Slendro () is one of the essential tuning systems used in

gamelan Gamelan (; ; , ; ) is the traditional musical ensemble, ensemble music of the Javanese people, Javanese, Sundanese people, Sundanese, and Balinese people, Balinese peoples of Indonesia, made up predominantly of percussion instrument, per ...

instruments that have pentatonic scale. Based on Javanese mythology, the Slendro Gamelan tuning system is older than the '' pélog'' tuning system.

Etymology

Slendro is a Javanese term for one of the scales in

. It is derived either from " Sailendra", the name of the ruling family in the eighth and ninth centuries when Borobudur was built, or from the god Sang Hyang Hendra.

History

The origin of the ''slendro'' scale is unknown. However the name ''slendro'' is derived from Sailendra, the ancient dynasty of Mataram Kingdom in Central Java, and also Srivijaya. The ''slendro'' scale is thought to be brought to Srivijaya by Mahayana Buddhists from Gandhara of India, via Nalanda and Srivijaya from there to Java and Bali. It is similar to scales used in

India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...

n and Chinese music as well as other areas of Asia and they all may have a common origin. A ''salendro'' scale is also found in the neighboring musical ensemble of Kulintang. This is very difficult if not impossible to determine. Even within Indonesia, it is difficult to determine the evolution of scales. For example, scales used in Banyuwangi, at the eastern tip of Java, are very similar to scales used in Jembrana, a short distance away on Bali. There is probably no way to document which region influenced the other, or if they both evolved together.

Tuning

From one region of Indonesia to another the ''slendro'' scale often varies widely. The amount of variation also varies from region to region. For example, ''slendro'' in Central Java varies much less from gamelan to gamelan than it does in Bali, where ensembles from the same village may be tuned very differently. The five pitches of the Javanese version are roughly equally spaced within the octave. As in ''pelog'', although the intervals vary from one gamelan to the next, the intervals between notes in a scale are very close to identical for different instruments within the same ''gamelan''. It is common in Balinese gamelan that instruments are played in pairs which are tuned slightly apart so as to produce interference beating which are ideally at a consistent speed for all pairs of notes in all registers. It is thought that this contributes to the very "busy" and "shimmering" sound of gamelan ensembles. In the religious ceremonies that contain ''gamelan'', these interference beats are meant to give the listener a feeling of a god's presence or a stepping stone to a meditative state. For the instruments that do not need fixed pitches (such as suling and rebab) and the voice, other pitches are sometimes inserted into the scale. The Sundanese musicologist/teacher Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata identified 17 vocal pitches used in ''slendro''. Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata. ''Ringkěsan Pangawikan Riněnggaswara''. Jakarta: Noordhoff-Kollff, c. 1950, page 17. Cited in Hood, Mantle (1977). ''The Nuclear Theme as a Determinant of Pathet in Javanese Music'', . New York: Da Capo. These microtonal adjustments bear some similarity to Indian '' śruti''.

Note names

In Java, the notes of the ''slendro'' scale can be designated in different ways; one common way is the use of numbers often called by their names in Javanese, especially in a shortened form. An older set uses names derived from parts of the body. Notice that both systems have the same designations for 5 and 6. There is no 4; possibly this is because it appears as an unusual tone in pelog and is not used when modulating between the systems. The name ''barang'' is also sometimes used for 1 in ''slendro'' (it is the usual name for 7 in pelog); the octave is then designated as ''barang alit''. In Bali, the scale starts on the note named ding, and then continue going up the scale to dong, deng, dung and dang.

Connotations

For experienced participants in gamelan music, the ''pelog'' and ''slendro'' scales each have a particular feeling, related to the rituals and circumstances in which the scale is used. For example, in Bali, ''slendro'' is felt to have a sad sound because it is used as the tuning of gamelan angklung, the traditional ensemble for

cremation Cremation is a method of Disposal of human corpses, final disposition of a corpse through Combustion, burning. Cremation may serve as a funeral or post-funeral rite and as an alternative to burial. In some countries, including India, Nepal, and ...

ceremonies. The connotation also depends on the '' pathet'' (roughly, the mode) used. There are three ''slendro pathet'' used in Javanese ''gamelan'', ''nem'', ''sanga'', and ''manyura''. That is the order in which they appear in a '' wayang'' performance, which historically used only ''slendro pathet''. Consequently, they have the implications of where they appear in the evening.

Etymology

History

Tuning

Note names

Connotations

See also

References

Further reading