Sclerocarya Birrea

''Sclerocarya birrea'' ( , meaning "hard", and , "nut", in reference to the stone inside the fleshy fruit), commonly known as the marula, is a medium-sized deciduous fruit-bearing tree, indigenous to the miombo woodlands of Southern Africa, the Sudano-Sahelian range of West Africa, the savanna woodlands of East Africa and Madagascar.

Description

The tree is a single-stemmed species with a broad, spreading crown. It is distinguished by its grey mottled bark and can grow up to 18 meters tall, primarily in low altitudes and open woodlands. The distribution of this species throughout Africa and Madagascar has followed the Bantu in their migrations. There is some evidence of human domestication of marula trees, as trees found on farm lands tend to have larger fruit size.

The fruits are oblong or ovate, about 3–4 cm, rarely attaining 5 cm, and ripen between February and March or somewhat later into April; they have a light yellow skin (exocarp), with white flesh (mesocarp). They fall to the ground when unripe and green in colour, and then ripen to a yellow colour on the ground. They are succulent and tart with a strong and distinctive flavour. Inside a hard, thick-walled stone there are usually 2 or 3 seeds, though up to 4 seeds can be present, one in each cell or compartment. The kernel of the seed is edible. The seeds are closed in with plugs. For commercial propagation, the seeds may be soaked or otherwise treated to loosen the plugs ( opercula) in order to improve germination.

The trees are dioecious, so that normally only female trees will fruit, but hermaphroditic production has been reported. Male trees produce multiple male flowers on a terminal raceme. These have red sepals and petals, and about 20 stamens per flower. On rare occasions a male flower can produce a gynoecium, turning it bisexual. Female flowers grow individually on their own pedicel and have staminodes. The leaves are alternate, compound, and imparipinnately divided. The leaflet shapes range from round to elliptical.

Taxonomy and etymology

''Sclerocarya birrea'' is divided into three subspecies: subsp. ''birrea'', subsp. ''afra'' and subsp. ''multifoliolata.'' These subspecies are differentiated by changes in leaf shape and size. Subsp. ''birrea'' is found in northern Africa, subsp. ''afra'' is found in southern Africa, and subsp. ''multifoliolata'' is only found in Tanzania.

The generic name ''Sclerocarya'' is derived from the Ancient Greek words 'skleros' meaning 'hard' and 'karyon' meaning 'nut'. This refers to the hard pit of the fruit. The specific epithet 'birrea' comes from the common name 'birr', for this type of tree in Senegal and Gambia.> The marula belongs to the same family, Anacardiaceae, as the mango, cashew, pistachio and sumac, and is closely related to the genus '' Poupartia'' from Madagascar.

Common names

Common names include jelly plum, cat thorn, morula, cider tree, marula, maroola nut/plum, or elphant plum.

In South Africa, the Afrikaans names are . Tribal names (generally Bantu) are in Venda, or , etc. in Shona.

In Zimbabwe, it is called in the Ndau dialect and , in Northern Ndebele, var.

In Tanzania, it is known as , probably in Swahili.

In Kenya, in Swahili and Digo language; in Oromo; in Maasai; in Pökoot; in Tugen.

In Namibia, it is known in the Herero and the closely related Ovambo language as .

This list is still not exhaustive.

Subspecies

Three subspecies are accepted:
*''Sclerocarya birrea'' subsp. ''afra'' – Kenya to Namibia and KwaZulu-Natal, Madagascar, and Mayotte
*''Sclerocarya birrea'' subsp. ''birrea'' – West Africa to Ethiopia and Tanzania
*''Sclerocarya birrea'' subsp. ''multifoliolata'' – Tanzania

Uses

Traditional uses

The fruit is traditionally used for food in Africa, and has considerable socioeconomic importance. The fruit juice and pulp are mixed with water and stored in a container over 1–3 days of fermentation to make marula beer, a traditional alcoholic beverage.

The edible kernel inside the hard nutshell is difficult to extract but is delicious and is eaten by children; these "nuts" are also the staple that some hunter-gatherer tribes subsist on in the winter season.

In Namibia, the Ovambo people call the liqueur or wine made from marula or , perhaps distinguishable from a weaker beer product. The juice () and cooking oil () are also harvested.

Marula oil is used topically to moisturise the skin, and also an edible oil in the diet of San people in Southern Africa. The marula tree is protected in South Africa.

In South Africa, the Amarula cream liqueur is made from the fruit. There are also (moonshine) distilled from the morula, which is mentioned in the writings of South African writer Herman Charles Bosman.

Commercial uses

On an industrial level the fruit of the marula tree is collected from the wild by members of rural communities on whose land the trees grow. This harvest and sale of fruit only occur over two to three months, but is an important source of income to poor rural people, especially women. The fruit is delivered to processing plants where fruit pulp, pips, kernels and kernel oil are extracted and stored for processing throughout the year.

Uses by other species

The marula fruit is eaten by various animals in Southern Africa. Giraffes, rhinoceroses and elephants all browse on the marula tree, with elephants in particular being a major consumer. Elephants eat the bark, branches and fruits of the marula, which may limit the spread of the trees. The damaged bark, due to browsing, can be used to identify marula trees as elephants preferentially target them. Elephants distribute marula seeds in their dung. In the documentary '' Animals Are Beautiful People'' by Jamie Uys, released in 1974, some scenes portray elephants, ostriches, warthogs and baboons allegedly becoming intoxicated from eating fermented marula fruit, as do reports in the popular press. While the fruit is commonly eaten by elephants, the animals would need a huge amount of fermented marulas to have any effect on them, and other animals prefer the ripe fruit.

The marula fruit has been suggested to be the food of choice for the ancestral forest-dwelling form of the fruit fly ''Drosophila melanogaster'', which was much more selective about which fruit they preferred than the flies that have self-domesticated to live near to humans. The ancestral fruit flies are triggered by the ester ethyl isovalerate in the marula fruit.

Gallery

File:Marula fruits Ongwediva March 2016.jpg, Marula windfalls in Ongwediva, Namibia
File:Marula juice.jpg, Marula cider, Ongwediva, Namibia
File:Sclerocarya birrea - Seed.jpg, Marula stones
File:marula00.jpg, Marula seeds
File:Marula Oil.jpg, Marula oil for sale at Ongwediva Annual Trade Fair 2016, Namibia

Explanatory notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

*

External links

Swazisecrets.com: Marula African oils

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birrea
Flora of Southern Africa
Flora of Madagascar
Flora of South Africa
Desert fruits
Edible nuts and seeds
Fruits originating in Africa
Trees of Madagascar
Trees of South Africa
Protected trees of South Africa
Dioecious plants
Garden plants of Africa
Ornamental trees
Drought-tolerant plants
Drought-tolerant trees
Plants described in 1831
Taxa named by Achille Richard