steward (office)

A steward is an official who is appointed by the legal ruling monarch to represent them in a country and who may have a mandate to govern it in their name; in the latter case, it is synonymous with the position of regent, vicegerent, viceroy, king's lieutenant (for Romance languages), governor, or deputy (the Roman '' rector'', ''praefectus'', or ''vicarius'').

Etymology

From Old English ''stíweard, stiȝweard'', from ''stiȝ'' "hall, household" + ''weard'' "warden, keeper"; corresponding to Dutch: ''stadhouder'', German ''Statthalter'' "place holder", a Germanic parallel to French ''lieutenant''.

The Old English term ''stíweard'' is attested from the 11th century. Its first element is most probably ''stiȝ-'' "house, hall" (attested only in composition; its cognate ''stiȝu'' is the ancestor of Modern English '' sty''). Old French and Old Norse ''stívarðr'' are adopted from the Old English.

The German and Dutch term (Middle High German ''stat-halter'') is a parallel but independent formation (a calque of ''lieutenant'') corresponding to obsolete English ''stead holder'' ( 1456; also (1460), ''sted-haldande'' (1375) ''steadward'', ''steadsman'').

In medieval times, the steward was initially a servant who supervised both the lord's estate and his household. However over the course of the next century, other household posts arose and involved more responsibilities. This meant that in the 13th century, there were commonly two stewards in each house—one who managed the estate and the other, the ''majordomo'', to manage domestic routine. Stewards commonly earned up to 3 to 4 pounds per year. Stewards took care of their lord's castles when they were away. Also, stewards checked on the taxes of the serfs on their lords' manors.

In the New Testament, the word (''oikonomos'') in Luke's parable of the unjust office-holder is typically translated as "steward" in older translations, but is often translated as "manager" in more recent translations.

British Isles

The Lord High Steward of England held a position of power in the 12th to 14th centuries, and the Lord Steward is the first dignitary of the court. The Stewart family traces its appellation to the office of the High Steward of Scotland. Lord High Steward of Ireland is a hereditary office held since the 15th century.

Low Countries

In the Netherlands, it developed into a rare type of ''de facto'' hereditary head of state of the thus crowned Dutch Republic.

Stadtholders were appointed by feudal lords to govern parts of their territory. Stadtholders could be appointed for the whole or parts of their territory by the local rulers of the independent provinces in the Low Countries (e.g., the Duke of Gelre appointed a stadtholder to represent him in Groningen). In the Low Countries (which included present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg), from the Middle Ages to the 18th century, this was originally an essentially honorary title awarded by the Spanish Habsburg kings to major noblemen in each province, but its nature changed drastically.

Northern Europe

Danish Statholder

* In Denmark, a ministerial high office of royal governor in the capital, at Copenhagen Castle

Norwegian Statholder

In Norway, the office of ''Statholder'' existed both during the Dano-Norwegian personal union from 1536 to 1814 and during the Swedish-Norwegian personal union from 1814 until it was abolished in 1873, while the union lasted until 1905. During the latter, the office was also known as ''Rigsstatholder'', or Lieutenant of the Realm. The ''Statholder'' governed Norway on behalf of the King. Since Norway was a separate kingdom with its own laws and institutions, it was arguably the most influential office in both Denmark-Norway and in the Swedish-Norwegian realm second to that of the king. The office was sometimes held by the Crown Prince, who was styled as Viceroy.

The term ''Statholder'' (from German ''Statthalter'') means "place holder" (i.e., the one governing on behalf of the king). The modern Norwegian spelling is ''stattholder''.

Southern Europe

Ban of Croatia

The Croatian office of the Ban was equivalent to a viceroy. The Ban was appointed by the monarch (King of Croats until 1102, King of Hungary 1102–1526, Austrian ruler 1527–1918) with a mandate to govern a part of country, or whole country, in the name of the King of Dalmatia, Croatia, and Slavonia.

Ban of Bosnia

Bosnia was a banate of the Kingdom of Hungary 1136–1377. During that period, Bosnia was governed by an autonomous hereditary viceroy, called a ban. The last of them, Tvrtko, became the first king of the Kingdom of Bosnia.

Eastern Europe

The Russian equivalent of "stadtholder" is ''posadnik''; the term sometimes occurs as "stadtholder" in English-language literature. Although there were such legendary ''posadniks'' as Gostomysl (9th century), the term first appeared in the Primary Chronicle in the year of 997 to denote the most senior official of an Eastern Slavic town. The earliest ''posadniks'' of the city of Novgorod (''Holmgard'') include a dynasty composed of Dobrynya, his son Konstantin Dobrynich, and Ostromir.

Freemasonry

The office of Steward or Grand Steward is an elected office of merit in Freemasonry. The main duty of the Steward is to attend to visitors and to assist other officers in their duties. The Grand Stewards may provide special assistance at Lodge Installations. The Stewards Jewel consists of a cornucopia with compasses above.{{cite web, url=http://www.masonic-lodge-of-education.com/lodge-officer-duties.html, title=MASONIC LODGE OFFICER DUTIES, website=masonic-lodge-of-education.com

See also

* Bailli
* Ban of Croatia
* Butler
* Castellan
* Chamberlain (office)
* Mayor of the Palace
* Seneschal
* Viceroy
* Luogotenente

References

Gubernatorial titles

da:Statholder
de:Statthalter
pl:Namiestnik