The soviet integrated circuit designation is an industrial specification for encoding the names of

integrated circuit An integrated circuit (IC), also known as a microchip or simply chip, is a set of electronic circuits, consisting of various electronic components (such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors) and their interconnections. These components a ...

s manufactured in the

Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...

and the

Post-Soviet states The post-Soviet states, also referred to as the former Soviet Union or the former Soviet republics, are the independent sovereign states that emerged/re-emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Prior to their independence, they ...

. 25 years after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, a number of

manufacturers Manufacturing is the creation or production of goods with the help of equipment, labor, machines, tools, and chemical or biological processing or formulation. It is the essence of the secondary sector of the economy. The term may refer to a r ...

in Russia,

Belarus Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Belarus spans an a ...

Ukraine Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the List of European countries by area, second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which Russia–Ukraine border, borders it to the east and northeast. Ukraine also borders Belarus to the nor ...

Latvia Latvia, officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is one of the three Baltic states, along with Estonia to the north and Lithuania to the south. It borders Russia to the east and Belarus to t ...

, and

Uzbekistan , image_flag = Flag of Uzbekistan.svg , image_coat = Emblem of Uzbekistan.svg , symbol_type = Emblem of Uzbekistan, Emblem , national_anthem = "State Anthem of Uzbekistan, State Anthem of the Republ ...

still use this designation. The designation uses the

Cyrillic alphabet The Cyrillic script ( ) is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia. It is the designated national script in various Slavic, Turkic, Mongolic, Uralic, Caucasian and Iranic-speaking countries in Southeastern Europe, Easte ...

which sometimes leads to confusion where a Cyrillic letter has the same appearance as a Latin letter but is

romanized In linguistics, romanization is the conversion of text from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing written text, and transcription, ...

as a different letter. Furthermore, for some Cyrillic letters the

Romanization In linguistics, romanization is the conversion of text from a different writing system to the Latin script, Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing written text, and tra ...

is ambiguous.

History

The nomenclature for integrated circuits has changed somewhat over the years as new standards were published: * 1968 – NP0.034.000 (Russian: ''НП0.034.000'') * 1973 –

GOST GOST () refers to a set of international technical standards maintained by the Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (EASC), a regional standards organization operating under the auspices of the Commonwealth of I ...

18682—73 (Russian: ''ГОСТ 18682—73'') * 1980 – OST 11.073.915—80 (Russian: ''ОСТ 11.073.915—80'') * 2000 – OST 11.073.915—2000 (Russian: ''ОСТ 11.073.915—2000'') * 2010 – GOST RV 5901-005—2010 (Russian: ''ГОСТ РВ 5901-005—2010'') Throughout this article the standards are referred to by the year they came into force. Before 1968 each manufacturer used its own integrated circuit designation. Following the

dissolution of the Soviet Union The Soviet Union was formally dissolved as a sovereign state and subject of international law on 26 December 1991 by Declaration No. 142-N of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. Declaration No. 142-Н of ...

in 1991, the standards were not as strictly enforced, and a number of manufacturers introduced manufacturer-specific designations again. These were typically used in parallel with the standards. However, integrated circuits for military, aerospace, and nuclear applications in Russia still have to follow the standard designation. Underlining this, the 2010 standard is explicitly labelled a Russian military standard. Beside Russia the 2010 standard is applied in Belarus as well. Companies in Ukraine mostly stayed with the 1980 standard and prefixed the designation with the letter ''У'' (U), e.g. ''УМ5701ВЕ51''. The 1980 standard was published in Ukraine as DSTU 3212—95 (). Bulgarian designations for bipolar integrated circuits, e.g. ''1УО709С'', look confusingly similar to the 1968 Soviet designations but the standards differ. The functional group is also indicated by two letters in the Cyrillic alphabet and many groups were obviously copied from the Soviet standard (''АГ'', ''ИД'', ''ИЕ'', ''ЛБ'', ''ЛН'', ''ЛП'', ''МП'', ''ПК'', ''СА'', ''УС''). Some subgroups differ (''ТД'', ''УМ'', ''УО'') and some groups are completely different (''НС'', ''ОИ'', ''РН''). For the number after the functional group there is no concept of a series. Instead, that number usually matches the Western counterpart (e.g. the ''1УО709С'' is equivalent to a μA709). Also as a consequence of the

COCOM The Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (CoCom) was established in 1949 at the beginning of the Cold War to coordinate controls on exports from Western Bloc countries to the Soviet Union and its allies. Operating through inform ...

restrictions were lifted and Russian integrated circuit design firms gained access to

foundries A foundry is a factory that produces metal castings. Metals are cast into shapes by melting them into a liquid, pouring the metal into a mold, and removing the mold material after the metal has solidified as it cools. The most common metals pr ...

abroad. In that sense it could be argued that the importance of the Soviet designation has spread across the globe. When foundries are not able to label the circuit in the Cyrillic alphabet then the Latin alphabet is used (e.g. KF1174PP1). The sanctions in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine ended this international co-operation in 2022. In general, devices already in production when a new standard came out kept their old designation. However, in some case devices were renamed: * When the 1980 standard was published, devices named after the 1968 standard and still in production were renamed, e.g. ''К1ЛБ553'' to ''К155ЛА3''. As in this example, the renaming was often fairly straightforward: The two parts of the serial number were combined (1 and 55 to 155), the

functional group In organic chemistry, a functional group is any substituent or moiety (chemistry), moiety in a molecule that causes the molecule's characteristic chemical reactions. The same functional group will undergo the same or similar chemical reactions r ...

remained unchanged or was converted as in the table below (''ЛБ'' to ''ЛА''), and the variant number remained unchanged (3). In some series the renaming was more complicated. This change affected many series (e.g. 101, 116, 118, 122, 133, 140, 153, 155, 174, 237, 501). * Before the introduction of a package designation in 1980 the suffix ''П'' (P) was used in some series to indicate a plastic package (as opposed to the then more-common ceramic package). In 1983 the package designation was changed for the 531 series (e.g. ''К531ЛА19П'' to ''КР531ЛА19''). Other series were similarly renamed at some point (e.g. ''К501ХЛ1П'' to ''КР501ХЛ1''). * Before the definition of group ''В'' (V) in 1980 computing devices were all assigned subgroup ''ИК'' (IK), e.g. microprocessors (''КР580ИК80А''), peripheral devices (''КР580ИК51А''). With the introduction of group В the devices in the 580 series were renamed (to ''КР580ВМ80А'' and ''КР580ВВ51А'', respectively) in 1986. * Since the publication of the 2000 standard, some devices have been labeled with the package designation according to the new standard, e.g. ''КР1407УД2'' to ''К1407УД2Р'' and ''КФ1407УД2'' to ''К1407УД2Т''. * Starting in 2016, certain newer devices were renamed according to the 2010 standard, e.g. ''1967ВЦ2Ф'' to ''1967ВН028'' and ''1586ПВ1АУ'' to ''1583НВ025'' (note the change of the series).

Structure of the designation

File:NP0.034.000.png, 1968 File:Structure of a Soviet integrated circuit designation with 4-digit series, following the 1980 standard (OST 11.073.915—80 ).png, 1973 / 1980 File:OST 11.073.915—2000.png, 2000 File:GOST RV 5901-005—2010.png, 2010 Elements: * – Prefix (zero to three letters) ** – Export designation: The letter ''Э'' (E) here indicates an integrated circuit intended for export with a pin spacing of 2.54mm (1/10") or 1.27mm (1/20"). If this element is empty then the device has the Soviet (metric) spacing of 2.5mm or 1.25mm between pins. ** – Application area: The letter ''К'' (K) here indicates an integrated circuit for commercial and consumer applications (with requirements according to GOST 18725—83). If this element is empty then the device is intended for harsher environments (e.g. extended temperature range) which is also referred to as military acceptance (''ВП''). ** – Package designation (1980) (Note that the letters ''Э'' and ''К'' are not valid package designations. If this element is empty then the package is simply not specified in the designation, i.e. it could be any of the packages.) * – Series (three or four digits) ** – Manufacturing technology (one digit): ***

Monolithic integrated circuit An integrated circuit (IC), also known as a microchip or simply chip, is a set of electronic circuits, consisting of various electronic components (such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors) and their interconnections. These components a ...

s: 1, 5, or 6 ***

s – bare chip without package: 7 ***

Hybrid integrated circuit A hybrid integrated circuit (HIC), hybrid microcircuit, hybrid circuit or simply hybrid is a miniaturized electronic circuit constructed of individual devices, such as semiconductor devices (e.g. transistors, diodes or Integrated circuits, mo ...

s: 2, 4, or 8 *** Other integrated circuits (e.g.

thin film A thin film is a layer of materials ranging from fractions of a nanometer ( monolayer) to several micrometers in thickness. The controlled synthesis of materials as thin films (a process referred to as deposition) is a fundamental step in many ...

): 3 ***

Multi-chip module A multi-chip module (MCM) is generically an electronic assembly (such as a package with a number of conductor terminals or Lead (electronics), "pins") where multiple integrated circuits (ICs or "chips"), semiconductor Die (integrated circuit), d ...

s: 9 ** – For four-digit series the second digit of the number of the series has significance as well: *** Series for household electronics: 0 *** Series of analogue devices: 1 *** Series of

operational amplifier An operational amplifier (often op amp or opamp) is a direct coupling, DC-coupled Electronic component, electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input, a (usually) Single-ended signaling, single-ended output, and an extremely high gain ( ...

s: 4 *** Series of

digital devices Digital electronics is a field of electronics involving the study of digital signals and the engineering of devices that use or produce them. It deals with the relationship between binary inputs and outputs by passing electrical signals through ...

: 5 *** Series of memory devices: 6 *** Series of microprocessor families: 8 ** – Number of the series (2 digits): The numbers of the series are assigned sequentially and have no further meaning. Devices in a series have some characteristic in common although it varies from one series to another which characteristic that is (e.g.

logic family In computer engineering, a logic family is one of two related concepts: * A logic family of monolithic digital integrated circuit devices is a group of electronic logic gates constructed using one of several different designs, usually with compati ...

for

logic gate A logic gate is a device that performs a Boolean function, a logical operation performed on one or more binary inputs that produces a single binary output. Depending on the context, the term may refer to an ideal logic gate, one that has, for ...

instruction set In computer science, an instruction set architecture (ISA) is an abstract model that generally defines how software controls the CPU in a computer or a family of computers. A device or program that executes instructions described by that ISA, s ...

for

microprocessor A microprocessor is a computer processor (computing), processor for which the data processing logic and control is included on a single integrated circuit (IC), or a small number of ICs. The microprocessor contains the arithmetic, logic, a ...

s). ** – Number of the series (2 or 3 digits): The 2000 / 2010 standards do not assign a special meaning to the second digit of a 4-digit series. * –

Functional Group In organic chemistry, a functional group is any substituent or moiety (chemistry), moiety in a molecule that causes the molecule's characteristic chemical reactions. The same functional group will undergo the same or similar chemical reactions r ...

(two letters) ** – Group ** – Subgroup within the group: All groups have the subgroup ''П'' (P) for "others", that is for devices that fall into the group but not into any of the other defined subgroups. ** – Functional Group (2010): The functional groups for the 2010 standard are in a separate table since the change from 2000 to 2010 is far more drastic than any of the previous changes. * – Variant within the functional subgroup (one to four digits): Usually the variant numbers are assigned sequentially for devices within the subgroup (e.g. ''ЛА1'', ''ЛА2'', ''ЛА3'', etc.). In some series the variant number matches the last two or three digits of the designation of its Western counterpart (e.g. ''К500ЛК117'' and MC10117). ** – For the 2010 standard, the variant is always 2 digits in length, with a leading zero if necessary. When there is no version letter then the variant appears to be 3 digits in length (e.g. ''1906ВМ016'') but the third digit is actually the package designation (element 5e). * – Suffix ** – Version (one letter, ''А'' to ''Я'' except ''З'' and ''Й''): This optional element indicates versions of an integrated circuit with different electrical or thermal characteristics (e.g. switching speed, voltage range, etc.). It can also indicate an improved version of a device (e.g. ''К580ИК80'' vs. ''К580ИК80А''). Before 1980 the suffix ''П'' (P) was sometimes used to indicate a version in a plastic package instead of a ceramic package (e.g. ''К145ИК2П'', ''К531ЛА19П'') or a round metal can (e.g. ''К144ИР1П''). ** – Version (one letter, ''А'' to ''М'' except ''З'' and ''Й''): This element is omitted if there is only one version of a device. ** – Package designation (2000) (one letter, ''Н'' to ''Я''): If this element is empty then the package is simply not specified in the designation, i.e. it could be any of the packages. Note that the letter ranges for version and package designation do not overlap. ** – Manufacturer designation (two letters) ** – Package designation (2010) (one digit or letter ''Н'') ** – Package variant (one letter; ''А'', ''В'', ''С'', ''Е'', ''Н'', ''К'', ''М'', ''Р'', ''Т'', or ''Х''): If variants of an integrated circuit have the same parameters and package designation but differ in pinout or number of pins, then this package variant letter is added (e.g. ''5400ТР045'' and ''5400ТР045А''). Some vendors assign version letters outside the allowed range (e.g. ''1395ЕН10Ж5Б''). ** – Version (one letter; ''А'', ''В'', ''С'', ''Е'', ''К'', ''М'', ''Р'', ''Т'', or ''Х''): This element is omitted if there is only one version of a device. Note that for the 2010 standard a different package is indicated by element 5f instead. Some vendors assign version letters outside the allowed range (e.g. ''1494УА02Б3'').

Functional groups

Functional groups (2010)

Packages

Package designation (1973)

The package of an integrated circuit was generally not indicated in the 1973 designation, except: * Bare chips without a package received a series number in the 7xx range, e.g. K712RV2-1 (''К712РВ2-1''). * The suffix ''П'' (P) was sometimes used to indicate a version in a plastic package instead of a ceramic package (e.g. ''К145ИК2П'', ''К531ЛА19П'') or a round metal can (e.g. ''К144ИР1П''). * Less common than ''П'', the suffix ''М'' (M) was sometimes used to indicate a ceramic package and ''Т'' (T) for a metal-ceramic package (e.g. ''К500ТМ133М'' and ''К500ТМ133Т'', respectively, instead of ''К500ТМ133'' in a plastic package).

Package designation (1980)

Package designation (2000)

Package designation (2010)

Bare chips

For bare chips without a package an additional digit indicates the constructive variant. For the 1973 and 1980 standards the variant digit is appended with a dash after the designation (e.g. ''К712РВ2-1'' and ''Б533ТМ2-2'', respectively). For the 2000 and 2010 standards the variant digit follows immediately after the package designation N (e.g. ''5862ПФ1Н4'' and ''1374МХ01Н1'', respectively).

Manufacturer designation

A manufacturer designation was introduced only with the 2000 standard. As part of the type designation the manufacturer is required only for a second-source integrated circuit that was "developed and produced according to an independently developed design and technological documentation, and corresponding to the technical requirements of the originally developed original microcircuit". Manufacturer logos are more common. Other manufacturers which as of 2016 used a version of the Soviet integrated circuit designation include

NTC Module NTC Module (Research Center "Module") is a Russian scientific technological center (R&D production enterprise), founded in 1990 by the two enterprises of Russian military–industrial complex: NPO Vympel and NII Radiopriborostroyeniye. Conduct ...

, MCST,

ELVEES Multicore Multicore () is a series of 32-bit microprocessors with embedded Digital signal processor, DSP cores developed by ELVEES, Russia. The microprocessor is a MIPS32 core (called RISCore32 by ELVEES; optionally with an Floating-point unit, FPU) or an AR ...

, Fizika, Sapfir, NPK TTs, and Progress, all of them in Moscow, as well as PKK Milandr, Soyuz, and NIITAP in

Zelenograd Zelenograd (, , ) is a city and administrative okrug of Moscow, Russia. The city of Zelenograd and the territory under its jurisdiction form the Zelenogradsky Administrative Okrug (ZelAO), an exclave located within Moscow Oblast, north-west ...

, SKTB ES Voronezh, Proton and Proton-Impuls

Oryol Oryol ( rus, Орёл, , ɐˈrʲɵl, a=ru-Орёл.ogg, links=y, ), also transliterated as Orel or Oriol, is a Classification of inhabited localities in Russia, city and the administrative center of Oryol Oblast, Russia, situated on the Oka Rive ...

, Planeta

Novgorod Veliky Novgorod ( ; , ; ), also known simply as Novgorod (), is the largest city and administrative centre of Novgorod Oblast, Russia. It is one of the oldest cities in Russia, being first mentioned in the 9th century. The city lies along the V ...

, NIIEMP

Penza Penza (, ) is the largest types of inhabited localities in Russia, city and administrative center of Penza Oblast, Russia. It is located on the Sura (river), Sura River, southeast of Moscow. As of the 2010 Russian census, 2010 Census, Penza had ...

, Eltom

Tomilino Tomilino () is an types of inhabited localities in Russia, urban locality (a urban-type settlement, work settlement) in Lyuberetsky District of Moscow Oblast, Russia. Population: In terms of population, Tomilino is the largest urban-type settlem ...

, Krip Tekhno Alexandrov, DELS

Minsk Minsk (, ; , ) is the capital and largest city of Belarus, located on the Svislach (Berezina), Svislach and the now subterranean Nyamiha, Niamiha rivers. As the capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administra ...

, Kvazar

Kyiv Kyiv, also Kiev, is the capital and most populous List of cities in Ukraine, city of Ukraine. Located in the north-central part of the country, it straddles both sides of the Dnieper, Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2022, its population was 2, ...

, Krystal Kyiv, Elektronni Komponenti

Ivano-Frankivsk Ivano-Frankivsk (, ), formerly Stanyslaviv, Stanislav and Stanisławów, is a city in western Ukraine. It serves as the administrative centre of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast as well as Ivano-Frankivsk Raion within the oblast. Ivano-Frankivsk also host ...

, Dnepr

Kherson Kherson (Ukrainian language, Ukrainian and , , ) is a port city in southern Ukraine that serves as the administrative centre of Kherson Oblast. Located by the Black Sea and on the Dnieper, Dnieper River, Kherson is the home to a major ship-bui ...

, and Foton

Tashkent Tashkent (), also known as Toshkent, is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Uzbekistan, largest city of Uzbekistan. It is the most populous city in Central Asia, with a population of more than 3 million people as of April 1, 2024. I ...

Other markings

Although not strictly part of the designation, a number of markings are often found on integrated circuit packages: Military acceptance here means that the integrated circuit can be used in applications where its failure would be catastrophic and where repair or exchange is difficult or impossible (e.g. aerospace applications). For mask-programmed devices (e.g.

gate array A gate array is an approach to the design and manufacture of application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) using a semiconductor device fabrication, prefabricated chip with components that are later interconnected into logic devices (e.g. NAN ...

s, mask-programmed single-chip

microcontroller A microcontroller (MC, uC, or μC) or microcontroller unit (MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit. A microcontroller contains one or more CPUs (processor cores) along with memory and programmable input/output peripherals. Pro ...

s, mask ROMs) a three- or four-digit mask number follows the type designation (e.g. ''К1801ВП1-014''). For bare chips a one-digit constructive variant identifier follows the type designation. A date code is usually printed on the package. In the early 1970s the date code consisted of a Roman numeral for the month and a two-digit year (e.g. IX 72). Later the month was given as one or two digits (e.g. 5-73 or 0386). In the late 1980s most plants switched to a 4-digit code with a 2-digit year followed by a 2-digit month (e.g. 8909) or a 2-digit week (e.g. 9051). Overall, the date code format was not strictly enforced. Several series of integrated circuits (e.g. 1408,

1821 Events January–March * January 21 – Peter I Island in the Antarctic is first sighted, by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen. * January 26 – Congress of Laibach convenes to deal with outstanding international issues, particularly ...

) bore an IEC 60062 letter and digit code (e.g. A1 for January 1990).

Romanization

The

Romanization of Russian The romanization of the Russian language (the transliteration of Russian text from the Cyrillic script into the Latin script), aside from its primary use for including Russian names and words in text written in a Latin alphabet, is also essentia ...

is standardized, but there are at least 12 standards to choose from. Fortunately, the Soviet integrated circuit designation uses a subset of the Cyrillic alphabet where only a few letters are ambiguous: * ''Ж'': Ž, Zh * ''Х'': X, H, Ch, Kh * ''Ц'': C, Cz, Ts, Tc * ''Ч'': Č, Ch The more-common romanizations in bold are given as alternatives in the above tables. ''Е'' and ''Э'' are both romanized as E. The French romanization of Russian and the German romanization of Russian differ in some letters from the one used in English. For instance, the Russian ''КР580ВМ80A'' becomes KR580VM80A in English and French but KR580WM80A in German literature.

References

{{Reflist, refs= {{cite web , first=Виктор Романович , last=Козак , title=Номенклатура и аналоги отечественных микросхем , trans-title=Nomenclature and equivalents of domestic integrated circuits , url=https://www.inp.nsk.su/~kozak/adv/advh0.htm , language=ru , date=24 May 2014 , access-date=14 April 2016 {{cite web , title=Активные элементы , trans-title=Active components , publisher=Музей электронных раритетов , url=http://www.155la3.ru/aktiv.htm , language=ru , access-date=14 April 2016 {{cite book , first=А.В. , last=Нефедов , title=Интегральные микросхемы и их зарубежные аналоги. Том 05. Серии К544-К564. , trans-title=Integrated circuits and their foreign equivalents. Volume 05. Series K544-K564. , publisher=ИП РадиоСофт , place=Moscow , url=http://publ.lib.ru/ARCHIVES/N/NEFEDOV_Anatoliy_Vladimirovich/_Nefedov_A.V..html#005 , language=ru , date=1997 , access-date=28 October 2017 , isbn=5-85554-158-4 {{cite book , first=В. А. , last=Шахнова , title=Микропроцессоры и микропроцессорные комплекты интегральных микросхем: Справочник. В 2-х т. Том 1 , trans-title=Microprocessors and microprocessor chip sets: A reference. In 2 volumes. Vol. 1 , publisher=Радио и связь , place=Moscow , url=http://emuverse.ru/downloads/books/Shakhnov_MPK_1988_Vol_1.djv , language=ru , date=1988 , access-date=28 October 2017 , isbn=5-256-00371-2 {{cite web , title=Система условных обозначений отечественных интегральных микросхем , trans-title=Nomenclature of domestic integrated circuits , publisher=СМИ Сайт-ПАЯЛЬНИК 'cxem.net' , url=https://cxem.net/sprav/sprav29.php , language=ru , access-date=14 April 2016 {{cite web , title=Система условных обозначений отечественных интегральных микросхем , trans-title=Nomenclature of domestic integrated circuits , url=http://www.svetozarcom.ru/info/symbols_of_domestic_microcircuits/ , language=ru , access-date=7 May 2016 {{cite book , first=А.В. , last=Перебаскин , title=Все отечественные микросхемы , trans-title=All domestic integrated circuits , publisher=Додэка-XXI , year=2004 , language=ru , isbn=594120034X {{cite book , first=Л.И. , last=Ниссельсон , title=Цифровые и аналоговые интегральные микросхемы , trans-title=Digital and analog integrated circuits , publisher=Радио и связь , year=1989 , language=ru , isbn=5256002597 {{cite web , first=Евгений Анатольевич , last=Москатов , title=Справочник по полупроводниковым приборам , trans-title=Handbook of semiconductor devices , url=http://www.moskatov.narod.ru/Books/Reference_book_about_semiconductor_details_2.pdf , language=ru , access-date=9 May 2016 {{cite web , title=102ая и 116ая серии , trans-title=Series 102 and 116 , publisher=Музей электронных раритетов , url=http://www.155la3.ru/k102.htm , language=ru , access-date=11 May 2016 {{cite web , title=Микросхемы ПАО Микрон 2020 , trans-title=Integrated Circuits PAO Mikron 2020 , publisher=Mikron , url=https://413100.selcdn.ru/upload-153a6b408c99eadfc8d7d3c5576481d8/iblock/05d/05d7224966d072bbbc986716f3e32ecc/katalog+VPK_2020.pdf , language=ru , access-date=16 February 2021 {{cite web , title=Каталог продукции , trans-title=Product catalog , publisher=Angstrem , place=Zelenograd , url=https://www.angstrem.ru/pdf/2022/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%20%C2%AB%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%C2%BB,%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%202022.pdf , language=ru , date=2022 , access-date=22 September 2022 {{cite web , title=Микроэлектроника , trans-title=Microelectronics , publisher=NTC Module , url=https://www.module.ru/products/1 , language=ru , access-date=20 April 2020 {{cite web , title=Микропроцессоры и СБИС , trans-title=Microprocessors and VLSI , publisher=MCST , place=Moscow , url=http://www.mcst.ru/chips , language=ru , access-date=3 October 2022 {{cite web , title=Микросхемы , trans-title=Integrated circuits , publisher=Elvees Multicore , place=Zelenograd , url=https://elvees.ru/chip , language=ru , access-date=3 October 2022 {{cite web , title=Интегральные микросхемы , trans-title=Integrated circuits , publisher=OAO "NIIET" , place=Voronezh , url=http://niiet.ru/goods/chips , website=niiet.ru , language=ru , access-date=27 April 2020 {{cite web , title=Каталог изделий 2021 , trans-title=Product catalog 2021 , publisher=OAO "VZPP-S" , place=Voronezh , url=https://vzpp-s.ru/upload/iblock/34b/34be0f638bec8be3f542806a1bf3b90e.pdf , language=ru , accessdate=30 September 2022 {{cite web , title=ОСВОЕННЫЕ МИКРОСХЕМЫ , trans-title=Integrated circuits in production , publisher=OAO "SKTB ES" , place=Voronezh , url=https://sktbes.com/mastered.html , language=ru , access-date=12 June 2016 {{cite web , title=Каталог продукции группы компаний «Миландр» 2020 , trans-title=Product catalog of the Milandr Group 2020 , publisher=PKK Milandr , place=Moscow , url= https://www.milandr.ru/upload/iblock/606/60678b264ddfd70f59ad203d9f4c2cce.pdf , language=ru , access-date=13 March 2021 {{cite web , title=Продукция , trans-title=Products , publisher=AO Design Centre Soyuz , place=Zelenograd , url=https://dcsoyuz.ru/products , language=ru , access-date=24 April 2019 {{cite web , title=АО "НИИТАП" , trans-title=AO "NIITAP" , publisher=AO "NIITAP" , place=Zelenograd , url=http://www.niitap.ru/ , language=ru , access-date=28 June 2016 {{cite web , title=Интегральные микросхемы , trans-title=Integrated circuits , publisher=OAO "Exiton" , place=Moscow , url=https://okbexiton.ru/pr_ic.php , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317104417/https://okbexiton.ru/pr_ic.php , archive-date=17 March 2022 , language=ru , access-date=30 September 2022 {{cite web , title=Продукция , trans-title=Products , publisher=OAO NPO "Fizika" , place=Moscow , url=http://npofizika.ru/production , language=ru , access-date=13 May 2016 {{cite web , title=Каталог , trans-title=Catalog , publisher=AO "Optron" , place=Moscow , url=http://www.optron.ru/catalog/ , language=ru , access-date=4 March 2019 {{cite web , title=Продукция , trans-title=Products , publisher=PAO NPP "Sapfir" , place=Moscow , url=http://www.sapfir.ru/produkciya/ , language=ru , access-date=31 May 2016 {{cite web , title=ИНТЕГРАЛЬНЫЕ МИКРОСХЕМЫ , trans-title=Integrated circuits , publisher=OAO NPP "Pulsar" , place=Moscow , url=https://shop.pulsarnpp.ru/produktsiya/radioelektronnye-svch-sistemy , language=ru , access-date=30 September 2022 {{cite web , title=Микросхемы , trans-title=Integrated circuits , publisher=NPK "TTs" , place=Moscow , url=http://www.tcen.ru/rus/products/oborudovanie-dlya-meditsiny/mikroskhemy , language=ru , access-date=1 September 2016 {{cite web , title=БИС и СБИС , trans-title=LSI and VLSI , publisher=AO NIIMA "Progress" , place=Moscow , url=http://www.mri-progress.ru/products/bis-i-sbis/ , language=ru , access-date=13 September 2016 {{cite web , title=Каталог продукции , trans-title=Product catalog , publisher=ZAO Svetlana Semiconductors , place=Saint Petersburg , url=http://svetpol.ru/produktsiya/ , language=ru , access-date=30 May 2016 {{cite web , title=Оптроны и твердотельные реле , trans-title=Optocouplers and solid state relays , publisher=OAO "Proton" , place=Oryol , url=http://www.proton-orel.ru/catalog/optrony-i-tverdotelnye-rele/ , language=ru , access-date=30 May 2016 {{cite web , title=Микросборки (твердотельные реле с приемкой "5") , trans-title=Hybrid integrated circuits (solid state relays with acceptance "5") , publisher=ZAO "Proton-Impuls" , place=Oryol , url=http://proton-impuls.ru/categoryrele/mikrosborki-tverdotelnye-rele-i-pri/ , language=ru , date=2017 , access-date=6 March 2018 {{cite web , title=ПРОДУКЦИЯ , trans-title=Products , publisher=AO NZPP , place=Novosibirsk , url=http://www.nzpp.ru/product/ , language=ru , access-date=31 May 2016 {{cite web , title=ПРОДУКЦИЯ , trans-title=Products , publisher=AO "NPP Vostok" , place=Novosibirsk , language=ru , url=http://vostok.nsk.su/?bid=0&id=4 , access-date=2021-03-19 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506164512/http://vostok.nsk.su/?bid=0&id=4 , archive-date=2020-05-06 {{cite web , title=Каталог продукции , trans-title=Product catalog , publisher=AO "NIIPP" , place=Tomsk , url=http://www.niipp.ru/catalog/ , language=ru , access-date=31 May 2016 {{cite web , title=Интегральные микросхемы для техники специального назначения , trans-title=Integrated circuits for special-purpose machinery , publisher=AO "Orbita" , place=Saransk , url=http://orbita.su/catalog/integralnye-mikroshemy-dlya-tehniki-specialnogo-naznacheniya-16 , language=ru , access-date=5 June 2016 {{cite web , title= КАТАЛОГ ИЗДЕЛИЙ , trans-title=Product catalog , publisher=AO Group Kremny EL , place=Bryansk , language=ru , url=http://group-kremny.ru/katalog-izdeliy-elektronnoy-tekhniki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%20%D0%9A%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%9C%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%99%202103.pdf , access-date=25 May 2022 {{cite web , title= КАТАЛОГ ИЗДЕЛИЙ , trans-title=Product catalog , publisher=ZAO Kremny Marketing , place=Bryansk , language=ru , url=http://kremny-m.ru/katalog.shtml , access-date=8 March 2018 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904063153/http://kremny-m.ru/katalog.shtml , archive-date=4 September 2017 {{cite web , title=Каталог , trans-title=Catalog , publisher=ZAO "NTTs SIT" , place=Bryansk , url=http://www.sitsemi.ru/ , language=ru , access-date=27 June 2016 {{cite web , title=Продукция , trans-title=Products , publisher=OAO "NZPP-KBR" (former "Elkor") , place=Nalchik , language=ru , url=http://www.nzpp-kbr.ru/index.php?Page=page_212 , access-date=27 April 2020 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916020323/http://www.nzpp-kbr.ru/index.php?Page=page_212 , archive-date=16 September 2018 {{cite web , title=Продукция , trans-title=Products , publisher=OAO "OKB-Planeta" , place=Novgorod , language=ru , url=http://www.okbplaneta.ru/production.php , access-date=4 March 2019 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102023737/http://www.okbplaneta.ru/production.php , archive-date=2 November 2017 {{cite web , title=РАЗРАБАТЫВАЕМЫЕ МИКРОСХЕМЫ - КАТАЛОГ 2017 , trans-title=Developed integrated circuits - catalog 2017 , publisher=MVC , place=Nishny Novgorod , language=ru , url=http://mvc-nn.ru/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Каталог-Разрабатываемые-микросхемы_МВЦ_2017-А4.pdf , access-date=20 October 2017 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215021932/http://mvc-nn.ru/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B5-%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D0%92%D0%A6_2017-%D0%904.pdf , archive-date=15 December 2017 {{cite web , url=https://niiis-micro.ru/ , title=Радиационно стойкие микросхемы НИИИС , trans-title=Radiation-resistant integrated circuits from NIIIS , language=ru , publisher=NIIIS , place=Nizhny Novgorod , access-date=28 April 2020 {{cite web , title=Микросхемы , trans-title=Integrated circuits , publisher=AO "Voshod" , place=Kaluga , url=http://www.voshod-krlz.ru/catalog/2 , language=ru , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824081727/http://www.voshod-krlz.ru/catalog/2 , archive-date=24 August 2021 , access-date=8 June 2016 {{cite web , title=Продукция , trans-title=Products , publisher=ZAO "OKB MEL" , place=Kaluga , url=http://www.okbmel.ru/?page_id=177 , language=ru , access-date=12 June 2016 {{cite web , title=Производство полупроводниковых приборов и СВЧ модулей - каталог 2016 , trans-title=Production of semiconductor devices and microwave modules - catalog 2016 , publisher=AO "NPP Iskra" , place=Ulyanovsk , url=http://zavod-iskra.ru/production/doc/catalog-2016.pdf , language=ru , access-date=23 March 2018 {{cite web , title=Тонкопленочные наборы резисторов, ГИС ЦАП и АЦП ВТ на их основе , trans-title=Thin film resistors sets, hybrid integrated DAC and ADC based on them , publisher=OAO "NIIEMP" , place=Penza , url=http://niiemp.ru/ekb/tonkoplenochnye-nabory-rezistorov-gis-tsap-i-atsp-vt-na-ikh-osnove.html , language=ru , access-date=28 April 2020 {{cite web , title=Микросхемы серии 301 , trans-title=Integrated circuit series 301 , publisher=OAO "Almaz" , place=Kotovsk , url=http://www.almaz-electro.ru/product/?cat=1 , language=ru , access-date=9 June 2016 {{cite web , title = Микросхемы , trans-title = Integrated circuits , publisher = OAO NPP "Eltom" , place = Tomilino , language = ru , url = http://eltom.ru/mikroskhemy , access-date = 28 March 2018 , url-status = dead , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170501220543/http://eltom.ru/mikroskhemy , archive-date = 1 May 2017

, {{cite web , title=Интегральные микросхемы , trans-title=Integrated circuits , publisher=OAO "Integral" , place=Minsk , url=http://www.integral.by/ru/products/integrated-circuits , language=ru , access-date=24 May 2016 {{cite web , title=Интегральные микросхемы , trans-title=Integrated circuits , publisher="Transistor" branch of OAO "Integral" , place=Minsk , language=ru , url=http://www.transistor.by/products/common/ic/ , access-date=7 April 2016 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302100934/http://www.transistor.by/products/common/ic/ , archive-date=2 March 2019 {{cite web , title=Продукция , trans-title=Products , publisher=OOO "NTTs DELS" , place=Minsk , url=http://www.dels.by/ru/production/ , language=ru , access-date=28 June 2016 {{cite web , title=ПРОДУКЦИЯ И ЦЕНЫ , trans-title=Products and prices , publisher=DP "Kvazar-IS" , place=Kiev , url=http://www.kwazar-is.kiev.ua/nomen.htm , language=ru , access-date=7 April 2016 {{cite web , title=Продукция , trans-title=Products , publisher=OOO "NPO Kristall" , place=Kiev , language=ru , url=http://krystall.net.ua/ru/products.html , access-date=15 June 2016 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224020159/http://krystall.net.ua/ru/products.html , archive-date=2020-02-24 {{cite web , title=Каталог товаров , trans-title=Product catalog , publisher=TOV TD "Elektronni komponenti" (former "Rodon" and "Logika") , place=Ivano-Frankivsk , url=http://rodon.all.biz/goods , language=ru , access-date=15 June 2016 {{cite web , title=Продукция предприятия , trans-title=The company's products , publisher=DP "Dnepr Semiconductors" , place=Kherson , language=ru , url=http://www.dneprpp.kherson.ua/Produccia/Product.htm , access-date=28 March 2018 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605105746/http://www.dneprpp.kherson.ua/Produccia/Product.htm , archive-date=5 June 2017 {{cite web , title=Каталог товаров , trans-title=Product catalog , publisher=RD Alfa , place=Riga , url=http://rdalfa.lv/ru/menu/5-Katalog_tovarov.html , language=ru , access-date=6 May 2016 {{cite web , title=Аннотация продукции АО "Альфа" , trans-title=Abstract of products from AS Alfa , publisher=AS Alfa RPAR , place=Riga , url=http://www.alfarzpp.lv/rus/sc/function.php , language=ru , access-date=6 June 2016 {{cite web , title=Каталог продукции , trans-title=Product catalog , publisher=OAO "Foton" , place=Tashkent , language=ru , url=http://www.foton.uz/rus/katiet.htm , access-date=26 March 2021 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313055118/http://www.foton.uz/rus/katiet.htm , archive-date=13 March 2019 {{cite web , title=КАТАЛОГ ИЗДЕЛИЙ , trans-title=Product catalog , publisher=OAO "BZPP" , place=Bolkhov , language=ru , date=2017 , url=http://www.bzpp.pro/gallery/%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%20%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%BF.pdf , access-date=1 December 2017 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328204654/http://bzpp.pro/gallery/%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%20%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%BF.pdf , archive-date=28 March 2018 {{cite web , title=Полупроводниковое производство , trans-title=Semiconductor products , publisher=AO "BZPP" , place=Bolkhov , language=ru , date=2021 , url=http://aobzpp.ru/poluprovodnikovoe-proizvodstvo/ , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213195019/http://aobzpp.ru/poluprovodnikovoe-proizvodstvo/ , archive-date= 13 December 2021 , access-date=23 September 2022 {{cite web , title=ПРАЙС-ЛИСТ , trans-title=Price list , publisher=OOO Krip Tekhno , place=Alexandrov , url=https://kriptehno.ru/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/price_pribor_obshii.pdf , language=ru , date=2018 , access-date=27 October 2019 {{cite book , title=Аналоговые И Цифровые Интегральные Схемы , trans-title=Analogue and digital integrated circuits , publisher=Советское Радио , language=ru , year=1979 , first=Сергей Викторович , last=Якубовский Translated in {{cite web , title=USSR Report - Cybernetics, Computers and Automation Technology (FOUO 19/81) , publisher=

CIA The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA; ) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with advancing national security through collecting and analyzing intelligence from around the world and ...

, date=19 August 1981 , url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040032-8.pdf , access-date=15 May 2017 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211024753/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040032-8.pdf , archive-date=2017-12-11 {{cite magazine , title=Условные обозначения микросхем , trans-title=Integrated circuit designations , pages=57–58 , magazine=Радио , date=March 1977 , language=ru , url=http://www.radioman-portal.ru/magazin/radio/1977/3.php , access-date=19 November 2017 Translated in {{cite journal , title=Bezeichnungskode für sowjetische IS , trans-title=Designation code for Soviet ICs , pages=446 , journal=Radio Fernsehen Elektronik , year=1980 , volume=29 , issue=7 , language=de , url=http://datasheet.datasheetarchive.com/originals/scans/Scans-048/DSAGER000240.pdf , access-date=20 November 2017 {{cite book , title=Datenblattsammlung "Aktive elektronische Bauelemente" 3/84 , trans-title=Data sheet collection "Active electronic components" 3/84 , publisher=VEB Applikationszentrum Elektronik , place=Berlin , language=de , date=December 1984 , url=https://datasheet.datasheetarchive.com/originals/scans/Scans-048/DSAGER000219.pdf , access-date=21 November 2017 {{cite journal , first=Karl-Heinz , last=Schubert , title=Elektronisches Jahrbuch für den Funkamateur 1975 , trans-title=Electronics Yearbook for the Radio Amateur 1975 , publisher=Militärverlag der DDR , place=Berlin , language=de , date=1 February 1974 , pages=117–126 , issn=0424-8678 , oclc=74220762 , journal= , series= {{cite book , author1=А. Денисов , author2=В. Коняхин , title=Полузаказные БИС на БМК серий 5503 и 5507. В 4 книгах. Практическое пособие. Книга 1. Методология проектирования и освоение производства , trans-title=Semi-custom LSI using gate arrays of the 5503 and 5507 series. In 4 volumes. Practical guide. Volume 1: Design methodology and production development , language=ru , place=Moscow , date=2019 , publisher=Tekhnosfera , pages=2-5 – 2-8 , isbn=978-5-94836-442-1 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oDW6DwAAQBAJ&dq=%D0%93%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A2+%D0%A0%D0%92+5901-005%E2%80%942010&pg=SA2-PA5 Computing in the Soviet Union Electronics lists