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Solano is an unclassified
extinct language An extinct language or dead language is a language with no living native speakers. A dormant language is a dead language that still serves as a symbol of ethnic identity to an ethnic group; these languages are often undergoing a process of r ...
formerly spoken in northeast
Mexico Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in North America. It is the northernmost country in Latin America, and borders the United States to the north, and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; while having maritime boundar ...
and perhaps also in the neighboring
U.S. state In the United States, a state is a constituent political entity, of which there are 50. Bound together in a political union, each state holds governmental jurisdiction over a separate and defined geographic territory where it shares its so ...
of
Texas Texas ( , ; or ) is the most populous U.S. state, state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. It borders Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the we ...
. It is a possible
language isolate A language isolate is a language that has no demonstrable genetic relationship with any other languages. Basque in Europe, Ainu and Burushaski in Asia, Sandawe in Africa, Haida and Zuni in North America, Kanoê in South America, and Tiwi ...
.


Background

Solano is known only from a 21-word vocabulary list that appears at the end of a 1703–1708 baptism book from the San Francisco Solano Mission, which hosted at least four different peoples, including the Xarame, Payuguan, Papanac, and Siaguan. Supposedly the language is of the Indians of this mission – perhaps the Terocodame band cluster. The Solano peoples are associated with the 18th-century missions near
Eagle Pass, Texas Eagle Pass is a city in and the county seat of Maverick County, Texas, United States. Its population was 28,130 as of the 2020 census. Eagle Pass borders the city of Piedras Negras, Coahuila, Mexico, which is to the southwest and across the ...
.


Word list

The 21 known Solano words, as reproduced in Swanton (1940), are:Swanton, John R. 1940. "Words from a dialect spoken near the mission of San Francisco Solano, below Eagle Pass on the Rio Grande". ''Linguistic material from the tribes of Southern Texas and Northeastern Mexico''. (Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 127). Washington: Government Printing Office. pp. 54-55. :


Lexical comparison

Below is a comparison of selected words from Zamponi (2024). There are no obvious cognates with other neighboring languages. :


See also

* Solano people * Amotomanco language * Aranama language * Tanpachoa language


Bibliography

* Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. . * Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). ''Languages''. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. . * Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978–present). ''Handbook of North American Indians'' (Vol. 1–20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1–3, 16, 18–20 not yet published).


References

{{Native American Tribes in Texas Unclassified languages of North America Extinct languages of North America Indigenous languages of Mexico Indigenous languages of the Southwestern United States Indigenous languages of the North American Southwest Indigenous languages of Texas Languages extinct in the 18th century