Student nation

Student nations or simply nations ( meaning "being born") are regional corporations of students at a university. Once widespread across Europe in medieval times, they are now largely restricted to the oldest universities of Sweden and Finland, in part because of the violent conflicts between the nations in university towns in other countries. Medieval universities were cosmopolitan, with students from many different domestic and foreign regions. Students who were born within the same region usually spoke the same language, expected to be ruled by their own familiar laws, and therefore joined together to form the nations. In the English-speaking world, the institutions most closely comparable to the medieval nation system are perhaps the collegiate system of older British universities or fraternities at North American universities, though the comparisons are imperfect. In Portugal and Brazil, there are fraternities called '' repúblicas'', but these are merely residential groups and have nothing to do with place of origin.

Examples in medieval universities

University of Paris

In the University of Paris there were the French, Normans, Picards, and the English, and later the Alemannian nation. Jean Gerson was twice elected procurator for the French ''natio'' (i.e. the French-born students at the university) in 1383 and 1384, while studying theology at Paris. Also at Paris, Germanic speakers were grouped into a single nation.

The various nations in Paris often quarreled with one another; Jacques de Vitry wrote of the students:

University of Oxford

The students who attended the medieval university in Oxford formed themselves into two constantly quarreling nations who were called the ''australes'' and the ''boreales''. The ''australes'' originated from south of the River Trent and was the more powerful of the two nations. The Welsh were also considered part of the ''australes'', along with scholars from Ireland and the Romance lands. The ''boreales'' came mainly from Scotland and the north of England.

The nations at Oxford were eventually disbanded in 1274 in an effort to maintain peace in the town. Despite this measure, conflicts between the nations continued. One such came on 29 April 1388, when Welsh students, who were according to the chronicler Henry Knighton ''semper inquieti'', fought with their northern counterparts. The following year a chronicler says that the ''boreales'' ran amok in the town chanting 'war, war, war, slay, slay, slay the Welsh dogs' killing and looting as they went, before rounding up the remaining Welsh students and forcing them to kiss the town's gateposts 'goodbye'.

University of Prague

A similar division of students had been adopted at the Charles University in Prague, where from its opening in 1348 the studium generale was divided among Bohemian (for local students), Bavarian, Saxon, and Polish ''nations''. When there was not a "natio" of a student's birth territory, students were assigned to one of those existing.

Due to the Decree of Kutná Hora in 1409, the three foreign nations were merged into one and three other votes were for the Bohemian students. The exodus of students who had belonged to the German nations led to a decline in the university's prestige and the creation of the University of Leipzig.

University of Leipzig

When the University of Leipzig was established in 1409 by scholars from the University of Prague, the new university's ''nationes'' were modeled on those of Prague, replacing the Bohemian "natio" with one for local students from the Margravate of Meissen, becoming the ''Natio Misnensium'' with the other ''nationes'' remaining those of the Saxonum (Saxony), Bavarorum (Bavaria), and Polonorum (Poland).

University of Bologna

In medieval Bologna, there existed three separate universities. There were two for the study of law, one for students from Italy (but not Bologna) the ''universitas citramontanorum'' and another for students from outside the peninsula the ''universitas ultramontanorum''. The third school was for the study of the arts and medicine ''universitas artisarum et medicorum''. The ''ultramontane'' university was divided into fourteen different nations as early as 1265- the Gauls, Picards, Burgundians, Turonenses (those from Tours), Pictavienses (those from Poitiers), Normans, Catalans, Hungarians, Poles, Germans, Provençals, English, and Gascons, whereas the ''citramontane'' university was split into three nations: Romans, Tuscans and Lombards.

The most important and powerful nation of the ''ultramontane'' University of Bologna was the German nation. One of its most famous members was Nicolaus Copernicus who, in 1496, enrolled into the ''Natio Germanorum'' (Natio of the Germans), a privileged university organization that included German-speaking students from many regions of Europe.

University of Padua

Students in the University of Padua were divided into 22 nations, which referred to the different territories ruled by the Republic of Venice, to the biggest states of Italy, and to the main states of Europe. Nations were: German (also called Alemannian), Bohemian, Hungarian, Provençal, Burgundian, Spanish, Polish, English, Scottish, Venetian, Overseas ( Venetian Greek Islands), Lombard (East Lombardy and West Veneto), Trevisan (North and East Veneto), Friulian, Dalmatian, Milanese, Roman, Sicilian, Anconitan, Tuscan, Piedmontese and Genoan.

Finland

In Finland, student nations (, ) exist at the University of Helsinki and Aalto University, where they are legally sanctioned and were established in the mid-1600s (in the Royal Academy of Turku) and 1800s (in the to-be Polytechnical School), respectively. Named after regions in Finland, students had to join according to their own geographical roots before membership became voluntary in 1937. Today, students can usually choose to join any nation. Both Finnish and Swedish speaking nations exist. Organizations termed ''nations'' exist also at other universities, although these are legally considered normal registered or unregistered associations. In Finland, student nations co-exist with a wide range of other student organizations, such as student unions.

Scotland

Nations exist in some of the ancient universities in Scotland, although their significance has largely been forgotten. Nations never existed at the University of Edinburgh, and were abolished at the University of St Andrews following discussions at the Royal Commission on the Universities of Scotland, which later led to the Universities (Scotland) Acts. Student nations continued into modern times at the University of Aberdeen and the University of Glasgow for the specific purpose of electing a Rector of the university.

Sweden

When Uppsala University was founded in 1477, the system of 'nationes' was copied from Sorbonne in Paris. At the Swedish universities of Uppsala and Lund, a system of student nations (''nationer'') remains and, until June 30, 2010, students were required to enroll in a nation. Now membership is voluntary, though most of the students choose to be members. The Nations in Finland were founded according to the Swedish tradition. Historically, Tartu University

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