Sinosaurus

''Sinosaurus'' (meaning "Chinese lizard") is an extinct genus of basal theropod dinosaur which lived during the Early Jurassic (Hettangian-Sinemurian). Fossils of the animal have been found in the Lufeng Formation, in the Yunnan Province of China. The type species, ''S. triassicus'', was named by Chung Chieng Young in 1940. A second species, ''S. sinensis'', was originally assigned to ''Dilophosaurus'', but was later reassigned to ''Sinosaurus''. ''Sinosaurus'' is morphologically similar to ''Dilophosaurus'' including the presence of a similarly shaped cranial crest, though its precise taxonomic position is uncertain, and the two genera may not be closely related.

Discovery and naming

The composite term ''Sinosaurus'' comes from ''Sinae'', the Latin word for the Chinese, and the Greek word ' () meaning "lizard"; thus "Chinese lizard". The specific name, ''triassicus'', refers to the Triassic, the period that the fossils were originally thought to date from. ''Sinosaurus'' was described and named by Chung Chien Young, who is known as the 'Father of Chinese Vertebrate Paleontology', in 1940.

The holotype, IVPP V34, was found in the Lower Lufeng Formation, and consists of two maxillary (upper jaw) fragments, four maxillary teeth, and a lower jaw fragment with three teeth. The teeth are laterally compressed, and feature fine serrations both at their anterior and posterior edges. The teeth are also variable in size and are curved backwards. This material is too fragmentary to determine the length and weight of this dinosaur. Over the years, other fossils were referred to ''Sinosaurus'', some of which were material that was shown to belong to two sauropodomorphs. The fossils include postcrania, with a sacrum with three preserved sacral vertebrae. The material assigned to "''Sinosaurus'' postcrania" includes a mix of plateosaurid and melanorosaurid elements. All the material from the Red Beds block has now been reassigned to '' Jingshanosaurus''.

KMV 8701 was originally discovered in 1987. The specimen was identified as a new species, and was named ''Dilophosaurus sinensis''. Then in 1994, during a field expedition, a more complete specimen was found, and was assigned to the same species. In 2003, Dong Zhiming studied the material of ''Sinosaurus triassicus'', finding it to be quite similar to ''Dilophosaurus sinensis''. As ''Sinosaurus'' was named earlier, "Dilophosaurus" ''sinensis'' became its junior synonym. In 2013, a study by Currie et al., confirmed that ''D. sinensis'' was the same animal as ''S. triassicus''Currie, Xing, Wu and Dong, in prep. "Anatomy and relationships of Sinosaurus triassicus ("Dilophosaurus sinensis") from the Lufeng Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Yunnan, China". On the other hand, Wang ''et al.'' (2017) stated that it needs to be further investigated whether ''D. sinensis'' is indeed a junior synonym of ''S. triassicus'', and noted that the two species are different at least in the anatomy of the premaxilla. The authors tentatively assigned ''D. sinensis'' to the genus ''Sinosaurus'', but retained it as a species distinct from ''Sinosaurus triassicus''. Specimen KMV 8701 consists of a skull, measuring , and is nearly complete. Dong claimed that animal was about long. It has been assigned now to ''Sinosaurus'', but the specimen still lacks sufficient description and preparation.

Over the years, paleontologists referred additional specimens to ''D. sinensis'' which are now assigned to ''Sinosaurus''. Dong (2003) referred specimen LDM-LCA10 which consists of a skull and an incomplete skeleton. In 2012, Xing referred two individuals, ZLJ0003 which consists of a partial skull and an incomplete skeleton, and ZLJT01 which is a juvenile individual that consists of a premaxillary fragment, an incomplete maxilla, a maxillary fragment, a lacrimal, both frontals, both parietals, an incomplete braincase, an incomplete dentary, an atlantal intercentrum, two dorsal rib fragments, and a partial proximal caudal neural arch, to ''Sinosaurus''.

In 2012, a new specimen of ''Sinosaurus'' was described, and was found to represent a new species. The species '' Shuangbaisaurus anlongbaoensis'', discovered and named in 2017, has later been considered a synonym of ''Sinosaurus triassicus''. A complete skull with a preserved mandible and 11 cervical vertebrae was described for ''Sinosaurus'' in 2023, after it was discovered near the locality where the holotype was found. The specimen also suggests three autapomorphies are unique to this theropod, all regarding crest development and the various fenestrae of the skull.

Description

Size

''Sinosaurus'' was a relatively large theropod by the standards of the Early Jurassic. With the use of virtual skeletal mount, Liang et al. (2024) estimated that ''Sinosaurus'' was a large theropod around long with a maximum body mass of . The authors suggested that since the phylogenetic position of ''Sinosaurus'' is not well understood, previous estimations based on extant scaling approaches derived from femur length and circumference are unreliable.

Skull

A near- complete ''Sinosaurus triassicus'' skull (LFKL 004), measured from the anterior (front) end of the premaxilla to the posterior (rear) end of the quadratojugal, has a total length of , and is similar in size to that of ''Dilophosaurus''. The ratio between the height and length of the skull is intermediate between that of ''Dilophosaurus'' and that of later theropods, such as ''Allosaurus''. The most distinctive feature is a pair of large crests over the antorbital fenestra, formed from the nasal and lacrimal bones, which superficially resemble those of ''Dilophosaurus''. The posterior end of the crest, the part formed by the lacrimal, is axe-shaped. Eight major fenestrae are littered throughout the skull, including the nasal cavity (nostril) and the orbit (eye socket). The lacrimal extends to the edge of the antorbital fenestra, and projects into the posterodorsal (rear back) part of the antorbital fossa. There is a small gap between the premaxilla and maxilla, the subnarial gap, which is also seen in several basal theropods, like ''Dilophosaurus'' and coelophysoids. The two species of ''Sinosaurus'' can be distinguished by the amount of teeth on the premaxilla (''S. triassicus'' has four, while ''S. sinensis'' has five), and the fact that ''S. sinensis'' lacks one of the aforementioned fenestrae, that on the lateral surface of the crest.

''Sinosaurus'' is the only "dilophosaurid" known from a complete braincase. ''Cryolophosaurus'', ''Dilophosaurus'', '' Zupaysaurus'' and '' Coelophysis kayentakatae'' are all known from partial braincases. Two partial braincases were found before 2012, and are probably mostly complete, except that large sections are obscured by sediments. In 2011, an exceptionally well-preserved braincase was found, only missing the frontal bones and orbitosphenoid.

Postcranial skeleton

With the reclassification of most of ''Sinosaurus''' postcrania to other genera, what little data there is comes from specimens, such as ZLJ 0003 and ZLJ 0057. Both specimens are almost complete, though their postcranial elements have not yet been described in detail.

Classification

Originally thought to be a coelophysoid related to ''Dilophosaurus'' and ''Cryolophosaurus'', Oliver Rauhut in 2003 showed ''Sinosaurus'' to be a more advanced theropod, related to ''Cryolophosaurus'' and "Dilophosaurus" ''sinensis''. In 2013, in an unpublished work, Carano agreed that ''Sinosaurus'' is a theropod. ''Sinosaurus'' has been considered a ''nomen dubium'' in a few works, although now that "Dilophosaurus" ''sinensis'' is referred to it, it is considered valid.

''Dilophosaurus sinensis'' was shown to be a junior synonym of ''Sinosaurus'' in 2003. It is possibly closer to the Antarctic theropod ''Cryolophosaurus'', based on the fact that the anterior end of the jugal does not participate in the internal antorbital fenestra and that the maxillary tooth row is completely in front of the eye socket. ''D. sinensis'' was exhibited in 1998 at Dinofest in Philadelphia.Glut, D. F. (1999). Dinosaurs, the Encyclopedia, Supplement 1: McFarland & Company, Inc., 442pp. Although the skull of ''D. sinensis'' sports large nasolacrimal crests superficially like those reconstructed in ''D. wetherilli'', features elsewhere in the skeleton suggest it is closer to tetanuran theropods. Rauhut (2003) regarded ''D. sinensis'' as a basal tetanuran most closely related to ''Sinosaurus'' and ''Cryolophosaurus''. Lamanna ''et al.'' (1998b) examined the material ascribed to ''D. sinensis'' and found it to be synonymous with ''Sinosaurus triassicus''.Lamanna, M. C., Holtz, T. R. Jr, and Dodson, P., 1998, A reassessment of the Chinese Theropod Dinosaur Dilophosaurus sinensis: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Volume 18, Supplement to Number 3. Abstracts of papers. Fifty-eighth annual meeting, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Snowbird Ski and Summer Resort, Snowbird, Utah, September 30 – October 3, 1998, p. 57a. This cladistic finding was confirmed in 2003 by Dong.

The Lufeng Dinosaurian Museum discovered a new specimen of ''Sinosaurus'' (ZLJT01) in 2007 from the Lufeng Basin. It consists of an incomplete skull and other postcranial fragments. Phylogenetic analysis of this specimen, demonstrates that ''Sinosaurus'' is a more derived theropod, and is not the most basal dilophosaurid, as held by Smith et al. A cladogram was identified by Christophe Hendrickx and Octávio Mateus. It placed ''Sinosaurus'' and ''Cryolophosaurus'' in a polytomy at the base of Tetanurae.

Recent studies placed ''Sinosaurus'' outside the Ceratosauria+Tetanurae clade, while Wang ''et al''. (2016) considered it the basalmost ceratosaur.

Paleobiology

Crest function

''Sinosaurus'' and ''Dilophosaurus'' both possess dual crests. However, it was found that the crests could not be used in combat.

Feeding

The skull of ''Sinosaurus'' has a deep notch between the premaxilla and maxilla. Dong (2003) proposed that the notch was used to house jaw muscles, giving ''Sinosaurus'' a powerful bite. Based on the estimated power of its jaws, ''Sinosaurus'' might have either been a carnivore or a scavenger. Dong suspected that the premaxilla was covered in a narrow, hooked beak, that was used to rip open skin and abdominal flesh. He also thought that the crest would have been used to hold open the abdominal cavity while feeding. Dong studied the feet of ''Sinosaurus'' as well, finding a resemblance with the feet of modern vultures. The feet of ''Sinosaurus'' were probably adapted to help it feed on large-bodied animals, such as prosauropods. The body shape of ''Sinosaurus'' combined with its skull/body length ratio further suggests that ''Sinosaurus'' was a fast runner, and relied heavily on both its long front limbs and its jaws to take down its prey.

Paleopathology

A study by Xing ''et al.'' (2013) examined the effect of the traumatic loss of teeth on the dental alveolus (the socket in the jaw where the roots of teeth are held) in dinosaurs. ''Sinosaurus'' is the first dinosaur where remodeling of the alveolus in the jaw was observed. The authors concluded that this finding "contributes to mounting evidence suggesting theropods were highly resilient to a broad spectrum of traumas and diseases." The dental alveolus found on ''Sinosaurus'' is the first documented dental pathology found on a dinosaur.

Paleoecology

Provenance and occurrence

The type specimen of ''Sinosaurus triassicus'' IVPP V34 was recovered in the Zhangjiawa Member of the Lufeng Formation, in Yunnan, China. These remains were discovered at the Dark Red Beds that were deposited during the Sinemurian stage of the Jurassic period, approximately 196-183 million years ago. Several other discoveries referred to ''Sinosaurus'' were made in the Zhangjiawa Member: specimens IVPP V97 (postcrania), IVPP V36 (teeth), IVPP 37 (teeth), IVPP V88 (ilium), IVPP V35 (teeth and postcranial bones), IVPP V100 and IVPP V48 (teeth and postcranial bones) discovered in 1938 by M. Bien & C.C. Young,M. N. Bien. 1940. Discovery of Triassic saurischian and primitive mammalian remains at Lufeng, Yunnan. Bulletin of the Geological Society of China 20(3/4):225-234 FMNH CUP 2001–2003 discovered by E. Oehler and Hu. Specimens FMNH CUP 2097, FMNH CUP 2098, FMNH CUP 2004, FMNH CUP 2005 were discovered in 1948 by M. Bien & C.C. Young at Zhangjiawa Member, as well. ''Sinosaurus'' sp. fossils have been found in the Zhenzhuchong Formation, and were previously thought to be a poposaur, although they might have only been from the equivalent Lufeng Formation.

Specimen IVPP V504, referred to ''Sinosaurus'', a maxilla with four teeth, was collected by Lee in the 1940s, in the Dull Purplish Beds of Shawan Member of the Lufeng Formation, that were deposited during the Hettangian stage of the Jurassic period, approximately 201-199 million years ago. Several other discoveries were made in the Shawan Member: parts of two skeletons attributed to ''Sinosaurus'' were discovered by Sou in 1956,C.-C. Young. 1966. On a new locality of the Lufengosaurus of Yunnan. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 10(1):64–67 specimen IVPP V279 (tooth) was discovered by C.C. Young in 1938, in dark red clayish sandstone, and specimen IVPP V381 (several teeth) was discovered by C.C. Young, in blue mudstone. The ''D. sinensis'' remains, KMV 8701, a nearly complete skeleton, now referred to ''Sinosaurus'', were recovered in the Shawan Member of Lufeng Formation. This material was discovered in 1987 in the Dull Purplish Beds that were deposited during the Hettangian stage of the Early Jurassic, approximately 201-199 million years ago.

Fauna and habitat

In the Lufeng Formation, ''Sinosaurus'' shared its paleoenvironment with therapsids like ''Morganucodon'', '' Oligokyphus'', and '' Bienotherium''; archosaurs like '' Pachysuchus''; diapsids like '' Strigosuchus''; crocodylomorphs like '' Platyognathus'' and ''Microchampsa''; the early mammal ''Hadrocodium''; and other early reptiles. Contemporary dinosaurs include indeterminate sauropods; the early thyreophorans '' Bienosaurus lufengensis'' and '' Tatisaurus oehleri''; the supposed chimeric ornithopod " Dianchungosaurus lufengensis"; the prosauropods '' Gyposaurus sinensis'', '' Lufengosaurus huenei'', '' L. magnus'', '' Jingshanosaurus xinwaiensis'',Y. Zhang, and Z. Yang. (1995). A new complete osteology of Prosauropoda in Lufeng Basin, Yunnan, China. Yunnan Publishing House of Science and Technology, Kunming, China 1–100. hinese/ref> '' Kunmingosaurus wudingensis'', '' Chinshakiangosaurus chunghoensis'', '' Yunnanosaurus huangi'', "Y." ''robustus'', and an unnamed taxon; and the theropods '' Lukousaurus'', '' Eshanosaurus'', and ''Coelophysis'' sp.

'' Changpeipus'' footprints have been found in the Lufeng Formation. In 2009, a study led by Li-Da Xing found that footprints from the Lufeng Formation were unique among ichnogenera, and named the footprints ''Changpeipus pareschequier''. The study hypothesized that they were produced by a coelophysoid; there are many possible trackmakers, however, including both ''Sinosaurus'' and ''Coelophysis'' sp.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q149083

Theropoda
Dinosaur genera
Sinemurian dinosaurs
Lufeng Formation
Taxa named by Yang Zhongjian
Fossil taxa described in 1940
Dinosaurs of China