Sibyl's Cave () is a cave, located at 2,150 m above sea level, carved into the rock, near the summit of
Sibillini Mountains in the
municipality of
Montemonaco
Montemonaco is a town and ''comune'' (municipality) in Marche region, located about north-east from Rome. It is located within Sibillini Mountains, along Aso valley, on a plateau facing the Mount Zampa and Mount Sibilla. Nearby are located M ...
, reachable only on foot.
Description
The cave owes its name to the legend of the
Apennine Sibyl
Monte Vettore (from Latin ''Vector'', "carrier", "leader") is a mountain of the Umbro-marchigiano Apennine Mountains in Italy. It is the highest peak of the Sibillini massif. It is located in Ascoli piceno, Marche, Italy.
Geography
The south ...
, according to which it was the access point to the underground kingdom of Queen Sibilla.
Andrea da Barberino, with his
chivalric novel ''
Il Guerrin Meschino'', contributed to the popularization of the legend. It tells the story of a wandering knight who went to the Sibyl to find his parents. For a year, he stayed in the cave and resisted, with all his strength, the temptations by invoking the name of
Jesus of Nazareth
Jesus, likely from he, יֵשׁוּעַ, translit=Yēšūaʿ, label=Hebrew/Aramaic ( AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ or Jesus of Nazareth (among other names and titles), was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious ...
.
According to numerous
philologists, the legend of the Apennine Sibyl is believed to have significantly influenced the German legend of
Tannhäuser. This theory is based on the numerous parallels observed between these two narratives and the story of ''Guerin Meschino''.
The underground complex was described, for the first time in 1420, by
Antoine de la Sale who went to the cave on the orders of
Duchess Agnes of Burgundy.
However, due to the landslides that had occurred in the
early Middle Ages inside the cave, he could only draw (with rare precision) the topographical plan of the
vestibule
Vestibule or Vestibulum can have the following meanings, each primarily based upon a common origin, from early 17th century French, derived from Latin ''vestibulum, -i n.'' "entrance court".
Anatomy
In general, vestibule is a small space or cavity ...
of the cave which is still preserved intact. This document is preserved in the
National Library of France.
In the mid-20th century, Lippi-Boncambi provided a recent and reliable description of the cave, which largely aligns with the earlier account by de la Sale. Lippi-Boncambi was among the final visitors to the cave prior to the collapse of its entrance. This unfortunate event was precipitated by the imprudent use of explosives, intended to widen the entrance, but instead resulted in its permanent closure.
Chronology of visits to the cave
* 69 AD - The first news comes from
Suetonius
Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus (), commonly referred to as Suetonius ( ; c. AD 69 – after AD 122), was a Roman historian who wrote during the early Imperial era of the Roman Empire.
His most important surviving work is a set of biographies ...
when he says that
Vitellius "celebrated a sacred
vigil
A vigil, from the Latin ''vigilia'' meaning ''wakefulness'' (Greek: ''pannychis'', or ''agrypnia'' ), is a period of purposeful sleeplessness, an occasion for devotional watching, or an observance. The Italian word ''vigilia'' has become genera ...
on the slopes of the
Apennines
The Apennines or Apennine Mountains (; grc-gre, links=no, Ἀπέννινα ὄρη or Ἀπέννινον ὄρος; la, Appenninus or – a singular with plural meaning;''Apenninus'' (Greek or ) has the form of an adjective, which wou ...
".
* 268 AD - According to Trebellius Pollio’s ''
Scriptores Historiae Augustae
The ''Historia Augusta'' (English: ''Augustan History'') is a late Roman collection of biographies, written in Latin, of the Roman emperors, their junior colleagues, designated heirs and usurpers from 117 to 284. Supposedly modeled on the sim ...
'',
Claudius Gothicus is said to have sought guidance from the oracle of the Apennine Sibyl.
* 1320 - 1340 - The visit of the German knight, Her Hans van Bamborg, to the Sibilla cave can be dated back to 1338, as documented by Antoine de la Sale in his work, ''Le Paradis de la reine Sibylle'' (). However, historian Domenico Falzetti suggests a different date for this visit, proposing the year 1378 instead.
* 1420 - Antoine de la Sale visited the cave in May 1420, reporting the detailed description of the morphology of the places and of the vestibule of the cave in his diary.
* 1452 - A parchment discovered in the historical archive of the municipality of Montemonaco reveals that the area, including Montemonaco, Sibilla Lake (as referred to by the judge of the
Marca Anconitana), and Sibyl's cave, was frequented by knights from Spain and the
Kingdom of Naples
The Kingdom of Naples ( la, Regnum Neapolitanum; it, Regno di Napoli; nap, Regno 'e Napule), also known as the Kingdom of Sicily, was a state that ruled the part of the Italian Peninsula south of the Papal States between 1282 and 1816. It was ...
. These knights were known to practice alchemy and consecrate magical books at ‘''ad lacum Sibyllae''’, which would later be known as
Pilate's Lake. The entire population and authorities of the municipality of Montemonaco were excommunicated and subsequently acquitted in a trial for assisting these foreign knights in reaching Sibilla Lake and the cave.
* 1578 - The year '1378' is engraved on a rock near the collapsed vestibule and remains visible today. This date, however, may have been altered from an original five, written in Arabic numerals, to a three during the 17th-18th century. This transformation was likely intended to associate the site with the birth year of
Christian Rosenkreuz, suggesting the presence of the
Rosicrucians
Rosicrucianism is a spiritual and cultural movement that arose in Europe in the early 17th century after the publication of several texts purported to announce the existence of a hitherto unknown esoteric order to the world and made seeking its ...
in the lands of the Sibyl and their symbolic connection with the mythical cave.
Symbols of roses and crosses, characteristic of the Rosicrucians, are found carved on the
architraves of windows and stone portals in numerous hamlets throughout the Sibylline belt, with examples dating up to the end of the 17th century.
* 1610 - 1612 - Martino Bonfini
frescoes a cycle of twelve Sibyls including one with chemistry or alchemy in the .
* 1870 - The Caponecchi brothers from Nursi, also known as the Vezzanesi, conducted a
speleological exploration of the Sibilla cave. However, their exploration did not yield significant results.
* 1885 – G.B. Miliani, precursor of modern speleology, explored the vestibule of the cave and the surrounding plain in order to find the entrance beyond the vestibule.
* 1889 - On the occasion of the 21st Congress of Italian Mountaineers, held in
Ascoli Piceno
Ascoli Piceno (; la, Asculum; dialetto ascolano: Ascule) is a town and ''comune'' in the Marche region of Italy, capital of the province of the same name. Its population is around 46,000 but the urban area of the city has more than 93,000.
Geo ...
, the Picena section of the
Italian Alpine Club carried out maintenance and cleaning work on the cave. On September 3, in the presence of numerous congress participants who climbed to the summit of Sibilla, a commemorative plaque of the event dictated by the engineer was unveiled. The plaque remained visible on site until the end of the 1940s.
* 1897 - Intellectuals
Pio Rajna and
Gaston Paris made multiple visits to the Sibilla cave. They also held several meetings with the administrators of the Marche region, with the aim of raising awareness about the importance of restoring the cave.
* 1925 - An expedition, led by historian Falzetti, to the entrance of the Sibilla cave took place. The team hypothesized the existence of a continuation beyond the cave’s vestibule. This discovery garnered significant attention, prompting local residents to attempt entry into the cave. Unfortunately, these attempts were uncoordinated and resulted in damage to the cave.
* 1929 - 1930 - Belgian philologist Fernand Desonay went to the cave. At the same time, Falzetti also attempted a new expedition without success.
* 1946 - Tullio Colsalvatico initiated an exploration of the Sibilla cave, which was promptly halted by the Superintendence due to concerns about the potential use of explosives for cave penetration.
Concurrently, geologist Lippi Boncampi conducted a study on
karst
Karst is a topography formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum. It is characterized by underground drainage systems with sinkholes and caves. It has also been documented for more weathering-resistant ro ...
formations in the
Sibillini mountains. This study included the first official report on the underground structure of the Sibilla cave, supplemented with technical documents such as topographies, sections, and plans.
* 1952 - In an effort to boost tourism in the region, General Emidio Santanché, a diviner and the president of the Ascoli Piceno Tourist Board, embarked on an expedition to the Sibilla cave.
* 1953 - Domenico Falzetti, Fernand Desonay, and General Emidio Santanchè, along with Giovanni Annibali, the Superintendent of Archaeological Heritage, initiated a systematic excavation of the Sibilla cave. They found an inscription reading “AV. P. 1378”, along with an old knife, a spur, and a coin. The coin was identified as a of
Henry II of France, dating back to the 16th century.
* 1953 - 1968 - During this period, the vestibule of the cave finally collapses and the last stone plaques, engraved with various inscriptions, still located at the entrance to the vestibule, are probably stolen.
* 1968 - It is the year of the first study campaign carried out with modern equipment, for geoelectrical surveys, conducted by the
Pesaro
Pesaro () is a city and ''comune'' in the Italian region of Marche, capital of the Province of Pesaro e Urbino, on the Adriatic Sea. According to the 2011 census, its population was 95,011, making it the second most populous city in the Marche, ...
geologist Odescalchi commissioned by the Ascoli Piceno Tourism Board. Odescalchi managed to capture some anomalies probably attributable to the existence of a tunnel beyond the vestibule of the cave.
* 1983 - 1984 - Giuseppe Antonini, a member of the Marche Speleological Group of
Ancona, was tasked by the Marche Region to investigate the existence of a descending tunnel beyond the vestibule of the Sibilla cave, as reported by Odescalchi.
This investigation involved explorations both at the countryside level beyond the so-called Crown that encircles the peak of Mount Sibilla and encompasses the cave, and within the Crown itself. Unfortunately, due to adverse weather conditions and challenging working circumstances, the Marche Speleological Group was compelled to abandon the venture.
* 1997 - 2000 - The "Elissa" cultural project of Montemonaco coordinated by Anna Maria Piscitelli and chaired by Paolo Aldo Rossi of the
University of Genoa, started a scientific project on the Apennine Sibyl and her cave. Between 1998 and 2000, a series of three conferences and multiple round tables were organized. These events saw the participation of renowned scholars from both national and international backgrounds. The primary objective was to compile a comprehensive corpus of historical, literary, and anthropological data related to the myth of the Sibilla cave. Additionally, the scientific findings from previous investigations into the cave were also gathered.
* 2000 - The ''Grotta della Sibilla appenninica'' Promotion Committee, with the patronage of the Archaeological Superintendency of the Marche, with the participation of the Department of Earth Sciences of the
University of Camerino, promoted geological and geophysical investigations at the "Grotta della Sibilla" site. The results of the georadar surveys confirmed the existence of a vast underground complex at a depth of 15 meters below the ground level, made up of
labyrinthine tunnels and notable cavities approximately 150 m long. The summary of the studies was published in the proceedings of the conference '
''Shaman Sibilla of the mountains and the Apennine cave.
See also
*
Sibillini Mountains
*
Monte Sibilla
*
Cumaean Sibyl
The Cumaean Sibyl was the priestess presiding over the Apollonian oracle at Cumae, a Greek colony located near Naples, Italy. The word ''sibyl'' comes (via Latin) from the ancient Greek word ''sibylla'', meaning prophetess. There were many sibyls ...
References
{{Reflist
Apennine Mountains
Sibyls
Buildings and structures in Ascoli Piceno
Geography of the Marche
Caves of Italy