Studen, Bern
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Studen is a
municipality A municipality is usually a single administrative division having municipal corporation, corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality' ...
in the Seeland administrative district in the
canton Canton may refer to: Administrative divisions * Canton (administrative division), territorial/administrative division in some countries * Township (Canada), known as ''canton'' in Canadian French Arts and entertainment * Canton (band), an It ...
of
Bern Bern (), or Berne (), ; ; ; . is the ''de facto'' Capital city, capital of Switzerland, referred to as the "federal city".; ; ; . According to the Swiss constitution, the Swiss Confederation intentionally has no "capital", but Bern has gov ...
in
Switzerland Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland ...
.


History

Studen is first mentioned in 1257 as ''Studon''.


Petinesca: Celtic and Roman remains

The ruins of the
Celt The Celts ( , see Names of the Celts#Pronunciation, pronunciation for different usages) or Celtic peoples ( ) were a collection of Indo-European languages, Indo-European peoples. "The Celts, an ancient Indo-European people, reached the apoge ...
ic and
Roman Roman or Romans most often refers to: *Rome, the capital city of Italy *Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD *Roman people, the people of Roman civilization *Epistle to the Romans, shortened to Romans, a letter w ...
settlement of
Petinesca Petinesca is an archeological site on the territory of Studen, a community of the Canton of Bern, in Switzerland, where Celtic and Roman vestiges were found. Celtic and Roman vestiges The site lies at the SE edge of the Jensberg mountain. Celt ...
are still visible in the south-east corner of the municipality on the slopes of Jensberg mountain. The site comprises a Celtic fortification (
Oppidum An ''oppidum'' (: ''oppida'') is a large fortified Iron Age Europe, Iron Age settlement or town. ''Oppida'' are primarily associated with the Celts, Celtic late La Tène culture, emerging during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, spread acros ...
), and a fortified village dating from the
Roman Empire The Roman Empire ruled the Mediterranean and much of Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. The Roman people, Romans conquered most of this during the Roman Republic, Republic, and it was ruled by emperors following Octavian's assumption of ...
. Petinesca was mentioned in the ''Tabula Peutingeriana'' and the ''Antonine Itinerary'' as a station on the road between
Aventicum Aventicum was the largest town and capital of Roman Switzerland (Helvetia or Civitas Helvetiorum). Its remains are beside the modern town of Avenches. The city was probably created ''ex nihilo'' in the early 1st century AD, as the capital of ...
(
Avenches Avenches () is a Switzerland, Swiss municipalities of Switzerland, municipality in the Cantons of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, located in the district of Broye-Vully District, Broye-Vully. History The roots of Avenches go back to the Celts. A ...
) and Salodurum (
Solothurn Solothurn ( ; ; ; ; ) is a town, a municipality, and the capital of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. It is located in the north-west of Switzerland on the banks of the Aare and on the foot of the Weissenstein Jura mountains. The town is ...
). The Roman site dates from around the middle of the 1st century AD, however the Celtic Oppidum is probably older. The temple complex was in operation from the 1st century until the middle of the 4th century and consisted of six temples, three chapels, an unknown building and a well. Outside the temple complex, additional temples, houses, buildings and graves from the 1st to 4th centuries have been discovered. A small military base, built in 368-69, in the nearby municipality of Aegerten many have been connected to Petinesca.


Studen

During the Middle Ages, the village of Studen and many surrounding villages were owned by the Counts of
Neuchâtel Neuchâtel (, ; ; ) is a list of towns in Switzerland, town, a Municipalities of Switzerland, municipality, and the capital (political), capital of the cantons of Switzerland, Swiss canton of Neuchâtel (canton), Neuchâtel on Lake Neuchâtel ...
-
Nidau Nidau is a Municipalities of Switzerland, municipality in the Biel/Bienne (administrative district), Biel/Bienne administrative district in the Cantons of Switzerland, canton of Bern (canton), Bern in Switzerland. History Nidau is first mentio ...
. In 1398 the entire Inselgau, including Studen, was acquired by the city of
Bern Bern (), or Berne (), ; ; ; . is the ''de facto'' Capital city, capital of Switzerland, referred to as the "federal city".; ; ; . According to the Swiss constitution, the Swiss Confederation intentionally has no "capital", but Bern has gov ...
and incorporated into the
bailiwick A bailiwick () is usually the area of jurisdiction of a bailiff, and once also applied to territories in which a privately appointed bailiff exercised the sheriff's functions under a royal or imperial writ. In English, the original French combi ...
of Nidau and the
parish A parish is a territorial entity in many Christianity, Christian denominations, constituting a division within a diocese. A parish is under the pastoral care and clerical jurisdiction of a priest#Christianity, priest, often termed a parish pries ...
of Bürglen. Throughout its history, the village and its surrounding fields were occasionally damaged or destroyed when the
Aare The Aare () or Aar () is the main tributary of the High Rhine (its discharge even exceeds that of the latter at their confluence) and the longest river that both rises and ends entirely within Switzerland. Its total length from its source to i ...
river flooded. The
Jura water correction The correction of the waters of the Swiss Jura consisted of a wide series of hydrological undertakings carried out in Switzerland in the region of the three lakes: Lake Murten connected to Lake Neuchatel by the Broye Canal, the latter connec ...
projects of 1868 to 1891 rerouted the Aare, prevented flooding and opened up additional farm land. However, as the town grew and industrialized, agriculture became less important and today less than 3% of jobs in the municipality are in farming. Beginning in the 1950s the nearby city of
Biel Biel/Bienne (official bilingual wording; German language, German: ''Biel'' ; French language, French: ''Bienne'' ; Bernese German, locally ; ; ; ) is a bilingual city in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. With over 55,000 residents, it is the ...
grew into an industrial center and converted Studen into an industrial town. Despite the growth of industry, Studen was first connected to the
Swiss Federal Railways Swiss Federal Railways (, SBB; , CFF; , FFS) is the national railway company of Switzerland. The company was founded in 1902 and is headquartered in Bern. It used to be a State-owned enterprise, government institution, but since 1999 it has be ...
network in 1999. As the population grew, new infrastructure was built including a primary school in 1968 and secondary schools in 1973 and 1983 and a
parish church A parish church (or parochial church) in Christianity is the Church (building), church which acts as the religious centre of a parish. In many parts of the world, especially in rural areas, the parish church may play a significant role in com ...
. Even with the new development the Petinesca and old Aare river course areas have remained undeveloped.


Geography

Studen has an area of . As of 2012, a total of or 38.6% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 18.0% is forested. The rest of the municipality is or 41.9% is settled (buildings or roads), or 0.7% is either rivers or lakes.Swiss Federal Statistical Office-Land Use Statistics
2009 data accessed 25 March 2010
During the same year, industrial buildings made up 10.3% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 18.4% and transportation infrastructure made up 6.6%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 4.8% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 1.8%. A total of 16.5% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.5% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 29.8% is used for growing crops and 5.1% is pasturage, while 3.7% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. The municipality is located along the old
Aare The Aare () or Aar () is the main tributary of the High Rhine (its discharge even exceeds that of the latter at their confluence) and the longest river that both rises and ends entirely within Switzerland. Its total length from its source to i ...
riverbed and on the slopes of the Jensberg. On 31 December 2009 Amtsbezirk Nidau, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Verwaltungskreis Seeland.Nomenklaturen – Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz
accessed 4 April 2011


Coat of arms

The
blazon In heraldry and heraldic vexillology, a blazon is a formal description of a coat of arms, flag or similar emblem, from which the reader can reconstruct an accurate image. The verb ''to blazon'' means to create such a description. The visual d ...
of the municipal
coat of arms A coat of arms is a heraldry, heraldic communication design, visual design on an escutcheon (heraldry), escutcheon (i.e., shield), surcoat, or tabard (the last two being outer garments), originating in Europe. The coat of arms on an escutcheon f ...
is ''Or a Fir Tree issuant from a Willow Vert trunked and eradicated Gules.''


Demographics

Studen has a population () of . , 12.8% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2001-2011) the population has changed at a rate of 0.5%. Migration accounted for 0.5%, while births and deaths accounted for 0.4%.Swiss Federal Statistical Office
accessed 25 September 2013
Most of the population () speaks
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany, the country of the Germans and German things **Germania (Roman era) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizenship in Germany, see also Ge ...
(2,140 or 89.7%) as their first language,
French French may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France ** French people, a nation and ethnic group ** French cuisine, cooking traditions and practices Arts and media * The French (band), ...
is the second most common (85 or 3.6%) and
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, a Romance ethnic group related to or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance languag ...
is the third (36 or 1.5%). There are 2 people who speak Romansh. , the population was 48.3% male and 51.7% female. The population was made up of 1,164 Swiss men (41.3% of the population) and 197 (7.0%) non-Swiss men. There were 1,295 Swiss women (45.9%) and 164 (5.8%) non-Swiss women.Statistical office of the Canton of Bern
accessed 4 January 2012
Of the population in the municipality, 428 or about 17.9% were born in Studen and lived there in 2000. There were 1,185 or 49.6% who were born in the same canton, while 370 or 15.5% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 322 or 13.5% were born outside of Switzerland. , children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 21.4% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 64% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 14.6%. , there were 947 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 1,180 married individuals, 86 widows or widowers and 174 individuals who are divorced.STAT-TAB Datenwürfel für Thema 40.3 - 2000
accessed 2 February 2011
, there were 392 households that consist of only one person and 60 households with five or more people. , a total of 1,004 apartments (92.8% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 49 apartments (4.5%) were seasonally occupied and 29 apartments (2.7%) were empty.Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB - Datenwürfel für Thema 09.2 - Gebäude und Wohnungen
accessed 28 January 2011
, the construction rate of new housing units was 20.2 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 2.98%. In 2011, single family homes made up 60.6% of the total housing in the municipality. The historical population is given in the following chart: Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.8) ImageSize = width: auto height:200 barincrement:45 PlotArea = top:20 left:35 bottom:20 right:35 AlignBars = justify DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:2900 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:600 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:120 start:0 PlotData= color:yellowgreen width: 35 mark:(line,white) align:center bar:1764 from:start till:85 text:"85" bar:1850 from:start till:210 text:"210" bar:1860 from:start till:212 text:"212" bar:1870 from:start till:268 text:"268" bar:1880 from:start till:289 text:"289" bar:1888 from:start till:324 text:"324" bar:1900 from:start till:373 text:"373" bar:1910 from:start till:479 text:"479" bar:1920 from:start till:534 text:"534" bar:1930 from:start till:575 text:"575" bar:1941 from:start till:584 text:"584" bar:1950 from:start till:688 text:"688" bar:1960 from:start till:811 text:"811" bar:1970 from:start till:1312 text:"1,312" bar:1980 from:start till:2026 text:"2,026" bar:1990 from:start till:2345 text:"2,345" bar:2000 from:start till:2387 text:"2,387" bar:2010 from:start till:2801 text:"2,801"


Heritage sites of national significance

The
Roman era In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman people, Roman civilisation from the founding of Rome, founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, collapse of the Western Roman Em ...
vicus In Ancient Rome, the Latin term (plural ) designated a village within a rural area () or the neighbourhood of a larger settlement. During the Republican era, the four of the city of Rome were subdivided into . In the 1st century BC, Augustus ...
and temple complex at ''Petinesca'' is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.


Politics

In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 37.9% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (19.3%), the Social Democratic Party (SP) (14%) and the
FDP.The Liberals FDP.The Liberals (, , , ) is a liberal political party in Switzerland. The party was formed on 1 January 2009, after two parties, the Free Democratic Party (FDP/PRD) and the smaller Liberal Party (LPS/PLS), united. In Vaud and Valais, the parti ...
(8.3%). In the federal election, a total of 857 votes were cast, and the
voter turnout In political science, voter turnout is the participation rate (often defined as those who cast a ballot) of a given election. This is typically either the percentage of Voter registration, registered voters, Suffrage, eligible voters, or all Voti ...
was 42.3%.Swiss Federal Statistical Office 2011 Election
accessed 8 May 2012


Economy

, Studen had an unemployment rate of 2.44%. , there were a total of 1,439 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 32 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 5 businesses involved in this sector. 498 people were employed in the
secondary sector In macroeconomics, the secondary sector of the economy is an economic sector in the three-sector theory that describes the role of manufacturing. It encompasses industries that produce a finished, usable product or are involved in constructi ...
and there were 41 businesses in this sector. 909 people were employed in the
tertiary sector The tertiary sector of the economy, generally known as the service sector, is the third of the three economic sectors in the three-sector model (also known as the economic cycle). The others are the primary sector (raw materials) and the ...
, with 85 businesses in this sector. There were 1,403 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 45.8% of the workforce. there were a total of 1,255
full-time equivalent Full-time equivalent (FTE), or whole time equivalent (WTE), is a unit of measurement that indicates the workload of an employed person (or student) in a way that makes workloads or class loads comparable across various contexts. FTE is often use ...
jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 22, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 471 of which 275 or (58.4%) were in manufacturing, 1 was in mining and 193 (41.0%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 762. In the tertiary sector; 425 or 55.8% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 70 or 9.2% were in the movement and storage of goods, 68 or 8.9% were in a hotel or restaurant, 44 or 5.8% were the insurance or financial industry, 18 or 2.4% were technical professionals or scientists, 34 or 4.5% were in education and 48 or 6.3% were in health care. , there were 798 workers who commuted into the municipality and 1,069 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.3 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. A total of 334 workers (29.5% of the 1,132 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Studen.Swiss Federal Statistical Office - Statweb
accessed 24 June 2010
Of the working population, 19.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 56% used a private car. In 2011 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Studen making 150,000 CHF was 12%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 17.6%. For comparison, the average rate for the entire canton in the same year, was 14.2% and 22.0%, while the nationwide average was 12.3% and 21.1% respectively. In 2009 there were a total of 1,286 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 469 made over 75,000 CHF per year. There were 15 people who made between 15,000 and 20,000 per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Studen was 110,996 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 130,478 CHF. In 2011 a total of 5.0% of the population received direct financial assistance from the government.


Religion

From the , 1,563 or 65.5% belonged to the
Swiss Reformed Church The Protestant Church in Switzerland (PCS), formerly named Federation of Swiss Protestant Churches until 31 December 2019, is a federation of 25 member churches – 24 cantonal churches and the Evangelical-Methodist Church of Switzerland. The P ...
, while 366 or 15.3% were
Roman Catholic The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2025. It is among the world's oldest and largest international institut ...
. Of the rest of the population, there were 35 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.47% of the population), and there were 63 individuals (or about 2.64% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 60 (or about 2.51% of the population) who were
Islam Islam is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the Quran, and the teachings of Muhammad. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number Islam by country, 2 billion worldwide and are the world ...
ic. There were 5 individuals who were
Buddhist Buddhism, also known as Buddhadharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and List of philosophies, philosophical tradition based on Pre-sectarian Buddhism, teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or ...
, 12 individuals who were
Hindu Hindus (; ; also known as Sanātanīs) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism, also known by its endonym Sanātana Dharma. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pp. 35–37 Historically, the term has also be ...
and 2 individuals who belonged to another church. 195 (or about 8.17% of the population) belonged to no church, are
agnostic Agnosticism is the view or belief that the existence of God, the divine, or the supernatural is either unknowable in principle or unknown in fact. (page 56 in 1967 edition) It can also mean an apathy towards such religious belief and refer to ...
or
atheist Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities. Less broadly, atheism is a rejection of the belief that any deities exist. In an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there no ...
, and 86 individuals (or about 3.60% of the population) did not answer the question.


Education

In Studen about 60.9% of the population have completed non-mandatory
upper secondary education Secondary education is the education level following primary education and preceding tertiary education. Level 2 or ''lower secondary education'' (less commonly ''junior secondary education'') is considered the second and final phase of basic e ...
, and 14.5% have completed additional higher education (either
university A university () is an educational institution, institution of tertiary education and research which awards academic degrees in several Discipline (academia), academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase , which roughly ...
or a ''
Fachhochschule A (; plural ), abbreviated FH, is a university of applied sciences (UAS), in other words a Hochschule, German tertiary education institution that provides professional education in many applied sciences and applied arts, such as engineering, te ...
''). Of the 237 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census, 70.5% were Swiss men, 18.6% were Swiss women, 7.6% were non-Swiss men and 3.4% were non-Swiss women. The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory
Kindergarten Kindergarten is a preschool educational approach based on playing, singing, practical activities such as drawing, and social interaction as part of the transition from home to school. Such institutions were originally made in the late 18th cen ...
, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an
apprenticeship Apprenticeship is a system for training a potential new practitioners of a trade or profession with on-the-job training and often some accompanying study. Apprenticeships may also enable practitioners to gain a license to practice in a regulat ...
. During the 2011-12 school year, there were a total of 383 students attending classes in Studen. There were 3 kindergarten classes with a total of 49 students in the municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 10.2% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 30.6% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had 10 primary classes and 174 students. Of the primary students, 17.2% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 25.9% have a different mother language than the classroom language. During the same year, there were 10 lower secondary classes with a total of 160 students. There were 14.4% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 16.3% have a different mother language than the classroom language.Schuljahr 2011/12 pdf document
accessed 9 May 2013
, there were a total of 353 students attending any school in the municipality. Of those, 264 both lived and attended school in the municipality, while 89 students came from another municipality. During the same year, 72 residents attended schools outside the municipality.


References

{{Authority control Municipalities of the canton of Bern Cultural property of national significance in the canton of Bern