''Sigmavirus'' is a genus of

viruses A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Viruses are found in almo ...

in the family ''

Rhabdoviridae ''Rhabdoviridae'' is a family of negative-strand RNA viruses in the order ''Mononegavirales''. Vertebrates (including mammals and humans), invertebrates, plants, fungi and protozoans serve as natural hosts. Diseases associated with member virus ...

'', order ''

Mononegavirales ''Mononegavirales'' is an order of negative-strand RNA viruses which have nonsegmented genomes. Some members that cause human disease in this order include Ebola virus, human respiratory syncytial virus, measles virus, mumps virus, Nipah viru ...

''. Sigmaviruses naturally infect

dipterans Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- ''di-'' "two", and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advanced ...

. It is not to be confused with the Sigma Virus, the computer virus form of Sigma in ''Mega Man X''.

Taxonomy

The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by the exemplar virus of the species: * ''Sigmavirus affinis'', Drosophila affinis sigmavirus * ''Sigmavirus ananassae'', Drosophila ananassae sigmavirus * ''Sigmavirus capitata'', Ceratitis capitata sigmavirus * ''Sigmavirus domestica'', Wuhan fly virus 2 * ''Sigmavirus dorsalis'', Bactrocera dorsalis sigmavirus * ''Sigmavirus hangzhou'', Hangzhou rhabdovirus 4 * ''Sigmavirus hippoboscid'', Wuhan louse fly virus 9 * ''Sigmavirus hubei'', Hubei diptera virus 9 * ''Sigmavirus immigrans'', Drosophila immigrans sigmavirus * ''Sigmavirus jopcycgri'', Jopcycgri virus 1 * ''Sigmavirus lousefly'', Wuhan louse fly virus 10 * ''Sigmavirus melanogaster'', Drosophila melanogaster sigmavirus * ''Sigmavirus muscina'', Muscina stabulans sigmavirus * ''Sigmavirus myga'', Hubei diptera virus 10 * ''Sigmavirus obscura'', Drosophila obscura sigmavirus * ''Sigmavirus shayang'', Shayang fly virus 2 * ''Sigmavirus sichuan'', Apis rhabdovirus 3 * ''Sigmavirus sturtevanti'', Drosophila sturtevanti sigmavirus * ''Sigmavirus tristis'', Drosophila tristis sigmavirus * ''Sigmavirus tryoni'', Bactrocera tyroni rhabdovirus 1 * ''Sigmavirus tuva'', Aksy-Durug Melophagus sigmavirus * ''Sigmavirus wuhan'', Wuhan house fly virus 1 * ''Sigmavirus ying'', Hubei dimarhabdovirus 1 * ''Sigmavirus yushu'', Yushu rhabdovirus

Discovery

Drosophila melanogaster sigmavirus (DMelSV) was discovered by a group of French researchers in 1937 after they observed certain fly lines became paralysed and died on exposure to carbon dioxide (which is commonly used as an anesthetic for ''

Drosophila ''Drosophila'' (), from Ancient Greek δρόσος (''drósos''), meaning "dew", and φίλος (''phílos''), meaning "loving", is a genus of fly, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "small fruit flies" or p ...

''). They found the carbon dioxide sensitivity was caused by an infectious agent which they named sigma, and was later found to be a rhabdovirus. More recently new sigmaviruses have been discovered in diptera of six species ; five in species of ''

'' and one in the family ''

Muscidae Muscidae are a family of flies found in the superfamily Muscoidea. Muscidae, some of which are commonly known as house flies or stable flies due to their synanthropy, are worldwide in distribution and contain almost 4,000 described species i ...

''.

Transmission

DMelSV, DAffSV and DObsSV are transmitted vertically by both drosophila parents (i.e. through both eggs and sperm) suggesting sigmaviruses may be a clade of vertically transmitted viruses.Brun, G. and N. Plus (1980). The viruses of Drosophila. The genetics and biology of Drosophila. M. Ashburner and T. R. F. Wright. New York, Academic Press: 625-702. This unusual mode of biparental vertical transmission allows the virus to spread through host populations even if it reduces the fitness of infected hosts.

Host resistance

In ''

Drosophila melanogaster ''Drosophila melanogaster'' is a species of fly (an insect of the Order (biology), order Diptera) in the family Drosophilidae. The species is often referred to as the fruit fly or lesser fruit fly, or less commonly the "vinegar fly", "pomace fly" ...

'' resistance alleles in the genes ''ref(2)p'' and ''CHKov 1 and 2'' and have been identified that explain a large amount of the genetic variation in susceptibility to DMelSV infection.

Structure

Sigmavirions are enveloped, with bullet shaped geometries. Sigmavirus genomes are linear, around 12.6 kb in length. The genome codes for 6 proteins (3' to 5': N-P-X-M-G-L).

Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral G glycoproteins to host receptors, which mediates clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Replication follows the negative stranded RNA virus replication model. Negative stranded RNA virus transcription, using polymerase stuttering is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by budding, and tubule-guided viral movement. Drosophilae serve as the natural host.

References

External links

Viralzone: Sigmavirus

ICTV
{{Taxonbar, from=Q7512418 Rhabdoviridae Virus genera