Sia (; ) was a hereditary, noble title of Chinese origin, used mostly in colonial Indonesia. It was borne by the descendants of Chinese officers, who were high-ranking, Chinese civil bureaucrats in the Dutch colonial government, bearing the ranks of ''Majoor, Kapitein'' or ''Luitenant der Chinezen'' (see: ''

Kapitan Cina Kapitan Cina, also spelled Kapitan China or Capitan China or Capitan Chino (; ; ; ), was a high-ranking government position in the civil administration of colonial Indonesia, Malaya, Singapore, Borneo and the Philippines. Office holders exercis ...

'').

History

As with other

Chinese honorifics Chinese honorifics () and honorific language are words, word constructs, and expressions in the Chinese language that convey self-deprecation, social respect, politeness, or deference. Once ubiquitously employed in ancient China, a large percent h ...

, the title 'Sia' came at the end of the title holder's name: for example, as in Oey Tamba ''Sia'' (1827–1856). The title was used not with its holder's surname, but with his given name, so ''Tamba Sia'' instead of ''Oey Sia''. In everyday speech, use of the title was often combined with other honorifics, such as ''Ako Sia'' ('elder brother Sia') or '' Baba Sia'' ('sir Sia'). Originally, the honorific was used in

Imperial China The history of China spans several millennia across a wide geographical area. Each region now considered part of the Chinese world has experienced periods of unity, fracture, prosperity, and strife. Chinese civilization first emerged in the Y ...

to address certain senior mandarins, the relatives of a mandarin or descendants of the

House of Koxinga The House of Koxinga, also known as the Zheng dynasty, was the ruling family of the Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan. They played a significant role in the history of East Asia and Southeast Asia, particularly during the seventeenth century. Names ...

, formerly the ruling dynasty of the

Kingdom of Tungning The Kingdom of Tungning, also known as Tywan, was a dynastic maritime state that ruled part of southwestern Taiwan and the Penghu islands between 1661 and 1683. It is the first predominantly ethnic Han state in Taiwanese history. At its z ...

. In colonial Indonesia, the honorific came to be used as a hereditary title for the descendants of Chinese officers, who were seen as the colonial Indonesian equivalent of the Chinese mandarinate and

scholar-gentry The "gentry", or "landed gentry" in China was the elite who held privileged status through passing the Imperial exams, which made them eligible to hold office. These literati, or scholar-officials, (''shenshi'' 紳士 or ''jinshen'' 縉紳), a ...

. These title holders and their families constituted the so-called ''

Cabang Atas The Cabang Atas (''Van Ophuijsen Spelling System'': Tjabang Atas)—literally 'upper branch' in Indonesian language, Indonesian—was the traditional Chinese establishment or gentry of Dutch East Indies, colonial Indonesia. They were the families ...

'', the traditional Chinese establishment or gentry of colonial Indonesia. As a class, they dominated the administrative posts of ''Majoor'', ''Kapitein'' and ''Luitenant der Chinezen'', or the Chinese officership on a near-hereditary basis. To a significant extent, they also monopolised the colonial government's lucrative revenue farms, which formed the economic backbone of their political influence. To preserve and consolidate their power, families of the Cabang Atas contracted extensive, strategic intermarriages within their social group. In the later colonial period, it became fashionable among western-educated title holders to refrain from using the title 'Sia', which was seen as an old-fashioned anachronism. This mirrored the decline in the importance of the Chinese officership as a government institution in the early twentieth century, which presaged its eventual abolition in most of the Dutch East Indies with the exception of the colonial capital, Batavia. Indeed, as pointed out by Monique Erkelens, the prestige of the traditional elite declined in the early twentieth century due to changing political and ideological circumstances in late colonial Indonesia and early twentieth-century Asia.

Title holders

As part of the Cabang Atas, Sias played an important role in the history of Indonesia, particularly in relation to the country's ethnic Chinese community. Prominent Sias include: * Han Chan Piet, Majoor der Chinezen (1759–1827): government official and landlord * Han Kik Ko, Majoor der Chinezen, Regent of Probolinggo (1766–1813): government official and landlord * Lim Ke Tjang, Kapitein der Chinezen of Tegal (1781–1826): official, shipping and sugar magnate{{cite journal , last1=Broeze , first1=F. J. A. , title=The Merchant Fleet of Java (1820–1850). A Preliminary Survey , journal=Archipel , date=1979 , volume=18 , issue=1 , pages=251–269 , doi=10.3406/arch.1979.1514 , url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1979_num_18_1_1514 , accessdate=27 March 2019 * Tan Eng Goan, 1st ''Majoor der Chinezen'' of Batavia (1802–1872) * Oey Tamba Sia (1827–1856): notorious Batavia playboy * Lie Tjoe Hong, 3rd Majoor der Chinezen of Batavia (1846–1896) * Phoa Keng Hek Sia (1857–1937): social reformer and philanthropist * O. G. Khouw (1874–1927): philanthropist * Khouw Kim An, last ''Majoor der Chinezen'' of Batavia (1875–1945): government bureaucrat * H. H. Kan (1881–1951): politician, parliamentarian * Loa Sek Hie (1898–1965): politician, parliamentarian, social worker * Kwee Thiam Tjing (1900–1974): writer, journalist and left-wing political activist * Phoa Liong Gie (1904–1983): newspaper publisher, politician, parliamentarian

Notes

Kapitan Cina Chinese nobility Chinese diaspora in Indonesia Titles Chinese-language titles Cabang Atas

History

Title holders

See also

Notes