Highlands. The six climate classifications use the term to help define the various temperature and precipitation regimes for planet Earth.

A great portion of the world's deserts are within the subtropics, as this is where the semi-permanent subtropical anticyclone resides (typically inland on the southwest sides of continents). Areas bordering warm oceans (typically on the southeast sides of continents) have hot and wet summers with frequent (but brief) convective rainfall (tropical cyclones can also contribute to annual rainfall). Areas bordering cool oceans (typically on the southwest sides of continents) are prone to fog, aridity, and dry summers. Plants such as palms, citrus, mango, pistachio, lychee, and avocado are grown in the subtropics.

Definition

The tropics have been ''historically'' defined as lying between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn, at latitudes north and south, respectively. According to the American Meteorological Society, the poleward fringe of the subtropics is at latitudes approximately 35° north and south, respectively.

Several methods have been used to define the subtropical climate depending on the climate system used.

The most well known is the Trewartha climate classification, which defines a subtropical region as one that has at least eight months with a mean temperature greater than and at least one month with a mean temperature under . In most regions in this climate zone the coldest month has a mean temperature of above and the hottest month has a mean temperature of above . In the Trewartha climate classification, most of these climates are in the southernmost portions of the temperate zone (latitudes between 23.5° and 35° north and south), aka the subtropics.

German climatologists Carl Troll and Karlheinz Paffen defined ''warm temperate zones'' as plain and hilly lands having an average temperature of the coldest month between and in the Northern Hemisphere and between and in the Southern Hemisphere, excluding oceanic and continental climates. According to the Troll-Paffen climate classification, there generally exists one large subtropical zone named the warm-temperate subtropical zone, which is subdivided into seven smaller areas.

According to the E. Neef climate classification, the subtropical zone is divided into two parts: ''rainy winters of the west sides'' and ''eastern subtropical climate''. According to the Wilhelm Lauer & Peter Frankenberg climate classification, the subtropical zone is divided into three parts: ''high-continental'', ''continental'', and ''maritime''. According to the Siegmund/Frankenberg climate classification, subtropical is one of six climate zones in the world.

Leslie Holdridge defined the subtropical climates as having a mean annual biotemperature between the frost line or critical temperature line, 16 °C to 18 °C (depending on locations in the world), and 24 °C. The frost line separates the warm temperate region