Sinhala Script

The Sinhalese script (), also known as Sinhala script, is a writing system used by the Sinhalese people and most Sri Lankans in Sri Lanka and elsewhere to write the Sinhalese language as well as the liturgical languages Pali and Sanskrit. The Sinhalese Akṣara Mālāva, one of the Brahmic scripts, is a descendant of the Ancient Indian Brahmi script. It is thought to be derived from Grantha script.

History

The Sinhala script is a Brahmi derivate and was thought to have been imported from Northern India around the 3rd century BCE. It developed in a complex manner, partly independently but also strongly influenced by South Indian scripts at various stages, manifestly influenced by the early Grantha script. Pottery from the 6th century BCE has been found in Anuradhapura with lithic Brahmi inscriptions written in Prakrit or Sinhala Prakrit. It has caused debate as to whether Ceylonese Brahmi influenced Brahmi in the Indian mainland.

Medieval Sinhalese, which emerged around 750 AD, which is thought to be derived from Grantha script. Although, it has to be noted that between the Proto-Sinhalese and the Medieval Sinhalese that the found inscriptions are radically different, thus, it looks like a break. However, according to the author Diringer a new script which has been derived from the Grantha script "''was also later employed for official inscriptions''". Subsequently, Medieval (and modern) Sinhalese resemble the South Indian scripts. The earliest surviving literature is from the 9th century CE, by this time around the script became more prevalent and was used in other contexts as well. For instance, the Buddhist literature of the Theravada- Buddhists of Sri Lanka, written in Pali, used Sinhala script.

Modern Sinhalese emerged in the 13th century and is marked by the composition of the grammar book ''Sidat Sangara''. In 1736, the Dutch were the first to print with Sinhala type on the island. The resulting type followed the features of the native Sinhala script used on palm leaves. The type created by the Dutch was monolinear and geometric in fashion, with no separation between words in early documents. During the second half of the 19th century, during the colonial period, a new style of Sinhala letterforms emerged in opposition to the monolinear and geometric form that used high contrast and had varied thicknesses. This high contrast type gradually replaced the monolinear type as the preferred style and continues to be used in the present day. The high contrast style is still preferred for text typesetting in printed newspapers, books, and magazines in Sri Lanka.

Today, the alphabet is used by over 16 million people to write Sinhala in very diverse contexts, such as newspapers, TV commercials, government announcements, graffiti, and schoolbooks.

Sinhala is the main language written in this script, but rare instances of its use for writing Sri Lanka Malay have been recorded.

Structure

Sinhala script is an abugida written from left to right. It uses consonants as the basic unit for word construction as each consonant has an inherent vowel (), which can be changed with a different vowel stroke. To represent different sounds it is necessary to add vowel strokes, or diacritics called (Pili), that can be used before, after, above, or below the base-consonant. Most of the Sinhala letters are curlicues; straight lines are almost completely absent from the alphabet, and it does not have joining characters. This is because Sinhala used to be written on dried palm leaves, which would split along the veins on writing straight lines. This was undesirable, and therefore, the round shapes were preferred. Upper and lower cases do not exist in Sinhala.

Sinhala letters are ordered into two sets. The core set of letters forms the pure Sinhala ( alphabet, which is a subset of the mixed Sinhala alphabet). The definition of the two sets is thus a historic one. The śuddha alphabet, also called the Eḷu alphabet (), contains everything necessary to write Eḷu, or classical Sinhala, as described in the classical grammar Sidatsan̆garā (1300 AD). The śuddha alphabet is also a good representation of the phoneme inventory of present-day colloquial Sinhala; all native sounds of the Modern Sinhala can be represented by '. The ''śuddha'' also includes the letters and diacritics for the retroflex consonants and , which are not phonemic in modern Sinhala but are needed for the representation of Eḷu. However, words which historically contained these two phonemes are still often written with these letters, despite changes in pronunciation.

The alphabet includes letters for Middle Indic aspirate, retroflex and sibilant consonants which are not found in modern Sinhala, but are used in the transcription of are used for transcribing loanwords from Sanskrit ( tatsama), Pali or English. Although modern Sinhala sounds are not aspirated, aspiration is marked in the sound where it was historically present, to highlight the differences in modern spelling. The use of letters is mainly a question of prestige. From a purely phonemic point of view, their sounds can all be represented by ''śuddha'' letters.

Although most phonemes of Sinhala can be represented by a ''śuddha'' letter or by a ''miśra'' letter, normally only one of them is considered correct. Additionally, the ''śuddha'' set itself contains both and , as well as and , and neither pair is distinctive in Modern sinhala. This one-to-many mapping of phonemes onto graphemes is a frequent source of misspellings.

While a phoneme can be represented by more than one grapheme, each grapheme can be pronounced in only one way, with the exceptions of the inherent vowel sound, which can be either (stressed) or (unstressed), and "ව" where the consonant is either or depending on the word. This means that the actual pronunciation of a word is almost always clear from its spelling. Stress is almost always predictable; only words with or (which are both allophones of "ව"), and a very few other words need to be learnt individually.

Consonants

The alphabet includes eight plosives, two fricatives, two affricates, two nasals, two liquids and two glides. As in other Brahmic scripts, each consonant carries an inherent vowel, which in Sinhala is .

Prenasalization

The prenasalized consonants resemble their plain counterparts. , ''m̆ba'' is made up of the left half of ''ma'' and the right half of ''ba'', while the other three are just like the grapheme for the plosive with a little stroke added. Vowel diacritics attach to a prenasalised consonant in the same way as they would to the corresponding plain plosives.

Consonant conjuncts

Certain combinations of letters are written with ligatures. Some graphical conventions include a ''ra'' following a consonant represented by and inverted arch (rakāransaya), a ''r'' preceding a consonant by a loop above (rēpaya), and a , ''ya'' following a consonant as a half of a ''ya'' on the right (yansaya. Some very frequent combinations can be written in one stroke, like , ''ddha'', , ''kwa'' or , ''kś''.

Touching letters were used in ancient scriptures but are not used in modern Sinhala. Vowels may be attached to any of the ligatures formed, attaching to the rightmost part of the glyph except for vowels that use the ''kombuva'', where the ''kombuva'' is written before the ligature or cluster and the remainder of the vowel, if any, is attached to the rightmost part.

Vowels and diacritics

Each vowel has two forms, an independent and a diacritic or vowel stroke (). The independent form is used when a vowel occurs at the beginning of a word. The diacritic is used when a vowel follows a consonant.

While most diacritics are regular, , ''u'' and ''ū'' take on a different shape when attached to a , ''ka'', , ''ga'', , ''n̆ga'', , ''ta'', , ''bha'', or , ''śa''. E.g.: , ''ku'', , ''kū''.

The inherent vowel of a letter can be removed by a hal kirīma (◌්), which has two shapes depending on which consonant it attaches to.

Combinations of ර(r) or ළ(ḷ) with have idiosyncratic shapes, viz රු (ru), රූ (rū), ළු (ḷu) and ළූ (ḷū). The diacritic used for රු (ru) and රූ (rū) is what is normally used for the , and therefore there are idiosyncratic forms for ''ræ'' and ''rǣ'', viz රැ and රෑ.

Śuddha vowels

There are six long and six short ''śuddha'' vowels.

Miśra vowels and vocalics

There are six additional vowel and syllabic consonants in the ''miśra'' alphabet. The two diphthongs are quite common, while the vocalic ṛ is much rarer, and ḷ is all but obsolete. The latter two are almost exclusively found in loanwords from Sanskrit.

The ''miśra'' can also be written with ''śuddha'' + or +, which corresponds to the actual pronunciation. The ''miśra'' syllabic ḷ can be replaced by ''śuddha'' +. Miśra is rendered as ''śuddha'' , ''miśra'' as ''śuddha'' .

Other diacritics

The anusvara (often called ''binduva'' 'zero') is represented by one small circle , and the visarga (technically part of the ''miśra'' alphabet) by two .

Letter names

The Sinhala ''śuddha'' graphemes are named in a uniform way adding ''-yanna'' to the sound produced by the letter, including vocalic diacritics. The name for the letter අ is thus ''ayanna'', for the letter ආ ''āyanna'', for the letter ක ''kayanna'', for the letter කා ''kāyanna'', for the letter කෙ ''keyanna'' and so forth. For letters with ''hal kirīma'', an epenthetic ''a'' is added for easier pronunciation: the name for the letter ක් is ''akyanna''. Another naming convention is to use ''al-'' before a letter with suppressed vowel, thus ''alkayanna''.

Since the extra ''miśra'' letters are phonetically not distinguishable from the ''śuddha'' letters, proceeding in the same way would lead to confusion. Names of ''miśra'' letters are normally made up of the names of two ''śuddha'' letters pronounced as one word. The first one indicates the sound, the second one the shape. For example, the aspirated ඛ (kh) is called ''bayanu kayanna''. ''kayanna'' indicates the sound, while ''bayanu'' indicates the shape: ඛ (kh) is similar in shape to බ (b) (''bayunu = like bayanna''). Another method is to qualify the ''miśra'' aspirates by ''mahāprāna'' (ඛ: ''mahāprāna kayanna'') and the ''miśra'' retroflexes by ''mūrdhaja'' (ළ: ''mūrdhaja layanna'').

Numerals

Sinhala had its numerals (), which were used from prior to the fall of Kandyan Kingdom in 1815. They can be seen primarily in Royal documents and artefacts. Sinhala Illakkam did not have a zero, but did have signs for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 1000.

This system has been replaced by the Hindu–Arabic numeral system.

Astrological numbers

Prior to the fall of Kandyan Kingdom all calculations were carried out using . After that event, Sinhala lith illakkam became known as or Sinhala astrological number and were primarily used for writing horoscopes. The tradition of writing degrees and minutes of zodiac signs in lith numbers continued into the 20th century. Unlike the Sinhala illakkam, Sinhala lith illakkam included a 0.

Neither the Sinhala numerals nor the Sinhala punctuation mark ''kunddaliya'' is in general use today, but some use it in social media, Internet messaging and blogs. The kunddaliya was formerly used as a full stop.

Transliteration

Sinhala transliteration (Sinhala: රෝම අකුරින් ලිවීම ''rōma akurin liwīma'', literally "Roman letter writing") can be done in analogy to Devanāgarī transliteration.

Layman's transliterations in Sri Lanka normally follow neither of these. Vowels are transliterated according to English spelling equivalences, which can yield a variety of spellings for a number of phonemes. for instance can be , , , , etc.
A transliteration pattern peculiar to Sinhala, and facilitated by the absence of phonemic aspirates, is the use of for the voiceless dental plosive, and the use of for the voiceless retroflex plosive.
This is presumably because the retroflex plosive is perceived the same as the English alveolar plosive , and the Sinhala dental plosive is equated with the English voiceless dental fricative . Dental and retroflex voiced plosives are always rendered as , though, presumably because is not found as a representation of in English orthography.

Use for the Pali language

Many of the oldest Pali manuscript are written in the Sinhala script. The first instance of the Pali Tripitaka being written down sometime from 29 to 17 BCE occurred in Sri Lanka. At the time, these would have been written in what was still Brahmi script but adapted to palm leaves. Successive copies of Buddhist texts follow the evolution of that version of Brahmi on the island, leading to modern Sinhala.

Many of the consonants are used to represent Pali phonemes that have no Sinhala counterpart, particularly the aspirated consonants. On the other hand, not all set consonants are used; the prenasalised consonants have no counterpart in Pali phonology, and so are not used. Consonant sequences may be combined in ligatures the same way as in Sinhala.

The vowels are a subset of those for writing Sinhala, comprising long and short ''a'', ''i'', and ''u'', short ''e'' and short ''o''.

The is represented with the sign ං.

As an example, below is the first verse from the Pali Dhammapada in Sinhala script, along with the corresponding romanization.

Relation to other scripts

;Similarities
Sinhala is one of the Brahmic scripts, and thus shares many similarities with other members of the family, such as Grantha, Kannada, Malayalam, Telugu, Tamil script and Devanāgarī. As a general example, is the inherent vowel in all these scripts (except Devanagari, where it is /ə/). Other similarities include the diacritic for , which resembles a doubled in all scripts and the diacritic for which is composed of preceding and following .

Likewise, the combination of the diacritics for and yields in all these scripts.

;Differences
Sinhala alphabet differs from other Indo-Aryan alphabets in that it contains a pair of vowel sounds (U+0DD0 and U+0DD1 in the proposed Unicode Standard) that are unique to it. These are the two vowel sounds that are similar to the two vowel sounds that occur at the beginning of the English words ''at'' (ඇ) and ''ant'' (ඈ).

Computer encoding

Generally speaking, Sinhala support is less developed than support for Devanāgarī, for instance. A recurring problem is the rendering of diacritics which precede the consonant and diacritic signs which come in different shapes, like the one for .

Sinhala support did not come built in with Microsoft Windows XP, unlike Tamil and Hindi, but was supported by third-party means such as Keyman by SIL International. Thereafter, all versions of Windows Vista and above, including Windows 10 come with Sinhala support by default, and do not require external fonts to be installed to read Sinhala script. '' Nirmala UI'' is the default Sinhala font in Windows 10. The latest versions of Windows 10 have added support for Sinhala Archaic Numbers that were not supported by default in previous versions.

For macOS, Apple Inc. has provided Sinhala font support for versions of macOS that are Catalina and above through Unicode integration. Keyboard support is available by third-party means such as Helakuru an
Keyman
In Mac OS X, Sinhala font and keyboard support were provided b
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an

For Linux, the IBus, and SCIM input methods allow the use Sinhala script in applications with support for a number of key maps and techniques such as traditional, phonetic and assisted techniques.A screenshot showing some of the options
/ref> In addition, newer versions of the Android mobile operating system also support both rendering and input of Sinhala script by default and applications like Helakuru serve as dedicated keyboard integrators.

Unicode

Sinhala script was added to the Unicode Standard in September 1999 with the release of version 3.0.
This character allocation has been adopted in Sri Lanka as the Standard SLS1134.

The main Unicode block for Sinhala is U+0D80–U+0DFF. Another block, Sinhala Archaic Numbers, was added to Unicode in version 7.0.0 in June 2014. Its range is U+111E0–U+111FF.

See also

* Sinhala Braille
* History of Sinhala software
* Loanwords
** Dutch loanwords in Sinhala
** English loanwords in Sinhala
** Portuguese loanwords in Sinhala
** Tamil loanwords in Sinhala

References

Bibliography

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External links

Complete table of consonant-diacritic-combinations


Online Sinhala Unicode Writer

Sinhala English Dictionary and Sinhala To Hindi Language Translator

Sinhala Unicode Support Group

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinhala script

Brahmic scripts