A stigmator is a component of

electron microscopes An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of electrons as a source of illumination. It uses electron optics that are analogous to the glass lenses of an optical light microscope to control the electron beam, for instance focusing i ...

that reduces

astigmatism Astigmatism is a type of refractive error due to rotational asymmetry in the eye's refractive power. The lens and cornea of an eye without astigmatism are nearly spherical, with only a single radius of curvature, and any refractive errors ...

of the beam by imposing a weak

electric Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter possessing an electric charge. Electricity is related to magnetism, both being part of the phenomenon of electromagnetism, as described by Maxwel ...

magnetic Magnetism is the class of physical attributes that occur through a magnetic field, which allows objects to attract or repel each other. Because both electric currents and magnetic moments of elementary particles give rise to a magnetic field, m ...

quadrupole A quadrupole or quadrapole is one of a sequence of configurations of things like electric charge or current, or gravitational mass that can exist in ideal form, but it is usually just part of a multipole expansion of a more complex structure re ...

field on the electron beam.

Background

For early electron microscopes - between the 1940s and 1960s - astigmatism was one of the main performance limiting factors. Sources of this astigmatism include misaligned objectives, non-uniform magnetic fields of the lenses, which was especially hard to correct, lenses that aren't perfectly circular and contamination on the objective aperture.Batten, C. F. (2000). Autofocusing and astigmatism correction in the scanning electron microscope (Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of the Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge). Therefore, to improve the resolving resolution, the astigmatism had to be corrected. The first commercially used stigmators on electron microscopes were installed in the early 1960s. The stigmatic correction is done using an electric or magnetic field perpendicular to the beam. By adjusting the magnitude and

azimuth An azimuth (; from ) is the horizontal angle from a cardinal direction, most commonly north, in a local or observer-centric spherical coordinate system. Mathematically, the relative position vector from an observer ( origin) to a point ...

of the stigmator field, asymmetric astigmatization can be compensated for. Stigmators produce weak fields compared to the electromagnetic lenses they correct, as usually only minor correction are necessary.

Number of poles

Stigmators create a quadrupole field, and thus have to consist of at least four poles, but hexapole, octopole and dodecapole stigmatizors are also used, with octopole stigmators being the most common. The octopole (or higher order of poles) stigmatizers also produce a quadrupole field, but use their additional poles to align the imposed field with the direction of the stigmatization ellipticity.

Types

Magnetic stigmator

The magnetic stigmator is a weak cylindrical lens that can correct the cylindrical component of the beam. It can consist of metal rods which induce a magnetic field, which are inserted with their long axis towards the beam center. By retracting or extending the rods, the astigmatism can be compensated.

Electromagnetic

Electromagnetic stigmators are stigmators that are integrated with the lenses and directly deform the magnetic field of the lens(es). These were the first types of stigmators to be used.

Automatic stigmators

In most cases, the astigmatism can be corrected using a constant stigmator field which is adjusted by the microscope operator. The main cause of astigmatism, the non-uniform magnetic field produced by the lenses, usually does not change noticeable during a TEM session. A recent development are computer-controlled stigmators, which usually use the Fourier transform of the image to find the ideal stigmator setting. The

Fourier transform In mathematics, the Fourier transform (FT) is an integral transform that takes a function as input then outputs another function that describes the extent to which various frequencies are present in the original function. The output of the tr ...

of an astigmatic image is usually elliptically shaped. For a stigmatic image, it is round, this property can be used by algorithms to reduce the astigmatic aberration.

Multiple stigmator systems

Normally, one stigmator is sufficient, but

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normally contain three stigmators: one to stigmatize the source beam, one to stigmatize real-space images, and one to stigmatize diffraction patterns. These are commonly referred to as condensor, objective, and intermediate (or diffraction) stigmators. The use of three post-sample stigmators is proposed to reduce linear distortionBischoff, M., Henstra, A., Luecken, U., & Tiemeijer, P. C. (2013). U.S. Patent No. 8,569,693. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

References

{{Electron microscopy Electron microscopy Electron beam Microscope components Physical optics