Sardar

Sardar, also spelled as Sardaar (, , 'commander', literally 'headmaster'), is a title of royalty and nobility that was originally used to denote princes, noblemen, chiefs, kings and other aristocrats. It has also been used to denote a chief or leader of a tribe or group. It is used as a Persian synonym of the title ''Emir'' of Arabic origin.

The term and its cognates originate from Persian ''sardār'' () and have been historically used across Persia (Iran), the Ottoman Empire and Turkey (as "Serdar"), Afghanistan (as "Sardar" for a member of the royal Mohammadzai clan in meaning of noblemen), Mesopotamia (now Iraq), Syria, South Asia (Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Nepal), Central Asia, the Caucasus, the Balkans and Egypt (as " Sirdar").

Amongst Sikhs, the term began to be adopted due to Afghan influence in the mid-18th century to signify a leader of a Jatha or Misl and gradually replaced other prior used terms for these positions, such as 'Jathedar' and 'Misldar'. The term ''sardar'' was used by Sikh leaders and generals who held important positions in various Sikh Misls. The title is still commonly used by Sikhs today. Though historically signifying one's military rank or membership of a locally important family, in the contemporary period the title is used widely in India and neighbouring countries for any respected Sikh male. ''Sardar'' was also used to refer to generals of the Maratha Empire. After the decline of feudalism, ''sardar'' later indicated a Head of State, a Commander-in-chief, and an army military rank. As a military rank, a ''sardar'' typically marked the Commander-in-Chief or the highest-ranking military officer in an army, akin to the modern Field Marshal, General of the Army or Chief of Army. The more administrative title ''Sirdar-Bahadur'' denoted a Governor-General or Chief Minister of a remote province, akin to a British Viceroy. The term is used informally in India and Pakistan to refer to any turban wearing Sikh man. The term "Sardarni" is used to refer to Sikh women.

In Himalayan mountaineering, a ''sirdar'' is a local leader of the Sherpas. Among other duties, he records the heights reached by each Sherpa, which factors into their compensation.

Princes

*The Kapurthala State, have been ruled by kings of state styled ''Sardar''. For example, the king of Kapurthala used the title of Sardar.

Examples of regional use

* In Balochistan, the title ''Sardar'' marked the chief of his tribe.
* In the Royal Afghan Kingdom, the original ''Nishan-i-Sardari'' (Order of the Leader), founded by King Amanullah in 1923, was bestowed for exceptional service to the Crown by the Afghan monarch. Recipients enjoyed the titles of ''Sardar-i-Ala'' or ''Sardar-i-Ali'' before their names and also received grants of land. The original Order was disbanded in 1929, and was later revived by King Muhammad Zahir Shah.
* In Ottoman Turkey, Serdar was a rank in Bosnia Eyalet with Herzegovina Eyalet, later Bosnia Vilayet, encompassing entire Bosnia and Herzegovina, and parts of Montenegro and Serbia, as well as in other parts Ottoman Montenegro, Serbia, and other lands. Serdar was also used in the Principality of Montenegro and the Principality of Serbia as an honorary "title" below that of Vojvoda. For example, Janko Vukotić who was a military leader and former prime minister of Montenegro with title of ''Serdar''. However, these were not noble titles as there was no nobility in Serbia and Montenegro and no hereditary titles apart from those borne by members of the reigning families of both countries.
* In Persia, ''Sardar-i-Bozorg'' was the title of both Hossein Khan Sardar and his brother Hasan Khan Qajar. Both were uncles of Agha Khan Qajar, the King-Emperor of Persia and the Commander-in-chief under Emperor Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar in the Russo-Persian Wars of 1804 and 1826.
*In Punjab, village chiefs, military commanders, and noble personalities were referred to as Sardars. The title is commonly used by both Muslims and Sikhs.
* The early feudal Maratha Empire prior to Peshwa administration (1674–1749) used the title ''Sardar'' to identify an imperial court minister with military and diplomatic functions. If granted land (''jagir''), the title ''Sardar'' also marked a feudal superior responsible for administration, defense and taxing of the granted territory (equivalent to the European title Count, from the French ''comte'' meaning the "companion" or delegate to the Emperor that administered a county). These ''Sardars'' of the early Maratha Empire were life peers; the title was not hereditary.
* If the ''Sardar'' was appointed to Commander-in-Chief of all Maratha forces, the style ''Senapati'' was used in combination (e.g., ''Sardar Senapati'' or ''Sarsenapati'' Khanderao Yesajirao Dabhade. The title Senapati is a primogeniture hereditary title, as is evidenced by the current ''Senapati'' Shrimant Sardar Padmasenraje Dabhade of Talegaon Dabhade.
* In the Maratha Empire, the more administrative role of ''Sirdar-Bahadur'' denoted a Governor General or Chief Minister of a remote province; this best equates to a Mughal ''Subahdar'' or British Viceroy in function and rank.
* The title ''Sirdar'' was used by Englishmen to describe native noblemen in British India (e.g., ''Sirdars'' of the Deccan).

Aristocrats

* In the Hazara Division of Pakistan, the word ''Sardar'' is used by the Karlal tribe, traditionally, to stress their upper-caste status.
*In the districts of Poonch and Sudhanoti, Kashmir, ''Sardar'' is used by the hybrid Sudhan tribe and Douli tribe. Also, other tribal families in Poonch use ''Sardar'' at the beginning of their names.
* Similarly ''Sardar'' is used by Khattar tribe noble men, native to the districts of Attock and adjacent areas of Rawalpindi.
*''Sardar'' was used for important political, tribal, military and religious officers rankings by the Sikhs during the period of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Head of state

* In Persian, ''Sardar i-Azam'' was occasionally used as an alternative title for the Shahanshah's Head of government, normally styled '' Vazir i-Azam'', notably in 1904-06 for a Qajar prince, Prince Major General Abdol Majid Mirza.
* Vallabhbhai Patel, the first Deputy Prime Minister of India was referred to as Sardar Patel; he is also now known as the "Iron Man of India".
* ''Sadr-e-Riyasat'' was the title of one Constitutional Head of State of the princely state of Kashmir, Yuvaraj Shri Karan Singhji Bahadur, who was appointed as Heir Apparent in 1931. After his father had acceded to India, ending the sovereign Monarchy, Regent in 1949 to 1956. ''Sardar-i-Riyasat'' 1956 to 1965 (succeeded on the death of his father as Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, 1961, no longer carrying any hereditary power), next Governor of the Indian constitutive State of Jammu and Kashmir 1965 to 1967.
*Mohammad Daoud Khan of Afghanistan had the title of ''Sardar'' as president.
* Saparmurat Niyazov, the authoritarian ruler of Turkmenistan in 1990–2006, carried a few glorifying titles, one of which was ''Serdar'' (“Leader”).
*Sardar Sulakhan Singh Puar of Sikh Empire had the title of Sardar. Among Sikhs, Sardar is the title used by Sikh nobles, Military leaders & village chiefs.

Military title

* The later Maratha Empire under Peshwa administration (1749–1818) used the title ''Sardar'' to denote a Field Marshal or General of the Army.
* '' Sirdar'' was the official title of the British Commander-in-Chief of the Anglo-Egyptian army.
* The title ''Serdar'' is also common amongst Ottomans in referring to a Commander-in-Chief. The Serbs adopted this usage from the Ottomans (e.g. Serdar Janko Vukotić).
* In Turkish, ''Serdar'' or ''Serdar-i-Ekrem'' was the title of the Commander-in-Chief in several military operations throughout the Ottoman Empire history.
* In Afghanistan, ''Sardar-i-Salar'' meant Field Marshal or General of the Army.
* In Iran, ''Sardar'' is used to address Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps high-ranking officers. (see List of senior officers of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards)
*During the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the term Sardar became even more common as a title given to Sikh men. Although it was officially reserved to address a high-ranking official or a commanding chief such as a general or officer.

Modern usage

* The term ''Sardar'' is today used to refer to adult male followers of the religion of Sikhism, as a disproportionate number of Sikhs have honorably served in many high-ranking positions within the Indian Army. Notable examples include Generals Joginder Jaswant Singh and Harbaksh Singh.
*In Himalayan mountaineering, a ''Sirdar'' is the local leader of the Sherpas and porters. Among other duties, he records the heights reached by individual Sherpas, which dictates the amounts the Sherpas will be paid.
*The title ''Sardar'' was granted to various writers and poets during Rana rule in Nepal
* HMS ''Sirdar'' was a World War II Royal Navy submarine.
* HMS ''Sirdar'' is a fictional Royal Navy destroyer in the novel '' The Guns of Navarone''
* "Siridar" is a title of planetary rulers in Frank Herbert's ''Dune''. The Padishah Emperor's elite troops are also called the ''Sardaukar''.
* Sardar is now used for leaders of a tribe in Pakistan, Afghanistan, India. Many communities and tribes in indian subcontinent, especially in Punjab and Kashmir, use this title, including Dogar, Jat, Gujjar, Mughal and Sikh.

See also

* List of Ottoman grand viziers
* Mankari
* Zamindar
* Jagirdar
* Feudalism in Pakistan
* Balochistan
* Baloch tribes
* Mazhabi Sikh
* Sardar (Sherpa)

References

{{reflist

Heads of state
Military ranks
Titles of national or ethnic leadership
Titles in Iran
Ottoman titles
Titles in Serbia
Titles in Montenegro
Titles in Afghanistan
Titles in Pakistan
Titles in India
Feudalism in Pakistan
Indian feudalism
Punjabi words and phrases
Turkish words and phrases
Persian words and phrases
Feudalism in Bangladesh
Titles in Bosnia and Herzegovina during Ottoman period