St. Crispin's Day Speech

The St Crispin's Day speech is a part of William Shakespeare's history play ''Henry V'', Act IV Scene iii(3) 18–67. On the eve of the Battle of Agincourt, which fell on Saint Crispin's Day, Henry V urges his men, who were vastly outnumbered by the French, to imagine the glory and immortality that will be theirs if they are victorious. The speech has been famously portrayed by Laurence Olivier in the 1944 film to raise British spirits during the Second World War, and by Kenneth Branagh in the 1989 film ''Henry V''; it made famous the phrase " band of brothers". The play was written around 1600, and several later writers have used parts of it in their own texts.

The speech

Cultural influence

Comparisons with other speeches

*It has been compared to the Baljuna Covenant, a similar oath of mutual loyalty Genghis Khan made centuries earlier.

Use and quotation

*In his final general order to his troops, issued on 18 October 1783, George Washington wrote that no one "could imagine that the most violent local prejudices would cease so soon, and that men who came from the different parts of the continent ... would instantly become one patriotic band of brothers."
*During the Napoleonic Wars, just prior to the Battle of the Nile, Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, then Rear Admiral of the Blue, referred to his captains as his " band of brothers".
*Charles Dickens' magazine ''Household Words'' (1850–1851) took its name from the speech.
*During the First Barbary War, Lieutenant Stephen Decatur, Jr. proclaimed "the fewer men, the greater share of honor," before leading a raiding party to destroy the .
*During World War II, Laurence Olivier delivered the speech during a radio programme to boost British morale and Winston Churchill found him so inspiring that he asked Olivier to produce the Shakespeare play as a film. Olivier's adaptation appeared in 1944.
*The title of British politician Duff Cooper's autobiography '' Old Men Forget'' (1953) is taken from the speech.
*According to Mark Bowden's book, '' Black Hawk Down'', chronicling the 1993 Battle of Mogadishu, general William F. Garrison quoted the speech during a memorial service for the men killed in the battle.

*During the legal battle for the U.S. presidential election of 2000, regarding the Florida vote recount, members of the Florida legal team for George W. Bush, the eventual legal victor, joined arms and recited the speech during a break in preparation, to motivate themselves.
*On the day of the result of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, as the vote to leave became clear, activist and MEP Daniel Hannan is reported to have delivered an edited version of the speech from a table, replacing the names Bedford, Exeter, Warwick and Talbot with other prominent Vote Leave activists.

* On March 19, 2023, prior to the kickoff of the Derby della Capitale between SS Lazio and AS Roma, the ultras of SS Lazio unfurled tifos quoting excerpts from Shakespeare's St. Crispin Day's Speech, as a symbolic gesture of leading the team to the "war" against their arch-rivals.

* On January 13, 2024, American football coach Jim Harbaugh recited most of the speech at a rally to celebrate the 2023 Michigan Wolverines football team's national championship. He replaced the names of Harry the King, Bedford, Exeter, Warwick, Talbot, Salisbury, and Gloucester with key players during Michigan's championship season: J. J. McCarthy, Blake Corum, Mike Sainristil, Trevor Keegan, Zak Zinter, Kris Jenkins, and Michael Barrett.

Film, television, music and literature

Parts and/or versions of the speech appear in films such as '' The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance'' (1962), ''Tombstone'' (1993), ''Renaissance Man'' (1994), ''Tea With Mussolini'' (1999), ''Mystery Men'' (1999), ''This Is England'' (2006), and '' Their Finest'' (2017). It has also been used in television series such as ''Rough Riders'' (1997), ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'', ''The Black Adder'', and ''Doctor Who''.
*The phrase "band of brothers" appears in the 1789 song " Hail, Columbia", written for the inauguration of George Washington as the first President of the United States.
* During the American Civil War, "The Bonnie Blue Flag"—a 1861 Confederate marching song written by Harry McCarthy—began with the words "We are a band of brothers, and native to the soil".
* Stephen Ambrose borrowed the phrase "Band of Brothers" for the title of his 1992 book on E Company of the 101st Airborne during World War II; it was later adapted into the 2001 miniseries '' Band of Brothers''. In the closing scene of the series, Carwood Lipton quotes from Shakespeare's speech.
* The 2016 videogame ''We Happy Few'' takes its name from the speech.
*A part of the speech is quoted in the 2017 novel '' The Ministry of Utmost Happiness'' by Arundhati Roy as one of the character's mother's favourite passage from Shakespeare which is recited (silently) at her second funeral.

References

Citations

General and cited references

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External links

* {{Wikisource inline, The Life of Henry the Fifth#SCENE III. The English camp., ''The Life of Henry the Fifth'', single=true

16th-century speeches
Cultural depictions of Henry V of England
Fiction set in the 15th century
France in fiction
Hundred Years' War in fiction
Shakespearean histories
War poetry