Sapphire Rapids is a

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for

Intel Intel Corporation is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California, and Delaware General Corporation Law, incorporated in Delaware. Intel designs, manufactures, and sells computer compo ...

's server (fourth generation

Xeon Xeon (; ) is a brand of x86 microprocessors designed, manufactured, and marketed by Intel, targeted at the non-consumer workstation, server, and embedded markets. It was introduced in June 1998. Xeon processors are based on the same archite ...

Scalable) and workstation (Xeon W-2400/2500 and Xeon W-3400/3500) processors based on the

Golden Cove Golden Cove is a codename for a CPU microarchitecture developed by Intel and released in November 2021. It succeeds four microarchitectures: Sunny Cove, Skylake, Willow Cove, and Cypress Cove. It is fabricated using Intel's Intel 7 process ...

microarchitecture and produced using Intel 7. It features up to 60 cores and an array of accelerators, and it is the first generation of Intel server and workstation processors to use a

chiplet A chiplet is a tiny integrated circuit (IC) that contains a well-defined subset of functionality. It is designed to be combined with other chiplets on an interposer in a single package to create a complex component such as a computer processor. E ...

design. Sapphire Rapids is part of the Eagle Stream server platform. In addition, it powers

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, an exascale

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in the

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, at

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History

Sapphire Rapids has been a long-standing Intel project along Alder Lake in development for over five years and has been subjected to many delays. It was first announced by Intel at their Investor Meeting in May 2019 with the intention of Sapphire Rapids succeeding Ice Lake and Cooper Lake in 2021. Intel again announced details on Sapphire Rapids in their August 2021 Architecture Day presentation with no mention of a launch date. Intel CEO

Pat Gelsinger Patrick Paul Gelsinger (; born March 5, 1961) is an American business executive and engineer, who was the CEO of Intel from February 2021 to December 2024. Based mainly in Silicon Valley since the late 1970s, Gelsinger graduated from Stanford ...

tacitly blamed the previous Intel leadership as a reason for Sapphire Rapids' many delays. One industry analyst firm claimed that Intel was having problems with yields from its Intel 7 node with yields of 50–60% on higher core-count silicon. Sapphire Rapids was originally scheduled for a launch in the first half of 2022. It was later scheduled for release in Q4 2022 but was again delayed to early 2023. The specific announcement date of January 10, 2023 was not revealed by Intel until November 2022. The server processor lineup was released on January 10, 2023, and the workstation processor lineup was released on February 15, 2023. Those processors were available for shipping on March 14 of that year. Intel shipped the millionth of this generation Xeon processors in 2023.

Features

CPU

* Up to 60

CPU cores per package ** Up to 15 cores per tile, a 60 core Xeon Platinum 8490H uses 4 dies populated with 15 cores to have 60 cores in total * AVX512-FP16 * TSX Suspend Load Address Tracking (TSXLDTRK) * Advanced Matrix Extensions (AMX)
Trust Domain Extensions (TDX)
a collection of technologies to help deploy hardware-isolated virtual machines (VMs) called trust domains (TDs) * User Interrupts (UINTR), a new architectural feature allowing interrupts to be delivered to user-mode software without kernel involvement.

Accelerators

* In-Field Scan (IFS), a technology that allows for testing the processor for potential hardware faults without taking it completely offline * Data Streaming Accelerator (DSA), allows for speeding up data copy and transformation between different kinds of storage * QuickAssist Technology (QAT), allows for improved performance of compression and encryption tasks * Dynamic Load Balancer (DLB), allows for offloading tasks of load balancing, packet prioritization and queue management * In-Memory Analytics Accelerator (IAA), allows accelerating in-memory databases and big data analytics Not all accelerators are available in all processor models. Some accelerators are available under the Intel On Demand program, also known as Software Defined Silicon (SDSi), where a license is required to activate a given accelerator that is physically present in the processor. The license can be obtained as a one-time purchase or as a paid subscription. Activating the license requires support in the operating system. A driver with the necessary support was added in Linux kernel version 6.2.

I/O

* PCI Express 5.0 * Direct Media Interface 4.0 * 8-channel DDR5 ECC memory support up to DDR5-4800, up to 2 DIMMs per channel * On-package High Bandwidth Memory 2.0e memory as L4 cache on Xeon Max models * Compute Express Link 1.1

Die configurations

Sapphire Rapids come in two varieties: the low-core-count variety uses a single die (MCC), and the high-core-count variety uses multiple dies on a single package (XCC).

XCC multi-die configuration

* Multi-chiplet chip with four tiles linked by 2.5D Embedded Multi-die Interconnect Bridges. Each tile is a 400mm²

system on a chip A system on a chip (SoC) is an integrated circuit that combines most or all key components of a computer or Electronics, electronic system onto a single microchip. Typically, an SoC includes a central processing unit (CPU) with computer memory, ...

, providing both compute cores and I/O. ** Each tile contains 15

cores, and a single UPI link ** Each tile's memory controller provides two channels of DDR5 ECC supporting 4 DIMMs (2 per channel) and 1 TB of memory with a maximum of 8 channels, 16 DIMMs, and 4 TB memory across 4 tiles ** A tile provides up to 32 PCIe 5.0 lanes, but one of the eight PCIe controllers of a CPU is usually reserved for DMI, resulting in a maximum of 112 non-chipset lanes. This maximum is only reached in the W-3400 series processors, while the server processors have 80 (20 per tile).

List of Sapphire Rapids processors

Sapphire Rapids-HBM (High Bandwidth Memory/Xeon Max Series)

Xeon Max processors contain 64 GB of High Bandwidth Memory.

Sapphire Rapids-SP (Scalable Performance)

With its maximum of 60 cores, Sapphire Rapids-SP competes with

AMD Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD) is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California and maintains significant operations in Austin, Texas. AMD is a hardware and fabless company that de ...

Epyc Epyc (stylized as EPYC) is a brand of multi-core x86-64 microprocessors designed and sold by AMD, based on the company's Zen microarchitecture. Introduced in June 2017, they are specifically targeted for the server and embedded system market ...

8004/9004 Genoa with up to 96 cores and Bergamo with up to 128 cores. Sapphire Rapids

server processors are scalable from single-socket configurations up to 8 socket configurations. Suffixes to denote: * +: Includes 1 of each of the four accelerators: DSA, IAA, QAT, DLB * H: Database and analytics workloads, supports 4S (Xeon Gold) and/or 8S (Xeon Platinum) configurations and includes all of the accelerators * M: Media transcode workloads * N: Network/5G/Edge workloads (High TPT/Low Latency), some are uniprocessor * P: Cloud and

infrastructure as a service Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a cloud computing service model where a cloud services vendor provides computing resources such as storage, network, servers, and virtualization (which emulates computer hardware). This service frees users fr ...

(IaaS) workloads * Q: Liquid cooling * S: Storage & Hyper-converged infrastructure (HCI) workloads * T: Long-life use/High thermal case * U: Uniprocessor (some workload-specific SKUs may also be uniprocessor) * V: Optimized for cloud and

software as a service Software as a service (SaaS ) is a cloud computing service model where the provider offers use of application software to a client and manages all needed physical and software resources. SaaS is usually accessed via a web application. Unlike o ...

(SaaS) workloads, some are uniprocessor * Y: Speed Select Technology-Performance Profile (SST-PP) enabled (some workload-specific SKUs may also support SST-PP) * Y+: Speed Select Technology-Performance Profile (SST-PP) enabled and includes 1 of each of the accelerators.

Sapphire Rapids-WS (Workstation)

With its maximum of 60 cores, Sapphire Rapids-WS competes with

's Threadripper PRO 5000WX Chagall with up to 64 cores. Like Intel's

Core Core or cores may refer to: Science and technology * Core (anatomy), everything except the appendages * Core (laboratory), a highly specialized shared research resource * Core (manufacturing), used in casting and molding * Core (optical fiber ...

product segmentation into i3, i5, i7 and i9, Sapphire Rapids-WS is labeled Xeon w3, w5, w7 and w9. Sapphire Rapids-WS was unveiled in February 2023, and was made available for OEMs in March. CPUs with "X" suffix have its multiplier unlocked for

overclocking In computing, overclocking is the practice of increasing the clock rate of a computer to exceed that certified by the manufacturer. Commonly, operating voltage is also increased to maintain a component's operational stability at accelerated sp ...

. * No suffix letter: Locked clock multiplier * X: Unlocked clock multiplier (adjustable with no ratio limit) * Xeon W-2400/2500 uses a monolithic design and supports up to 64 PCI Express 5.0 lanes, while Xeon W-3400/3500 uses a

design and supports up to 112 lanes. Both support 8 DMI 4.0 lanes.

References

{{Intel processor roadmap Intel products Intel microprocessors