Serafín Gualberto Sánchez Valdivia was a Cuban patriot, abolitionist and a participant of all three Cuban wars of independence. Additionally he participated in the Gómez-Maceo Plan. He reached the rank of major general. He participated in more than 120 fights. He was also a surveyor and teacher. Brother of Colonel Sabás Raimundo Sánchez Valdivia and Brigadier José Joaquín Sánchez Valdivia . He maintained a solid friendship with

Máximo Gómez Máximo Gómez y Báez (November 18, 1836 – June 17, 1905) was a general of Dominican origin in the Cuban Wars of Independence (1868-78 and 1895–98). He was known for his controversial Scorched earth tactics, which entailed dynamiting pa ...

and

José Martí José Julián Martí Pérez (; 28 January 1853 – 19 May 1895) was a Cuban nationalism, nationalist, poet, philosopher, essayist, journalist, translator, professor, and publisher, who is considered a Cuban national hero because of his role in ...

, who considered him a brother.

Early years

Sánchez was born on 2 July 1846, in the city of Sancti Spiritus, Cuba . He was one of the 22 children of Don Joaquín Sánchez Marín and Doña Isabel María de Valdivia y Salas, who came from colonial Sancti Spiritus families with well-off economic positions. He experienced his youth between the rural town of Arroyo Blanco, where his family came from, and the larger city of Sancti Spiritus, where he was born. He completed primary studies at a

Jesuit The Society of Jesus (; abbreviation: S.J. or SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits ( ; ), is a religious order (Catholic), religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rom ...

college in his hometown. He managed to graduate as a surveyor, but he always longed to be a teacher, a job he would do in the heat of war.

Ten Years' War

He rose in arms on 6 February 1869 in the north of the present province of Sancti Spiritus with only 45 men. Four days after the first part in combat Mayajigua and then others such as Chambas, Palo Seco, La Sacra, Naranjo, and Cascorro, among others. In the midst of the difficult life in the jungle, he practiced his profession as a teacher, teaching literate peasants and freed slaves . On 1 October 1877 he was promoted to colonel and on 18 December of that year fought his last major action in this war to the Spanish attack a convoy heading to Sancti Spiritus Fort Taguasco. On 28 February 1878 he laid down his arms in Ojo de Agua, taking up the Pact of the Zanjón.

Little War

He remained in Sancti Spíritus and sporadically in

Havana Havana (; ) is the capital and largest city of Cuba. The heart of La Habana Province, Havana is the country's main port and commercial center.Ramón Leocadio Bonachea, who was still fighting in the jurisdiction of Sancti Spíritus without any possibility of success. Simultaneously he conspired to prepare a new uprising in Las Villas, for which he used the pseudonym Magón. On 8 December 1878, Major General

Calixto García Calixto García y Íñiguez (August 4, 1839 – December 11, 1898) was a Cuban general in three Cuban uprisings, part of the Cuban War for Independence: the Ten Years' War, the Little War, and the War of 1895, itself sometimes called the C ...

, president of the Cuban Revolutionary Committee in exile in

New York City New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive w ...

, sent him the diploma of brigadier general and the appointment of head of the revolutionary movement in the jurisdiction of Sancti Spíritus. He was a signatory of the manifesto proclaimed by Ramón Leocadio Bonachea in the Protesta del Jarao, on 15 April 1879 . He participated in the Little War together with other military leaders who opposed the

Pact of Zanjón The Pact of Zanjón ended the Ten Years' War, the armed struggle of Cubans for independence from the Spanish Empire that lasted from 1868 to 1878. On February 10, 1878, a group of negotiators representing the rebels gathered in Zanjón, a village ...

, obtaining the rank of major general. All attempts to revitalize the war failed; on August 1, 1880, he embarked on the north coast of Remedios for the

United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...

Exile

After a few days in New York, he decided to settle in the

Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean Sea in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean. It shares a Maritime boundary, maritime border with Puerto Rico to the east and ...

, where he stayed for more than eleven years. There he collaborated with the Gómez-Maceo Plan from 1884 to 1886, which finally did not bear fruit. Later, he settled in

Key West Key West is an island in the Straits of Florida, at the southern end of the U.S. state of Florida. Together with all or parts of the separate islands of Dredgers Key, Fleming Key, Sunset Key, and the northern part of Stock Island, it con ...

. In exile, he collaborated with

, standing out as a writer, poet and journalist. Sánchez later participated in the organization of the failed plan of Fernandina . Then he organized an expedition together with General

Carlos Roloff Karol Rolow-Miałowski or Carlos Roloff Mialofsky, better known simply as Carlos Roloff, (4 November 1842 – 17 May 1907) was a Polish-born Cuban general and liberation activist, who fought against Spain in the Ten Years' War and the Cuban War o ...

to return to his homeland. Sánchez disembarked in Cuban coast on 24 July 1895 in the area of Punta Caney, Sancti Spiritus.

Cuban War of Independence

When Carlos Roloff was granted the position of Secretary of War, he became chief of the IV Corps of the

Cuban Revolutionary Army The Cuban Revolutionary Army () serve as the ground forces of Cuba. Formed in 1868 during the Ten Years' War, it was originally known as the Cuban Constitutional Army. Following the Cuban Revolution, the revolutionary military forces was recon ...

. At the end of 1896 he returned to his native province, where he carried out several combats causing new defeats to the enemy. On 18 November 1896, in the Battle of Paso de las Damas in the province of Las Villas against Spanish forces in large numbers exceeding the Mambisas. After the objective of the battle was accomplished, he ordered the retreat. At that moment, a Mauser bullet passed through him from his right shoulder to his left and he fell into the arms of José Inés Fernández. Some who came to his aid heard his last words: "They have killed me! It does not matter, the march continues!". He died at 5:15 pm. He is buried at the Cementerio Municipal de Sancti Spiritus next to his mother Isabel Maria de Valdivia and his brothers.

Legacy

He is considered alongside other figures like Gómez and Maceo, one of the main leaders of the Cuban War of Independence. His advanced ideology made him not only lash out against Spanish colonial rule, but also criticized the racism and homophobia within the independence movement hoping to create a fairer Cuba. He also warned about the intentions of the United States and its involvement in the Spanish-Cuban conflict. He stood out as a man of thought and action, with an elevated ideological stance and political vision. Currently, the square of the revolution in the city of Sancti Spíritus bears his name and a statue was erected in his honor. His book ''Heroes Humildes y Poetas de la Guerra'' was published posthumously in 1911.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sánchez, Serafín 1846 births 1896 deaths People of the Ten Years' War People of the Cuban War of Independence Cuban generals 19th-century Cuban military personnel Cuban independence activists People from Sancti Spíritus