Secondary source

In scholarship, a secondary sourcePrimary, secondary and tertiary sources
. University Libraries, University of Maryland.Secondary sources
". James Cook University. is a document or recording that relates or discusses information originally presented elsewhere. A secondary source contrasts with a ''primary'', or ''original'', source of the information being discussed. A primary source can be a person with direct knowledge of a situation or it may be a document created by such a person.

A secondary source is one that gives information about a primary source. In a secondary source, the original information is selected, modified and arranged in a suitable format. Secondary sources involve generalization, analysis, interpretation, or evaluation of the original information.

The most accurate classification for any given source is not always obvious. "Primary" and "secondary" are relative terms, and some sources may be classified as primary or secondary, depending on how they are used.

A third level, the '' tertiary source'', such as an encyclopedia or dictionary, resembles a secondary source in that it contains analysis, but a tertiary source has a different purpose: it aims to elaborate a broad introductory overview of the topic at hand.

Classification of sources

Making distinctions between ''primary'' and ''secondary'' symbolic sources (objects meant to communicate information) is both subjective and contextual, such that precise definitions can sometimes be difficult to make. And indeed many sources can be classified as either primary or secondary based upon the context in which they are being considered. For example, if in careful study a historical text discusses certain old documents to the point of disclosing a new historical conclusion, then that historical text may now be considered a primary source for the new conclusion, but it is still a secondary source as regarding the old documents. Other examples for which a source can be assigned both primary and secondary roles would include an obituary or a survey of several volumes of a journal to count the frequency of articles on a certain topic.

Further, whether a source is regarded as primary or secondary in a given context may change over time, depending upon the past and present states of knowledge within the field of study. For example, if a certain document refers to the contents of a previous but undiscovered letter, that document may be considered "primary", because it is the closest known thing to an original sourcebut if the missing letter is later found, that certain document may then be considered "secondary".

Attempts to map or model scientific and scholarly communications need the concepts of primary, secondary and further "levels" of classification. One such model is provided by the United Nations as the UNISIST model of information dissemination. Within such a model, source classification concepts are defined in relation to each other, and acceptance of a particular way of defining the concepts for classification are connected to efficiently using the model. (Note: ''UNISIST'' is the United Nations International Scientific Information System; it is a model of a social system for communications between knowledge producers, knowledge users, and their intermediaries. The system also comprises institutions such as libraries, research institutes, and publishers.)

Secondary literature

Some modern languages use more than one word for the English word "source". For example, German usually uses ' ("secondary literature") for secondary sources regarding historical facts, leaving ' ("secondary source") to historiography. For example, a treatise on Goethe's ''Faust'' (e.g., on characters or motifs of the play) is called '.Klaus Gantert: ''Bibliothekarisches Grundwissen.'' 9. Auflage. de Gruyter, Berlin/Boston 2016, ISBN 978-3-11-032145-6, , S. 76. A ' may be a source, perhaps a letter, that quotes from a lost ' ("primary source")say a report of minutes that is not known to still existsuch that the report of minutes is unavailable to the researcher as the sought-after '.

Science, technology, and medicine

In general, secondary sources in a scientific context may be referred to as "secondary literature", and can be self-described as review articles or meta-analysis.

Primary source materials are typically defined as "original research papers written by the scientists who actually conducted the study." An example of primary source material is the Purpose, Methods, Results, Conclusions sections of a research paper (in IMRAD style) in a scientific journal by the authors who conducted the study. In some fields, a secondary source may include a summary of the literature in the introduction of a scientific paper, a description of what is known about a disease or treatment in a chapter in a reference book, or a synthesis written to review available literature. A survey of previous work in the field in a primary peer-reviewed source is secondary source information. This allows secondary sourcing of recent findings in areas where full review articles have not yet been published.

A book review that contains the judgment of the reviewer about the book is a primary source for the reviewer's opinion, and a secondary source for the contents of the book. A summary of the book within a review is a secondary source.

Library and information science

In library and information sciences, secondary sources are generally regarded as those sources that summarize or add commentary to primary sources in the context of the particular information or idea under study.

Mathematics

An important use of secondary sources in the field of mathematics has been to make difficult mathematical ideas and proofs from primary sources more accessible to the public; in other sciences tertiary sources are expected to fulfill the introductory role.

Humanities and history

Secondary sources in history and humanities are usually books or scholarly journals, from the perspective of a later interpreter, especially by a later scholar. In the humanities, a peer reviewed article is always a secondary source.
The delineation of sources as primary and secondary first arose in the field of historiography, as historians attempted to identify and classify the sources of historical writing. In scholarly writing, an important objective of classifying sources is to determine the independence and reliability of sources. In original scholarly writing, historians rely on primary sources, read in the context of the scholarly interpretations.

Following the Rankean model established by German scholarship in the 19th century, historians use archives of primary sources. Most undergraduate research projects rely on secondary source material, with perhaps snippets of primary sources.

Law

In the legal field, source classification is important because the persuasiveness of a source usually depends upon its history. Primary sources may include cases, constitutions, statutes, administrative regulations, and other sources of binding legal authority, while secondary legal sources may include books, the headnotes of case reports, articles, and encyclopedias. Legal writers usually prefer to cite primary sources because only primary sources are authoritative and precedential, while secondary sources are only persuasive at best.

Family history

"A secondary source is a record or statement of an event or circumstance made by a non-eyewitness or by someone not closely connected with the event or circumstances, recorded or stated verbally either at or sometime after the event, or by an eye-witness at a time after the event when the fallibility of memory is an important factor." Consequently, according to this definition, a first-hand account written long after the event "when the fallibility of memory is an important factor" is a secondary source, even though it may be the first published description of that event.

Autobiographies

An autobiography or a memoir can be a secondary source in history or the humanities when used for information about topics other than its subject. For example, many first-hand accounts of events in World War I written in the post-war years were influenced by the then prevailing perception of the war, which was significantly different from contemporary opinion.Holmes, particularly the introduction

See also

*Original research

References

Further reading

* Jules R. Benjamin, '' A Student's Guide to History'' (2013)
* Edward H. Carr, '' What is History?'' (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001)
* Wood Gray, '' Historian's handbook, a key to the study and writing of history'' (Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1991, ©1964)
* Derek Harland, ''A Basic Course in Genealogy: Volume two, Research Procedure and Evaluation of Evidence'' (Bookcraft Inc, 1958
WorldCat record
* Richard Holmes, '' Tommy'' (HarperCollins, 2004)
* Martha C. Howell and Walter Prevenier, '' From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods'' (2001)
* Richard A. Marius and Melvin E. Page, '' A Short Guide to Writing About History'' (8th Edition) (2012)
* Hayden White, '' Metahistory: the historical imagination in nineteenth-century Europe'' (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973)

External links

{{Commons category, Secondary Sources

Historiography
History resources
Information science
Library science terminology