In traditional Western festive legend and popular culture, Santa Claus's reindeer are said to pull a sleigh through the night sky to help Santa Claus deliver gifts to children on Christmas Eve. While various legends offer differing details, the 1823 poem '' A Visit from St. Nicholas'' (usually attributed to Clement Clarke Moore) has proved the most enduring. It describes Santa's sleigh being pulled by a team of eight reindeer, best known as Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Donner, and Blitzen. The popularity of the 1939 story " Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer", and the 1949 Christmas song of the same name, has resulted in Rudolph often being included among the team.

Origins and history

Single reindeer

The first reference to Santa's sleigh being pulled by a reindeer appears in " Old Santeclaus with Much Delight", an 1821 illustrated children's poem published in New York. The names of the author and the illustrator are not known. The poem, with eight colored lithographic illustrations, was published by William B. Gilley as a small paperback book entitled ''The Children's Friend: A New-Year's Present, to the Little Ones from Five to Twelve''. The illustration to the first verse features a sleigh with a sign saying "REWARDS" being pulled by an unnamed single reindeer.

Eight reindeer

The 1823 poem usually attributed to Clement C. Moore, '' A Visit from St. Nicholas'', is largely credited for the modern Christmas lore that includes eight named reindeer. The poem was first published in the ''Sentinel'' of Troy, New York, on 23 December 1823. All eight reindeer were named, the first six being Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet and Cupid; the final two, "Dunder" and "Blixem", are from a Dutch oath meaning " thunder" and "

lightning Lightning is a natural phenomenon consisting of electrostatic discharges occurring through the atmosphere between two electrically charged regions. One or both regions are within the atmosphere, with the second region sometimes occurring on ...

". The relevant part of the poem reads: Moore altered the names of the last two reindeer several times; first to "Donder" and "Blitzen" (to match German ), as appears in his 1844 version of the poem. The relevant part reads: The modern German spelling of "Donner" started to become the standard spelling from the early 20th century, long after Moore's death, though a few examples from the 19th century are known.

L. Frank Baum's ten reindeer

L. Frank Baum's story '' The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus'' (1902) includes a list of ten reindeer, none of which match those in ''A Visit from St. Nicholas''. Santa's principal reindeer are Flossie and Glossie, and he gathers others named Racer and Pacer, Reckless and Speckless, Fearless and Peerless, and Ready and Steady.

Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer

Rudolph's story was originally written in verse by Robert L. May for the Montgomery Ward chain of department stores in 1939, and it was published as a book to be given to children in the store at

Christmas Christmas is an annual festival commemorating Nativity of Jesus, the birth of Jesus Christ, observed primarily on December 25 as a Religion, religious and Culture, cultural celebration among billions of people Observance of Christmas by coun ...

time. The 1949 Christmas song " Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" by Gene Autry further popularized the character.

Appearances in popular culture

* '' Miracle on 34th Street'' (1947) features Santa Claus's eight reindeer from Clement Clarke Moore's 1823 Christmas-themed poem '' A Visit from St. Nicholas'' * " Run Rudolph Run" (1958) is a Chuck Berry song about Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer * '' Prancer'' (1989) tells the story of a young girl who finds an injured reindeer * Dasher and Dancer appear in the Walt Disney Animation Studios Christmas-themed television special '' Prep & Landing'' (2009) * "Let's Go Dancing With Santa" (2015) is a KC & The Sunshine Band song about Santa Claus and his eight reindeer * '' That Christmas'' (2024) features Dasher (voiced by Guz Khan) as Santa Claus's one and only grumpy reindeer sidekick

Notes

References

External links

* {{Authority control Christmas characters Fictional deer and moose Literary characters introduced in 1823 Reindeer Fictional nonets Fictional octets Literary characters introduced in 1902