Local government in Ukraine () consists of two systems based on the

administrative divisions of Ukraine The administrative divisions of Ukraine ( ) are under the jurisdiction of the Constitution of Ukraine, Ukrainian Constitution. Ukraine is a unitary state with three levels of administrative divisions: 27 regions (24 Oblasts of Ukraine, oblasts ...

.Batanov, O.
Local government (Місцева влада)
'. Legal Encyclopedia. There are 24

oblast An oblast ( or ) is a type of administrative division in Bulgaria and several post-Soviet states, including Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. Historically, it was used in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. The term ''oblast'' is often translated i ...

s, one

autonomous republic An autonomous republic is a type of administrative division similar to a province or state. A significant number of autonomous republics can be found within the successor states of the Soviet Union, but the majority are located within Russia. Ma ...

, and two

cities with special status A city with special status (), formerly a "city of republican subordinance", is a type of first-level administrative division of Ukraine. Kyiv and Sevastopol are the only two such cities. Their administrative status is recognized in the Ukraini ...

, with each region further divided into raions (districts) and then

hromada In Ukraine, a hromada () is the main type of municipality and the third level Administrative divisions of Ukraine, local self-government in Ukraine. The current hromadas were established by the Cabinet of ministers of Ukraine, Government of Uk ...

s. In Ukraine, relations regarding the organization and activity of entities of local government are regulated by the

Constitution of Ukraine The Constitution of Ukraine (, ) is the fundamental law of Ukraine. The constitution was adopted and ratified at the 5th session of the ''Verkhovna Rada'', the parliament of Ukraine, on 28 June 1996. The constitution was passed with 315 ayes o ...

, laws "About local self-governance in Ukraine" (1997) and "About local state administrations" (1999). Deputies in Ukrainian local councils work on a voluntary basis.

Concept and structure

Two systems of local government: # a system of local self government as public government (like

public sector The public sector, also called the state sector, is the part of the economy composed of both public services and public enterprises. Public sectors include the public goods and governmental services such as the military, law enforcement, pu ...

) of territorial community (

) and formed by them municipal governing bodies (municipal authority) (local councils) # a system of local bodies of state executive power that is represented by local state administrations (see Chief of local state administration) The local state administrations are bodies (agents) of state executive power at local level that are subordinated to bodies of executive power of higher level, and also accountable to and under the control of the relevant representative bodies (local councils) in the field of the powers delegated to them. Their functions have state nature (reflect the state interest), predetermined by tasks and problems of state significance and they are the embodiment of the policy of deconcentration. At functional level the local state executive government does not have independent rights and powers distinct and separate from the rights and powers of bodies of the central state government. As for territorial communities, they are natural corporations of local residents who carry out self-government directly or through local self-governing authorities and exist on principles of self-organization and are not subordinated hierarchically to other government entities. The village, township, or city mayor is the chief executive of the local community at the village (or association of several villages), town or city level, elected by universal, equal and direct suffrage by

secret ballot The secret ballot, also known as the Australian ballot, is a voting method in which a voter's identity in an election or a referendum is anonymous. This forestalls attempts to influence the voter by intimidation, blackmailing, and potential vote ...

every four years in the manner prescribed by law. The village or township mayor leads the executive committee of the respective village, township or city council, and presides at its meetings. The deputies elected in local elections work on a voluntary basis. Meaning that they work for free for 5 years in a row.Ukraine prepares for nationwide local elections
The Ukrainian Weekly (2 October 2020)In Kyiv region, the number of deputies is reduced by 5 times due to administrative reform
Civil movement "Chesno" (15 April 2020) In 2015 a new administrative unit

amalgamated hromada An amalgamated hromada or amalgamated territorial community (), also known as a united territorial community, was a special unit of administrative division in Ukraine from 2015 to 2020. First created in 2015, amalgamated hromadas were formed throu ...

was created meaning settlement councils, rural councils and a city of district significance can create a new administrative unit. This new administrative unit was created to help the financial and administrate power and independence of rural Ukraine.Elections in the united territorial communities. What is this and what you need
Espreso TV (31 October 2017) According to December 2019 draft

constitutional A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity, and commonly determines how that entity is to be governed. When these princ ...

changes submitted to the Verkhovna Rada by President

Volodymyr Zelensky Volodymyr Oleksandrovych Zelenskyy (born 25 January 1978) is a Ukrainian politician and former entertainer who has served as the sixth and current president of Ukraine since 2019. He took office five years after the start of the Russo-Ukraini ...

the amalgamated hromadas were planned to replace the

raions of Ukraine A raion (; ), often translated as district, is the second-level Administrative divisions of Ukraine, administrative division in Ukraine. Raions were created in a 1922 administrative reform of the Soviet Union, to which Ukraine, as the Ukrainian ...

Powers

Bodies subject to local self-government law may be separate arms of the executive. Executive bodies of villages, townships and city councils have jurisdiction in the following areas: *Socioeconomic and

cultural development Sociocultural evolution, sociocultural evolutionism or social evolution are theories of sociobiology and cultural evolution that describe how societies and culture change over time. Whereas sociocultural development traces processes that tend ...

planning Planning is the process of thinking regarding the activities required to achieve a desired goal. Planning is based on foresight, the fundamental capacity for mental time travel. Some researchers regard the evolution of forethought - the cap ...

and accounting *Budgeting and finance *Management of municipal property *

Housing Housing refers to a property containing one or more Shelter (building), shelter as a living space. Housing spaces are inhabited either by individuals or a collective group of people. Housing is also referred to as a human need and right to ...

, consumer and commercial services,

catering Catering is the business of providing food services at a remote site or a site such as a hotel, hospital, pub, aircraft, cruise ship, park, festival, filming location or film studio. History of catering The earliest account of major service ...

transport Transport (in British English) or transportation (in American English) is the intentional Motion, movement of humans, animals, and cargo, goods from one location to another. Mode of transport, Modes of transport include aviation, air, land tr ...

and communications *

Construction Construction are processes involved in delivering buildings, infrastructure, industrial facilities, and associated activities through to the end of their life. It typically starts with planning, financing, and design that continues until the a ...

Education Education is the transmission of knowledge and skills and the development of character traits. Formal education occurs within a structured institutional framework, such as public schools, following a curriculum. Non-formal education als ...

health Health has a variety of definitions, which have been used for different purposes over time. In general, it refers to physical and emotional well-being, especially that associated with normal functioning of the human body, absent of disease, p ...

culture Culture ( ) is a concept that encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and Social norm, norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, Social norm, customs, capabilities, Attitude (psychology), attitudes ...

, physical culture and

sports Sport is a physical activity or game, often competitive and organized, that maintains or improves physical ability and skills. Sport may provide enjoyment to participants and entertainment to spectators. The number of participants in ...

Land use Land use is an umbrella term to describe what happens on a parcel of land. It concerns the benefits derived from using the land, and also the land management actions that humans carry out there. The following categories are used for land use: fo ...

and

environmental protection Environmental protection, or environment protection, refers to the taking of measures to protecting the natural environment, prevent pollution and maintain ecological balance. Action may be taken by individuals, advocacy groups and governments. ...

Social welfare Welfare spending is a type of government support intended to ensure that members of a society can meet basic human needs such as food and shelter. Social security may either be synonymous with welfare, or refer specifically to social insurance p ...

*Foreign economic activity *Defense *Administrative affairs and territorial structure *Protection of rights, freedoms and lawful interests of citizens and others At meetings of the village, township and city council, the following issues are decided: *Makeup of the body's executive committee *Local

referendum A referendum, plebiscite, or ballot measure is a Direct democracy, direct vote by the Constituency, electorate (rather than their Representative democracy, representatives) on a proposal, law, or political issue. A referendum may be either bin ...

s *Transfer of funds, logistical and other resources necessary *Association with other local bodies *Approval of socioeconomic and cultural development, target programs and other issues of local government *Approval of local

budget A budget is a calculation plan, usually but not always financial plan, financial, for a defined accounting period, period, often one year or a month. A budget may include anticipated sales volumes and revenues, resource quantities including tim ...

s and amendments *Approving performance budgeting report * Local taxes and duties within the limits set by law *Issuance of

municipal bond A municipal bond, commonly known as a muni, is a bond issued by state or local governments, or entities they create such as authorities and special districts. In the United States, interest income received by holders of municipal bonds is often ...

s *Providing (in accordance with law) benefits from local taxes and fees *Exclusions from the law of

public property Public property is property that is dedicated to public use. The term may be used either to describe the use to which the property is put, or to describe the character of its ownership (owned collectively by the population of a state). State own ...

, approval of local

privatization Privatization (rendered privatisation in British English) can mean several different things, most commonly referring to moving something from the public sector into the private sector. It is also sometimes used as a synonym for deregulation w ...

programs and a list of

public utilities A public utility company (usually just utility) is an organization that maintains the infrastructure for a public service (often also providing a service using that infrastructure). Public utilities are subject to forms of public control and r ...

not subject to privatization *Placement of new facilities, considering the scope of environmental impact in accordance with current regulations *Territorial structure *Laws on land use, ensuring the quality of life *Creation of special free and other areas and changes in their status, on the initiative of the President or the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine The powers of executive bodies of village, township and city councils are autonomous or delegated. Delegated powers include: *Monitoring compliance with land and environmental legislation, land use and protection of natural resources at the national and local levels; reforestation * Registration of land ownership, land-use

lease A lease is a contractual arrangement calling for the user (referred to as the ''lessee'') to pay the owner (referred to as the ''lessor'') for the use of an asset. Property, buildings and vehicles are common assets that are leased. Industrial ...

contracts documenting ownership and right to use land *

Disaster relief Emergency management (also Disaster management) is a science and a system charged with creating the framework within which communities reduce vulnerability to hazards and cope with disasters. Emergency management, despite its name, does not actu ...

in accordance with law; public notification * Defining territory for

warehousing A warehouse is a building for storing goods. Warehouses are used by manufacturers, importers, exporters, wholesalers, transport businesses, customs, etc. They are usually large plain buildings in industrial parks on the rural–urban fringe, out ...

, storage or placement of industrial, household and other waste in accordance with law *Organization and implementation of land-management projects *Preparation and submission of targeted local programs to improve safety, working conditions and the environment, territorial employment programs and protection of different population groups from

unemployment Unemployment, according to the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), is the proportion of people above a specified age (usually 15) not being in paid employment or self-employment but currently available for work du ...

*Implementation of measures to improve housing and welfare for the disabled,

war veteran A veteran () is a person who has significant experience (and is usually adept and esteemed) and expertise in an occupation or field. A military veteran is a person who is no longer serving in the armed forces. A topic of interest for resea ...

s, victims of

political repression Political repression is the act of a state entity controlling a citizenry by force for political reasons, particularly for the purpose of restricting or preventing the citizenry's ability to take part in the political life of a society, thereby ...

military A military, also known collectively as armed forces, is a heavily armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare. Militaries are typically authorized and maintained by a sovereign state, with their members identifiable by a d ...

and former military personnel, families who lost breadwinners, the elderly and children without parental care *Granting benefits and assistance for the protection of motherhood and childhood; enforcing legislation on guardianship and custody *Representation of citizens who suffered from natural disasters *Compensation and benefits to citizens affected by the Chernobyl disaster, as stipulated by law *Monitoring of safety for employees in hazardous and dangerous jobs, providing employees benefits and compensation for work in hazardous conditions *Provision for free education and health services for all, training opportunities in public schools and in their native language, study of their native language in state educational establishments and through national cultural societies *Provision for education and health services, developing and improving the network of educational and medical institutions, physical culture and sport, identifying needs and contracting for training specialists to ensure conformity to legislation governing medicinal products and medical supplies *Preventing

child neglect Child neglect is an act of caregivers (e.g., parents) that results in depriving a child of their basic needs, such as the failure to provide adequate supervision, health care, clothing, or housing, as well as other physical, emotional, social, ...

*Support of orphans and children left without parental care in boarding schools and orphanages, vocational education and maintenance by the state of those with defects in physical or mental development who cannot study in ordinary schools (special education) *Protection of historical and cultural monuments, conservation and cultural heritage *Promotion of

and alternative (civilian) service, mobilization, preparing young people for service in the

Armed Forces of Ukraine The Armed Forces of Ukraine (AFU) are the Military, military forces of Ukraine. All military and security forces, including the Armed Forces, are under the command of the president of Ukraine and subject to oversight by a permanent Verkhovna Rad ...

*Organization and participation in activities related to civil defense *Upholding legislative requirements regarding applications, regardless of ownership *Upholding laws on the conduct of meetings, protests and demonstrations, sports, entertainment and other events *Crime prevention *Civil registration

Finances

The financial basis of local government consists of movable and immovable property, revenues, other funds, land, natural resources and common property, and is managed by district and regional councils. Territorial communities of villages, towns and cities may unite (on a contractual basis) objects of communal property and budget funds for implementation of joint projects, or to jointly finance (or maintain) communal enterprises, organizations and institutions. The state participates in the revenue of local budgets, financially supporting local self-government. Costs to local government arising from decisions of public authorities are compensated by the state. Local governments can be legally-separate powers of the executive. The state finances the exercise of these powers in full from the state budget of Ukraine, or (by referring to the local budget, in the manner prescribed by law, certain national taxes) transfers to local governments appropriate objects of state property. Activities of local authorities aim to meet the social needs of citizens and (especially) to obtain essential services. Local budgets are the financial base of local governments; the resources accumulated in these budgets determine how effectively local authorities can carry out their mandate.

Elections

Under the

, the term of office of the heads of villages and towns and the council members of these villages and towns is five years.CEC member: Kyiv City Council to be elected for five years in upcoming election

Interfax-Ukraine Interfax-Ukraine () is a Ukrainian news agency. Founded in 1992, the company publishes in Ukrainian, Russian, English and German. The company owns a 50-seat press centre. The staff of the agency is 105 people (as of the end of February 2022) ...

(16 February 2013)Local elections in Kyiv should be held in 2015, according to Constitutional Court

(30 May 2013)
Ukraine court ruling on Kiev mayor election 'pro-government'

Euronews Euronews (stylised in lowercase) is a pan-European television news broadcasting, news network, headquartered in Lyon, France. It is a provider of livestreamed news, which can be viewed in Europe and North Africa via satellite, and in most of the ...

(31 May 2013) The last nationwide local election was held in 2020.Ukraine holds local elections 2020 (updated)
The Ukrainian Weekly (25 October 2020) Holding a local snap election will not cancel the next (October 2025) regular election in the place where the snap election will be held.Replacement of mayors and "Steinmeier formula". How Zelensky prepares local elections

Ukrayinska Pravda ''Ukrainska Pravda'' is a Ukrainian socio-political online media outlet founded by Heorhii Gongadze in April 2000. After Gongadze’s death in September 2000, the editorial team was led by co-founder Olena Prytula, who remained the editor-in ...

(3 October 2019) Ukrainian citizens who belong to the relevant local community and are entitled to vote may do so in national (or

Crimea Crimea ( ) is a peninsula in Eastern Europe, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, almost entirely surrounded by the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov. The Isthmus of Perekop connects the peninsula to Kherson Oblast in mainland Ukrain ...

n), regional, district, city-district or local elections and fully participate in political life (including election campaigns and observing elections), as determined by the laws of Ukraine. Composition of village, township, city, city-district, district and regional councils should be: *Under 1,000 population: 12–15 members *1,000–3,000: 16–26 members *3,000–5,000: 20–30 members *5,000–20,000: 30–36 members *20,000–50,000: 30–46 members *50,000–100,000: 36–50 members *100,000–250,000: 40–60 members *250,000–500,000: 50–76 members *500,000–1,000,000: 60–90 members *1,000,000–2,000,000: 76–120 members *Over 2,000,000: 76–150 members The right to nominate

candidate A candidate, or nominee, is a prospective recipient of an award or honor, or a person seeking or being considered for some kind of position. For example, one can be a candidate for membership in a group (sociology), group or election to an offic ...

s is implemented through local voters of the parties (blocks) or by self, as provided by law. In the relatively free local elections in Ukraine's recent history are the local elections of 1990, when Ukraine was still a part of the

Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...

.Politics and society in Ukraine
by Paul D'Anieri, Robert Kravchuk and Taras Kuzio,

Westview Press Westview Press was an American publishing company headquartered in Boulder, Colorado founded in 1975. Field of work Westview primarily publishes textbooks. History Westview Press was founded by Frederick A. Praeger in 1975. Praeger sold ...

, 1999,

Examples

Regional and district councils are local authorities which represent the common interests of villages and towns within the powers specified in the Constitution of Ukraine, other laws and powers transferred to them by rural, town and city councils. At

plenary session A plenary session or plenum is a session of a conference or deliberative assembly in which all parties or members are present. Such a session may include a broad range of content, from keynotes to panel discussions, and is not necessarily r ...

s of the district and regional councils, the following issues are decided: *Holding a referendum on issues affecting their common interests *Holding national referendums and national and local elections *Approval of socioeconomic and cultural development of the region, and hearing reports on their implementation *Approval of district and regional budgets and their amendments *Monitoring state-budget allocations *Management of common property *Administrative and territorial structure, within the procedure established by law *Electing (and dismissing) a chairman and deputy chairman *Approval of executive-council staff The District Chairman is elected from among its members during the term of the council by secret ballot, and serves until a new chairman is elected. The chairman is accountable to the council; they may be dismissed from office by a two-thirds majority of the council in a secret ballot. Regional and district councils do not form their own executive bodies, since appropriate powers delegated by their regional and district state administrations. The organizational, legal, informational, analytical and logistical activities of the council and its agencies provide staff for council members. It contributes interaction and relationships with local communities, local authorities, bodies and officials of local governments. The ''ex officio'' chairman heads the council. Executive power in

oblasts An oblast ( or ) is a type of administrative division in Bulgaria and several post-Soviet states, including Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. Historically, it was used in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. The term ''oblast'' is often translated i ...

districts A district is a type of administrative division that in some countries is managed by the local government. Across the world, areas known as "districts" vary greatly in size, spanning regions or counties, several municipalities, subdivisions ...

and the cities of

Kyiv Kyiv, also Kiev, is the capital and most populous List of cities in Ukraine, city of Ukraine. Located in the north-central part of the country, it straddles both sides of the Dnieper, Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2022, its population was 2, ...

and

Sevastopol Sevastopol ( ), sometimes written Sebastopol, is the largest city in Crimea and a major port on the Black Sea. Due to its strategic location and the navigability of the city's harbours, Sevastopol has been an important port and naval base th ...

is exercised by local administrations. The organization, powers and procedures of local public administrations is defined by the Law of Ukraine "On local state administrations" of 9 April 1999 № 586-XIV. The exercise of executive power in Kyiv and Sevastopol are determined by special laws. The composition of local state administrations is formed by the head of local state administrations, who are appointed and dismissed by the President of Ukraine upon submission to the Cabinet of Ministers. State administrations ensure: *Implementation of the Constitution and laws of Ukraine, acts of the President of Ukraine, Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and other bodies of executive power *Law and order, the rights and freedoms of citizens *National and regional socioeconomic and cultural development, environmental protection programs and (in areas with indigenous peoples and national minorities) programs for national and cultural development *Preparation and implementation of regional and district budgets *Report on the implementation of budgets and programs *Cooperation with local governments *Cooperation with other states and their respective councils The heads of local state administrations are accountable to the President of Ukraine and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. As part of the authority delegated to them by the relevant district or regional councils, local state administrations are accountable to and controlled by councils. Decisions by heads of local state administrations that contravene the Constitution and laws of Ukraine or other legislative acts of Ukraine may be revoked according to law by the President of Ukraine or a head of higher-level local administration. Regional or district councils may adopt a

motion of no confidence A motion or vote of no confidence (or the inverse, a motion or vote of confidence) is a motion and corresponding vote thereon in a deliberative assembly (usually a legislative body) as to whether an officer (typically an executive) is deemed fi ...

in the head of the respective local state administration until the President of Ukraine takes decision and makes a reasoned response. If no confidence in the head of a district or regional state administration is expressed by two-thirds of the deputies to a council, the president of Ukraine decides whether or not to accept their resignation. Election of members of district councils are by the proportional system: deputies elected from the electoral lists of political parties (or electoral blocs of political parties in the larger constituency). Election of deputies to regional councils and Kyiv and Sevastopol also use the proportional system.

Crimea

The representative body of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (ARC) is the Supreme Council. Parliament within its authority adopts decisions and resolutions which are binding in the ARC. The government of the ARC is the Council of Ministers. The chairman of the Council of Ministers is appointed and dismissed by the

Verkhovna Rada The Verkhovna Rada ( ; VR), officially the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, is the unicameralism, unicameral parliament of Ukraine. It consists of 450 Deputy (legislator), deputies presided over by a speaker. The Verkhovna Rada meets in the Verkhovn ...

of the ARC with the consent of the President of Ukraine. The powers, procedure and activities of the Supreme Council and the Council of Ministers are determined by the constitution and laws of Ukraine and legal acts of the Verkhovna Rada of the ARC. The ARC regulates: *Agriculture and forestry *Reclamation and mining *Public works, crafts, trades and charity *Urban development and housing *Tourism, hotel business and fairs *Museums, libraries, theaters and other cultural institutions; historic and cultural reserves *Public transportation, roads and water supply *Hunting and fishing *Health and hospital services Political activity regulated by the ARC includes: *Election of deputies to the Verkhovna Rada of the ARC and the approval of the election commission *Organizing and conducting local referendums *Managing property belonging to the ARC *Development, approval and execution of the ARC on the basis of the uniform tax and budget policy of Ukraine *Development, approval and implementation of ARC programs for socioeconomic and cultural development of environmental management and protection (according to national programs) *Recognition of the status of localities as resorts; establishment of resort sanitary-protection zones *Ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens and national harmony; promotion of order and public security *Maintenance and development of state and national languages and cultures in the ARC; protection and use of historical monuments *Participation in the development and implementation of state programs for the return of deported peoples *Initiating a state of emergency and establishing zones of emergency in the ARC The laws of the ARC can also be delegated to the president of the Ukrainian delegation, whose status is determined by the law of Ukraine. To ensure the implementation of common socioeconomic and cultural programs of local communities, the budgets of the ARC and the oblasts are derived from the following payments: *A 25-percent tax on personal income, paid in compliance with the Law of Ukraine "On income tax individuals on their respective territory" *A 25-percent tax on rents, paid in compliance with the Law of Ukraine "On income tax of individuals in the territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the corresponding region" *Fees for licenses to conduct certain types of business and certificates issued by the Council of Ministers of the ARC and regional state administrations To ensure the implementation of common socioeconomic and cultural programs of local communities, district budgets are taken into account when determining the scope of intergovernmental transfers: *A 50-percent tax on personal income, transferred in compliance with the Law of Ukraine "On income tax of individuals" in villages, cities of regional importance and their associations *15 percent of payments for land, paid in villages, cities of regional importance and their associations *Fees for licenses to conduct certain types of business and certificates issued by district administrations *Payment for state registration of business entities, transferred in compliance with the Law of Ukraine "On income tax of individuals" to district administrations *Administrative fines imposed by district administrations In addition, a base of regional and districts of the ARC is formed from transfers from the state budget and other government agencies.

Notes

References

External links

* Law of Ukraine #280/97.
About local self-governance in Ukraine (Про місцеве самоврядування в Україні)
'.

website. * Law of Ukraine #586-XIV.
About local state administration (Про місцеві державні адміністрації)
'.

website. * Law of the Ukrainian SSR #533-XII.
About local Councils of people's deputies of the Ukrainian SSR and local self-governance (Про місцеві Ради народних депутатів Української РСР та місцеве самоврядування )
'.

website. (original edition) * Kulchytskyi, S.
Councils (Soviets) of Workers', Peasants', and Soldiers' Deputies, of Deputies of Working, of People's Deputies (РАДИ РОБІТНИЧИХ, СЕЛЯНСЬКИХ І СОЛДАТСЬКИХ ДЕПУТАТІВ, ДЕПУТАТІВ ТРУДЯЩИХ, НАРОДНИХ ДЕПУТАТІВ)
'. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. * Kulchytskyi, S.
Bolshevik–Soviet system of the state power in the USSR: creation, basic stages of development, collapse (КОМПАРТІЙНО-РАДЯНСЬКА СИСТЕМА ДЕРЖАВНОЇ ВЛАДИ В СРСР: ТВОРЕННЯ, ОСНОВНІ ЕТАПИ РОЗВИТКУ, КРАХ)
'. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. 2007 {{Local government in Europe Administrative divisions of Ukraine