Schleicher's fable

Schleicher's fable is a text composed as a reconstructed version of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) language, published by August Schleicher in 1868. Schleicher was the first scholar to compose a text in PIE. The fable is entitled ("The Sheep weand the Horses oh). At later dates, various scholars have published revised versions of Schleicher's fable, as the idea of how PIE should be presented and pronounced has changed over time. The resulting parallel texts serve as an illustration of the significant changes that the reconstruction of the language has experienced during the last 150 years of scholarly efforts.

The first revision of Schleicher's fable was made by Hermann Hirt (published by Arntz in 1939). A second revision was published by Winfred Lehmann and Ladislav Zgusta in 1979. Another version by Douglas Q. Adams appeared in the '' Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture'' (1997:501). In 2007 Frederik Kortlandt published yet another version on his internet homepage.

The Sheep and the Horses

Schleicher (1868)

'

Schleicher's German translation

English translation

''The Sheep and the Horses''

A sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.

Hirt (1939)

'

Lehmann and Zgusta (1979)

'

Danka (1986)

'

Adams (1997)

'

Lühr (2008)

'

Voyles and Barrack (2009)

'

Melchert (2009, revised 2014)

'

Kortlandt (2007, revised 2010)

'

After the separation of Anatolian and Tocharian:

Byrd (2013)

'

Notable differences

Some of the differences between the texts are simply varying spelling conventions: ''w'' and ', for example, are only different symbols to indicate the same sound, a consonantal ''u'', so that ''wóĝhom'' and ''u̯óǵʰom'' are actually the same reconstruction. However, many other differences are to be explained by widely diverging opinions concerning the phonological and morphological systems of PIE.

Schleicher's reconstruction assumed that the ''o/e'' vocalism was secondary, and his version of PIE is based much more closely on Sanskrit than modern reconstructions.

Hirt introduced the ''o/e'' vocalism, syllabic resonants, labiovelars and palatalized velars.

Lehmann and Zgusta introduced a few alternative lexemes (the relative pronoun '; the word ' 'man'), and made some use of laryngeals: their text features an ''h'' (') for what they seem to accept as a single laryngeal of PIE.

Adams was the first one to represent fully the laryngeal theory in his version of the fable. Judging from the text, he seems to assume four different laryngeal phonemes. Consequently, Adams' text no longer shows long ''ā''.

Kortlandt's version is a radical deviation from the prior texts in a number of ways. First, he conforms to the glottalic theory, representing glottalic plosives with a following apostrophe (''t’'') and omitting aspirated voiced plosives. Second, he substitutes the abstract laryngeal signs with their supposed phonetic values: ' = ' (glottal stop), ' = ' (pharyngeal fricative), ' = ' (pharyngeal fricative with lip rounding). Kortlandt also has a different opinion about ablaut grades in many verbal and nominal forms, compared to the other scholars.

In popular culture

A post on '' Language Log'' mentions that PIE is claimed to be used in a short dialogue between the human astronauts and an alien "Engineer" in Ridley Scott's movie ''Prometheus,'' but several comments argue instead that it is not recognizable as PIE and is instead "pseudo-Sanskrit." In an early scene, the android "David" (played by Michael Fassbender) practices reciting Schleicher's fable to the interactive computer, in preparation for first contact with the "Engineers". Linguist Anil Biltoo created the movie's reconstructed dialogue and had an onscreen role teaching Schleicher's fable to David.''Stu Holmes''
The Linguistics of Prometheus — What David Says to the Engineer
// THE BIOSCOPIST. thebioscopist.com. — JUNE 20, 2012

See also

* The king and the god

References

Bibliography

*Arntz, Helmut (ed.), Hirt, Hermann: ''Die Hauptprobleme der indogermanischen Sprachwissenschaft''. Niemeyer, Halle a.d. Saale 1939 (Sammlung kurzer Grammatiken germanischer Dialekte. B. Ergänzungsheft 4)
*Kortlandt, Frederik. 2007
''For Bernard Comrie''

*Lehmann, W., and L. Zgusta. 1979. ''Schleicher's tale after a century''. In ''Festschrift for Oswald Szemerényi on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday'', ed. B. Brogyanyi, 455–66. Amsterdam.
*Lühr, Rosemari
Von Berthold Delbrück bis Ferdinand Sommer: Die Herausbildung der Indogermanistik in Jena
*Mallory, J. P. and Adams, D. Q.: Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London, 1997. S. 500ff.
*Schleicher, August: ''Fabel in indogermanischer Ursprache''. In: Beiträge zur vergleichenden Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der arischen, celtischen und slawischen Sprachen. 5/1868. Dümmler, Berlin, S. 206-208

External links

Schleicher's reconstructed text with a literal English glossTelling Tales in Proto-Indo-European
an audio rendition of the fable

{{Proto-Indo-European language

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Proto-Indo-European compositions
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