''Scaphander'' is a
genus
Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
of
sea snail
Sea snails are slow-moving marine (ocean), marine gastropod Mollusca, molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the Taxonomic classification, taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguishe ...
s,
marine gastropod
Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda ().
This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...
mollusc
Mollusca is a phylum of protostome, protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant taxon, extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum ...
s in the
family
Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...
Scaphandridae
Scaphandridae is a family (biology), family of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Philinoidea.
Taxonomy
Scaphandridae was considered as a synonym of Cylichnidae in the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & ...
, the canoe bubbles.
Description
(Described as ''Meloscaphander'') The shell is ovate, convex in its upper part, and tapers below, with a low, slightly exserted
spire
A spire is a tall, slender, pointed structure on top of a roof of a building or tower, especially at the summit of church steeples. A spire may have a square, circular, or polygonal plan, with a roughly conical or pyramidal shape. Spire ...
. The
aperture
In optics, the aperture of an optical system (including a system consisting of a single lens) is the hole or opening that primarily limits light propagated through the system. More specifically, the entrance pupil as the front side image o ...
is large but shorter than the shell, and the
columella
Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella (, Arabic: ) was a prominent Roman writer on agriculture in the Roman Empire.
His in twelve volumes has been completely preserved and forms an important source on Roman agriculture and ancient Roman cuisin ...
is moderately curved and thick. The surface is sculpted with rows of spiral pits.
(Described as ''Scaphander (Sabatina)'' ) In most, if not all, species of this proposed subgenus, the callosity on the body does not form a distinct "fold." Instead, it appears as an amorphous mass, which sometimes may be granular, smooth, or occasionally tubercular in texture. While the typical fossil species seems to have an interiorly produced
callus
A callus (: calluses) is an area of thickened and sometimes hardened skin that forms as a response to repeated friction, pressure, or other irritation. Since repeated contact is required, calluses are most often found on the feet and hands, b ...
, the recent species differ notably from Bellardi’s fossil. They not only lack the same callus characteristics but also exhibit a globose shell shape rather than the pyriform shape seen in the fossil. For these globose recent species, I propose the name ''Sabatina'', with ''Scaphander sabatina planeticus''
Dall, 1908 as the type. These species possess an animal capable of fully retracting into the shell, with
gastrolith
A gastrolith, also called a stomach stone or gizzard stone, is a rock held inside a gastrointestinal tract. Gastroliths in some species are retained in the muscular gizzard and used to grind food in animals lacking suitable grinding teeth. In ...
s identical to those found in
Scaphander lignarius
''Scaphander lignarius'', common name the woody canoe-bubble, is a species of sea snail, a bubble snail, a marine (ocean), marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Scaphandridae, the canoe-bubbles. .
Species
Species within the genus ''Scaphander'' include:
* ''
Scaphander amygdalus''
Siegwald & Malaquias, 2024
* ''
Scaphander andamanicus
''Scaphander'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Scaphandridae, the canoe bubbles.
Description
(Described as ''Meloscaphander'') The shell is ovate, convex in its upper part, and tapers below, with a low, slight ...
''
E. A. Smith, 1894
* † ''
Scaphander brevicula''
Philippi 1887 [D. Frassinetti. 2001. Molluscos bivalvos y gastrópodos del Mioceno marino de Isla Stokes, sur de Chile. Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile 50:73-90]
* ''
Scaphander cancellatus''
E. von Martens, 1902
* † ''
Scaphander cauveti
''Scaphander'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Scaphandridae, the canoe bubbles.
Description
(Described as ''Meloscaphander'') The shell is ovate, convex in its upper part, and tapers below, with a low, slight ...
''
(de Raincourt, 1885)
* ''
Scaphander ceylanus
''Scaphander'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Scaphandridae, the canoe bubbles.
Description
(Described as ''Meloscaphander'') The shell is ovate, convex in its upper part, and tapers below, with a low, slight ...
''
E. A. Smith, 1904 (uncertain)
* ''
Scaphander clavus
''Scaphander'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Scaphandridae, the canoe bubbles.
Description
(Described as ''Meloscaphander'') The shell is ovate, convex in its upper part, and tapers below, with a low, slight ...
''
Dall, 1889
* † ''
Scaphander conicus
''Scaphander'' is a genus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs in the family (biology), family Scaphandridae, the canoe bubbles.
Description
(Described as ''Meloscaphander'') The shell is ovate, convex in its upper part, and ...
''
(Deshayes, 1824)
* ''
Scaphander cornus
''Scaphander'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Scaphandridae, the canoe bubbles.
Description
(Described as ''Meloscaphander'') The shell is ovate, convex in its upper part, and tapers below, with a low, slight ...
''
Siegwald & Malaquias, 2024
* ''
Scaphander darius
''Scaphander'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Scaphandridae, the canoe bubbles.
Description
(Described as ''Meloscaphander'') The shell is ovate, convex in its upper part, and tapers below, with a low, slight ...
''
Marcus & Marcus, 1967
* † ''
Scaphander dertonensis
''Scaphander'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Scaphandridae, the canoe bubbles.
Description
(Described as ''Meloscaphander'') The shell is ovate, convex in its upper part, and tapers below, with a low, slight ...
''
(Sacco, 1896)
* ''
Scaphander dilatatus
''Scaphander'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Scaphandridae, the canoe bubbles.
Description
(Described as ''Meloscaphander'') The shell is ovate, convex in its upper part, and tapers below, with a low, slight ...
''
A. Adams, 1862 (nomen dubium)
* † ''
Scaphander elegans
''Scaphander'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Scaphandridae, the canoe bubbles.
Description
(Described as ''Meloscaphander'') The shell is ovate, convex in its upper part, and tapers below, with a low, slight ...
''
(K. Martin, 1879)
* ''
Scaphander elongatus
''Scaphander'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Scaphandridae, the canoe bubbles.
Description
(Described as ''Meloscaphander'') The shell is ovate, convex in its upper part, and tapers below, with a low, slight ...
''
A. Adams, 1862 (nomen dubium)
* † ''
Scaphander enysi
''Scaphander'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Scaphandridae, the canoe bubbles.
Description
(Described as ''Meloscaphander'') The shell is ovate, convex in its upper part, and tapers below, with a low, slight ...
''
(Hutton, 1873)
* † ''
Scaphander flemingi''
Marwick, 1965
* ''
Scaphander gracilis''
Watson, 1886
* ''
Scaphander grandis''
(Minichev, 1967)
* † ''
Scaphander hiulcus
''Scaphander'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Scaphandridae, the canoe bubbles.
Description
(Described as ''Meloscaphander'') The shell is ovate, convex in its upper part, and tapers below, with a low, slight ...
''
Laws, 1936
* † ''
Scaphander ickei''
K. Martin, 1914
* ''
Scaphander illecebrosus''
Iredale, 1925
* ''
Scaphander imperceptus''
(Bouchet, 1975)
* ''
Scaphander impunctatus''
Hickman 1980
* ''
Scaphander interruptus''
Dall, 1889
* † ''
Scaphander javana''
Martin 1879
* † ''
Scaphander jugularis''
(Conrad, 1855)
* † ''
Scaphander komiticus''
Laws, 1939
* ''
Scaphander laetus''
Thiele, 1925 (taxon inquirendum)
* † ''
Scaphander langdoni''
Dall, 1896 (unassessed)
* ''
Scaphander lignarius
''Scaphander lignarius'', common name the woody canoe-bubble, is a species of sea snail, a bubble snail, a marine (ocean), marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Scaphandridae, the canoe-bubbles. ''
(Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...
, 1767)
* ''
Scaphander lignarius lignarius''
(Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...
, 1758
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the starting point of modern zoologic ...
) - wood-grained canoe bubble
* † ''
Scaphander malleatus''
Marwick, 1931
* ''
Scaphander meridionalis''
Siegwald, Pastorino, Oskars & Malaquias, 2020
* † ''
Scaphander miriamae''
Dell, 1952
* ''
Scaphander mundus''
Watson, 1883
* † ''
Scaphander nannus''
Woodring 1928
* ''
Scaphander nobilis''
Verrill, 1884
* ''
Scaphander obnubilus''
Siegwald & Malaquias, 2024
* † ''
Scaphander oligoturritus''
Sacco 1897
* ''
Scaphander otagoensis''
Dell
Dell Inc. is an American technology company that develops, sells, repairs, and supports personal computers (PCs), Server (computing), servers, data storage devices, network switches, software, computer peripherals including printers and webcam ...
, 1956
* † ''
Scaphander parisiensis''
A. d'Orbigny, 1850
* ''
Scaphander pilsbryi''
McGinty, 1955 (taxon inquirendum)
* ''
Scaphander planeticus''
Dall, 1908
* † ''
Scaphander polysarcus''
Cossmann and Pissarro 1913
* ''
Scaphander primus'' (unassessed)
* ''
Scaphander punctostriatus''
(Mighels & C. B. Adams, 1842) - giant canoe-bubble
* † ''
Scaphander radii''
Abbass 1967
* † ''
Scaphander rarus''
Wade 1926
* † ''
Scaphander remondi''
Philippi 1887
* † ''
Scaphander reticulatus''
Pecchioli, 1864 (unassessed)
* † ''
Scaphander scapha''
Laws, 1933
* ''
Scaphander semicallus
''Scaphander'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Scaphandridae, the canoe bubbles.
Description
(Described as ''Meloscaphander'') The shell is ovate, convex in its upper part, and tapers below, with a low, slight ...
''
Siegwald & Malaquias, 2024
* ''
Scaphander sibogae''
Schepman, 1913
* ''
Scaphander solomonensis''
Siegwald & Malaquias, 2024
* † ''
Scaphander stewarti''
Durham 1944 [J. W. Durham. 1944. Megafaunal zones of the Oligocene of northwestern Washington. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 27:101 -212]
* ''
Scaphander sulcatinus''
A. Adams, 1862 (nomen dubium)
* † ''
Scaphander tarbelliana''
(Grateloup, 1837)
* † ''
Scaphander tenuis
''Scaphander'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Scaphandridae, the canoe bubbles.
Description
(Described as ''Meloscaphander'') The shell is ovate, convex in its upper part, and tapers below, with a low, slight ...
''
G. F. Harris, 1897
* ''
Scaphander teramachii''
(Habe, 1954)
* † ''
Scaphander toringa''
Dell, 1952
* ''
Scaphander tortuosus''
Siegwald & Malaquias, 2024
* † ''
Scaphander washingtonensis''
Tegland 1933
* † ''
Scaphander watsoni''
Dall, 1881
* ''
Scaphander watsoni rehderi''
* ''
Scaphander willetti''
Dall, 1919 (taxon inquirendum)
* † ''
Scaphander yonabaruensis
''Scaphander'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Scaphandridae, the canoe bubbles.
Description
(Described as ''Meloscaphander'') The shell is ovate, convex in its upper part, and tapers below, with a low, slight ...
''
MacNeil, 1961
;Species brought into synonymy:
* ''Scaphander alatus'
'Dall, 1895: synonym of '' Scaphander mundus''
Watson, 1883
* † ''Scaphander alaskensis''
Clark 1932:
[B. L. Clark. 1932. Fauna of the Poul and Yakataga Formations (Upper Oligocene) of Southern Alaska. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 43:797-846] synonym of † ''Acila gettysburgensis alaskensis''
(B. L. Clark, 1932)
* ''Scaphander attenuatus''
Schepman, 1913: synonym of ''
Scaphander cancellatus''
E. von Martens, 1902 (junior subjective synonym)
* ''Scaphander bathymophilus''
Dall, 1881: synonym of ''
Sabatia bathymophila''
(Dall, 1881) (superseded combination)
* ''Scaphander brownii''
Leach, 1852: synonym of ''Scaphander lignarius''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Scaphander cumingii''
A. Adams, 1862: synonym of ''
Philine cumingii''
(A. Adams, 1862) (original combination)
* ''Scaphander cylindrellus''
Dall, 1908: synonym of ''
Cylichnium cylindrellum''
(Dall, 1908) (original combination)
* † ''Scaphander duseni'' Stilwell & Zinsmeister, 1992: synonym of † ''
Kaitoa duseni''
(Stilwell & Zinsmeister, 1992)
* ''Scaphander fragilis''
(Habe, 1952): synonym of ''
Eoscaphander fragilis''
Habe, 1952
* ''Scaphander gibbulus''
Jeffreys, 1856: synonym of ''Weinkauffia gibbula''
(Jeffreys, 1856): synonym of ''
Weinkauffia turgidula''
(Forbes, 1844) (original combination)
* ''Scaphander giganteus''
Risso, 1826: synonym of ''Scaphander lignarius''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Scaphander japonicus''
Adams, 1862: synonym of ''
Nipponoscaphander japonicus''
(A. Adams, 1862) (superseded combination, original combination)
* ''Scaphander librarius''
Lovén, 1846: synonym of ''Scaphander punctostriatus''
(Mighels & C. B. Adams, 1842)
* ''Scaphander loisae''
Bullis, 1956: synonym of ''Scaphander bathymophilus''
(Dall, 1881)
* ''Scaphander mulitstriata''
Brazier, 1877: synonym of ''Scaphander multistriatus''
Brazier, 1877: synonym of ''
Scaphander japonicus''
A. Adams, 1862 (incorrect gender of species epithet)
* ''Scaphander multistriatus''
Brazier, 1877: synonym of ''Scaphander japonicus''
A. Adams, 1862
* ''Scaphander niveus''
R. B. Watson, 1883: synonym of ''
Sabatia nivea''
(R. B. Watson, 1883) (original combination)
* ''Scaphander pilsbryi''
McGinty, 1955: synonym of ''
Scaphander darius
''Scaphander'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Scaphandridae, the canoe bubbles.
Description
(Described as ''Meloscaphander'') The shell is ovate, convex in its upper part, and tapers below, with a low, slight ...
''
Marcus & Marcus, 1967
* ''Scaphander pustulosus''
Dall, 1895: synonym of ''
Sabatia pustulosa''
Dall, 1895 (original combination)
* ''Scaphander robustus''
Okutani, 1966: synonym of ''
Sabatia robusta''
(Okutani, 1966) (superseded combination)
* ''Scaphander sibogae''
(Schepman, 1913): synonym of ''Scaphander attenuatus''
Schepman, 1913 (invalid: junior secondary homonym of Scaphander sibogae Schepman, 1913)
* ''Scaphander stigmatica''
Dall, 1927: synonym of ''Scaphander nobilis''
Verrill, 1884
* ''Scaphander subglobosa''
Schepman, 1913: synonym of ''Scaphander subglobosus''
Schepman, 1913 (original spelling; incorrect gender agreement of specific epithet)
* ''Scaphander subglobosus''
Schepman, 1913: synonym of ''
Scaphander cancellatus''
E. von Martens, 1902
* ''Scaphander takedai''
(Habe, 1981): synonym of ''
Sabatia takedai''
(Habe, 1981) (superseded combination)
* ''Scaphander targionius''
Risso, 1826: synonym of ''Scaphander lignarius''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Scaphander vicinus''
E. A. Smith, 1906: synonym of ''
Scaphander mundus''
R. B. Watson, 1883 (junior subjective synonym)
References
ZipCodeZoo*
Powell A. W. B., ''New Zealand Mollusca'',
William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979
External links
Miocene Gastropods and Biostratigraphy of the Kern River Area, California; United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 642
Serge GOFAS, Ángel A. LUQUE, Joan Daniel OLIVER, José TEMPLADO & Alberto SERRA (2021) - The Mollusca of Galicia Bank (NE Atlantic Ocean); European Journal of Taxonomy 785: 1–114Siegwald, J., Oskars, T. R., Kano, Y. & Malaquias, M. A. E. (2022). A global phylogeny of the deep-sea gastropod family Scaphandridae (Heterobranchia: Cephalaspidea): Redefinition and generic classification. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 169: 107415*
{{Taxonbar, from=Q3138583
Scaphandridae