Shaolin Monastery Stele
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The Shaolin Monastery Stele (Shaolin Si Bei; ) is a tablet inscribed front and back to obtain two faces of continuous text in Chinese characters. The total engravable surface is about . The name was in use by later scholars studying the
Tang dynasty The Tang dynasty (, ; zh, c=唐朝), or the Tang Empire, was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907, with an Wu Zhou, interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed ...
(618–907), who understood the tablet to be an important primary source on early Tang dynasty events. It is being presented by many writers of the current times as the first source indicating that the professedly pacific monks did in fact participate in dynastic wars. The issue was a disputed succession among the reigning
House of Li The House of Li () was the ruling house of the Western Liang dynasty and the Tang dynasty of China. Family information The Li family originated in the Longxi Commandery and had Han ethnic origins. They were also known as the Longxi Li linea ...
. The father, Li Yuan, the first Tang emperor, who had taken the regnum away from the previous rulers, the
Sui dynasty The Sui dynasty ( ) was a short-lived Dynasties of China, Chinese imperial dynasty that ruled from 581 to 618. The re-unification of China proper under the Sui brought the Northern and Southern dynasties era to a close, ending a prolonged peri ...
(581-618), now favored his second son,
Li Shimin Emperor Taizong of Tang (28January 59810July 649), previously Prince of Qin, personal name Li Shimin, was the second Emperor of China, emperor of the Tang dynasty of China, ruling from 626 to 649. He is traditionally regarded as a co-founder ...
, on the basis of his close support, which earned him the later identification as co-founder of the dynasty. Li Shimin's brothers, who had been keeping the "barbarians" at bay on the frontier, raised the standard of civil war. Li Shimin triumphed, becoming the second Tang regnant, Taizong. The monks of Shaolin had volunteered some assistance, first to the father, then to the son, in keeping the
Mount Song Mount Song (, "lofty mountain") is an isolated mountain range in north central China's Henan Province, along the southern bank of the Yellow River. It is known in literary and folk tradition as the central mountain of the Five Great Mountains of ...
territory. There is no evidence that they had any special martial arts skills. Nevertheless, their being selected subsequently as a unit of the imperial army suggests they had more military merit than an offer of moral support. Later they are known to have excelled in two main martial arts: primarily the staff (English quarter-staff), and its non-staff adjunct, hand-to-hand fighting (kung fu). The substitution of "sword" for "staff" in some texts suggests staffmanship may have spilled over into its more dangerous partner, swordsmanship. Nearly a century later, during the Tang "golden age,"
Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (; 8 September 685 – 3 May 762), personal name Li Longji, was an Emperor of China, emperor of the Tang dynasty of China, reigning from 712 to 756. His reign of 44 years was the longest during the Tang dynasty. Throu ...
, Li Longji (regnit 712–756), deciding for reasons of his own to publicly clarify and commemorate the status of the monastery with regard to the empire, entrusted the matter to his Minister of Personnel, Pei Cui, who had the stele erected as a public declaration not unlike the publication of Greek law in stone in the marketplace. The original design and composition of the text were his work. On 15 July 728, a festival day, Pei Cui ordered the text published on one
stele A stele ( ) or stela ( )The plural in English is sometimes stelai ( ) based on direct transliteration of the Greek, sometimes stelae or stelæ ( ) based on the inflection of Greek nouns in Latin, and sometimes anglicized to steles ( ) or stela ...
in front of Bell Tower. It survived intact except for wear, tear, and cracks, through all the centuries of the monastery's trials and troubles, even the last one, Mao Zedong's
Cultural Revolution The Cultural Revolution, formally known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a Social movement, sociopolitical movement in the China, People's Republic of China (PRC). It was launched by Mao Zedong in 1966 and lasted until his de ...
. When the Bell Tower came to be rebuilt, a number of steles were in front of it. They were scarcely legible except by special study. "Despite the survival of the stele itself, its inscriptions are today all but effaced." To protect two of them the restorers built a brick structure around them in which they appear tandem in two archways. Special cases were placed over the inscriptions with the letters appearing color-enhanced within them. The larger stele, on the right of the front face, is the topic of this article. The smaller, on the left, is generally ignored. Media generally try to take pictures only of the right half. Sometimes the left half is mistaken for the reverse of the stele of interest. Since there is only one Shaolin Monastery stele, that case is impossible. Not usually shown is the reverse of the structure, displaying the inscriptions on the reverse sides of the tablets. The inscription of present interest would then be on the viewer's left.


Inscriptions

Since 1928 and until the late reconstruction of the monastery and opening as a tourist center, opportunities to study the inscriptional content of the stele have been rare, due first to the political situation and second to the reconstruction. Rubbings and reports have been available. Two major analysts have emerged. Manoru Tonami studied the rubbings and published in Japanese, to be translated by P.A. Herbert. Meir Shahar had the advantage of being able to study the stele embedded in the brick structure before the Bell Tower. He published in the first decade of the 21st century. Some of his works are cited below. Pei Cui's composition of the inscriptional material presents in English something of a semantic problem. Ordinarily the engraving of writing on one object for one purpose, without later additions, is termed "an inscription" or "the inscription." Strictly speaking, since everything on Shaolinsi Bei was done at one time for the same purpose, it is one inscription. Many examples of multi-page single inscriptions exist, such as the Gortyn Law Code. Pei Cui, however, chose to publish a number of different documents composed at different times, to be enclosed with his own history of the monastery. Tonami approached this problem as follows: "...its four principal inscriptions reproduce several documents from the 720's ...," which was promptly misconstrued as four inscriptions on Internet summaries. "Principal" was condensed away, but if it were left in, the implication is that multiple inscriptions existed on possibly multiple steles. The exact number apparently had still not been determined. Verellen, Tonami's reviewer, says: "The final inscription ... is again a composite document." Now apparently the stele recorded documents within four inscriptions that contained multiple inscriptions. Some way needed to be found to describe Pei Cui's composition with simplicity and accuracy. Chinese steles customarily incorporated previously existing documents in just this way. Shahar's solution to the semantic problem begins with the "document," a previously composed piece published first in some other medium. Engraved later on a stele, it is a "text." Texts are inscriptions, one for one. Shaolinsi Bei has seven texts, or seven inscriptions, dating from 621 to 728. They were public records of the military support the Shaolin Monastery had provided Li Shimin. They demonstrate that the monastery was in favor with the early Tang emperors at a time when other religious organisations were being curtailed. This favor derived from their participation in battles, whether or not they had the skills attributed to "the fighting monks." The arrangement of the sections below is based on Shahar's arrangement of the "texts." The whole space consists of two surfaces shaped like arched doorways. At the top of the arch, both front and back, is a rectangle called by Verellen a "dragon Apex" because framed with the coils of a dragon in relief. On the front side this is distinct space with a separate inscription identifying Taizong. Its characters are larger and run in four rows of two characters each. Then follows Pei Cui's history covering the entire front face. In the dragon apex of the reverse is the letter signed with the characteristic calligraphy of Li Shimin. Below it the remaining five documents occupy the remaining reverse space. The sections below contain brief descriptions of the seven documents.


History of the Shaolin Monastery


Testimony of Pei Cui

The scholars of the tablets have taken a primarily historical approach, and there is no substitute for objective history, wherever it can be found. Shahar starts his study with "the last years of the Daye ... reign period (605–616)." That is not, however, where Pei Cui begins. Going as far back as the foundation of the monastery, Pei Cui records simply that
Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei ((北)魏孝文帝) (October 13, 467 – April 26, 499), personal name Tuoba Hong (拓拔宏), later Yuan Hong (元宏), was an emperor of China's Northern Wei dynasty, reigning from September 20, 471 to April 26, ...
(467-499, died at 32) founded it. The
Northern Wei Wei (), known in historiography as the Northern Wei ( zh, c=北魏, p=Běi Wèi), Tuoba Wei ( zh, c=拓跋魏, p=Tuòbá Wèi), Yuan Wei ( zh, c=元魏, p=Yuán Wèi) and Later Wei ( zh, t=後魏, p=Hòu Wèi), was an Dynasties of China, impe ...
, including Xiaowen and his family, were ethnic
Xianbei The Xianbei (; ) were an ancient nomadic people that once resided in the eastern Eurasian steppes in what is today Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and Northeastern China. The Xianbei were likely not of a single ethnicity, but rather a multiling ...
. These were speakers of the
Tuoba language Tuoba (Tabγač or Tabghach; also Taγbač or Taghbach; ) is an extinct language spoken by the Tuoba people in northern China around the 5th century AD during the Northern Wei dynasty. It has variously been considered to be of ( Para-) Mongolic ...
, a now extinct branch of the
Mongolic languages The Mongolic languages are a language family spoken by the Mongolic peoples in North Asia, East Asia, Central Asia, and Eastern Europe mostly in Mongolia and surrounding areas and in Kalmykia and Buryatia. The best-known member of this languag ...
spoken by the
Tuoba The Tuoba (Chinese language, Chinese) or Tabgatch (, ''Tabγač''), also known by #Names, other names, was an influential Xianbei clan in early imperial China. During the Sixteen Kingdoms after the fall of Han and the Three Kingdoms, the Tuoba e ...
people of North China.
North China North China () is a list of regions of China, geographical region of the People's Republic of China, consisting of five province-level divisions of China, provincial-level administrative divisions, namely the direct-administered municipalities ...
is separated climatologically from South China by the divide between the
Yellow River The Yellow River, also known as Huanghe, is the second-longest river in China and the List of rivers by length, sixth-longest river system on Earth, with an estimated length of and a Drainage basin, watershed of . Beginning in the Bayan H ...
and the
Yangtze The Yangtze or Yangzi ( or ) is the longest river in Eurasia and the third-longest in the world. It rises at Jari Hill in the Tanggula Mountains of the Tibetan Plateau and flows including Dam Qu River the longest source of the Yangtze, i ...
River, both of which flow from the mountains of
Central Asia Central Asia is a region of Asia consisting of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The countries as a group are also colloquially referred to as the "-stans" as all have names ending with the Persian language, Pers ...
eastward into the China Seas. Archaeology along the Yellow River suggests that the valley of the eastern, or lower, Yellow River is the
Neolithic The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Ancient Greek, Greek 'new' and 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Mesopotamia, Asia, Europe and Africa (c. 10,000 BCE to c. 2,000 BCE). It saw the Neolithic Revo ...
cradle of the civilization today called " Chinese" by westerners. Today's China is the territory of 55 ethnic groups, which fall under the aegis of "Chinese." These groups were politically conglomerated around a single Neolithic ethnic group passing into history with an endonym of Hanren, "
Han Chinese The Han Chinese, alternatively the Han people, are an East Asian people, East Asian ethnic group native to Greater China. With a global population of over 1.4 billion, the Han Chinese are the list of contemporary ethnic groups, world's la ...
," today the most populous ethnic group (1.4 billion) in the world. The testimony of the stele thus offers some counter-intuitive results. One might expect that the founder of an institution considered characteristically Chinese, located in the spiritual heart of China, to have been a Chinese emperor of the most civilized period. Instead the stele relates that he was what the Hanren called "a barbarian." Moreover, the state in which he founded it was not then Hanren. Chan Buddhism was just beginning, but it came from far-away India. There was nothing "Chinese" about it.


Buddhism and Northern Wei


Letter from Li Shimin to the monastery


Text 3


Text 4


Texts 5 and 6


Text 7: Thirteen heroic monks

Text 7 is a list of thirteen heroic monks. It's likely that the list was compiled close to the time the stele was erected, or even added at a later date, and may therefore be influenced as much by folklore that had grown up in the years since the Cypress Valley victory in 632. Cited by
Emperor Taizong of Tang Emperor Taizong of Tang (28January 59810July 649), previously Prince of Qin, personal name Li Shimin, was the second emperor of the Tang dynasty of China, ruling from 626 to 649. He is traditionally regarded as a co-founder of the dynasty fo ...
for meritorious service are: * Dean, monk Shanhu * Abbot, monk Zhicao * Overseer, monk Huiyang * General-in-chief, monk Tanzong * Monk Puhui * Monk Mingsong * Monk Lingxian * Monk Pusheng * Monk Zhishou * Monk Daoguaung * Monk Zhixing * Monk Man * Monk Feng


See also

*
Shaolin Monastery Shaolin Monastery ( zh, labels=no, c=少林寺, p=shàolínsì), also known as Shaolin Temple, is a monastic institution recognized as the birthplace of Chan Buddhism and the cradle of Shaolin kung fu. It is located at the foot of Wuru Peak o ...


Notes


Citations


Reference bibliography

* Translated by Google Translate. The sources for this indexed work are stated by the author to be the area's ''Guidebooks''. * * * * *


External links


Qin wang gao Shaolin si zhu jiao bei
photographic record of rubbings from Shaolinsi Bei at Berkeley Library (not the entire stele) {{morecat, date=October 2023 Chinese steles 8th-century inscriptions