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San Andrés Tuxtla is a city and
municipality A municipality is usually a single administrative division having municipal corporation, corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality' ...
in the south of the Mexican
state State most commonly refers to: * State (polity), a centralized political organization that regulates law and society within a territory **Sovereign state, a sovereign polity in international law, commonly referred to as a country **Nation state, a ...
of
Veracruz Veracruz, formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave, is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the 32 Political divisions of Mexico, Federal Entit ...
. The city is the largest in the
Los Tuxtlas Los Tuxtlas is a region in the south of the Mexican state of Veracruz. Politically it refers to four municipalities: Catemaco, San Andrés Tuxtla, Santiago Tuxtla and Hueyapan de Ocampo. It also refers to a high complex natural ecosystem, an iso ...
region. It was founded after an eruption of the San Martín Volcano pushed people into this valley during the early colonial period. Since the 19th century, the area has been the center of Mexico's production of fine tobacco, mostly used in the making of cigars.


The city

The city of San Andrés Tuxtla is the largest city in the municipality of the same name and in the entire Los Tuxtlas regions. It is located in a small valley with the San Martín Volcano towering above it. The city is centered on a square called Parque Lerdo, which has a circular kiosk in the center. Every Sunday the city sponsors cultural events such as art exhibitions and traditional music and dance, such and fandango and zapateado dance. Much of this reflects
Afro-Mexican Afro-Mexicans (), also known as Black Mexicans (), are Mexicans of total or predominantly Sub-Saharan African ancestry. As a single population, Afro-Mexicans include individuals descended from both free and enslaved Africans who arrived to Mexi ...
influence. The main structure is the Cathedral of Saint Joseph and Saint Andrew, built in 1870 with sleek bell towers and a sober facade with Neoclassical influence. The patron saint of the city is
Saint Andrew Andrew the Apostle ( ; ; ; ) was an apostle of Jesus. According to the New Testament, he was a fisherman and one of the Twelve Apostles chosen by Jesus. The title First-Called () used by the Eastern Orthodox Church stems from the Gospel of Jo ...
, who is celebrated on November 29 and 30. On the 29th, the main event is the running a bull figure made of reeds with the local youth. This is followed by a parade of mojigangas, large figures of hollow
cartonería Cartonería or papier-mâché sculptures are a Mexican handcrafts and folk art, traditional handcraft in Mexico. The papier-mâché works are also called "carton piedra" (rock cardboard) for the rigidness of the final product. These sculptures tod ...
(
papier-mâché file:JacmelMardiGras.jpg, upright=1.3, Mardi Gras papier-mâché masks, Haiti Papier-mâché ( , , - the French term "mâché" here means "crushed and ground") is a versatile craft technique with roots in ancient China, in which waste paper is s ...
)on a frame, worn on the shoulders of a dancer. The prototypes of these figures were brought to the area by the Spanish, and over time have been modified to a unique Tuxtla style. On November 30, there is mass and a procession with a large image of the saint pulled by tractor and surrounded by mojigangas. There are also releases of
sky lantern A sky lantern (), also known as Kǒngmíng lantern (), or Chinese lantern, is a small balloon made of paper, with an opening at the bottom where a small fire is suspended. Sky lanterns have been made for centuries in cultures around the worl ...
s. Another important annual event is Las Ramas on December 16, which begin
Las Posadas ''Las Posadas'' is a Novena, ''novenario'' (an extended devotional prayer). It is celebrated chiefly in Latin America, El Salvador, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and by Latin Americans in the United States. It is typically celebrated each year bet ...
, a type of caroling event carrying branches. The main museum is the Regional Museum of San Andrés Tuxtla, which contains objects from the region, many of which were donated by residents. It was opened in 2008, and features artifacts from its pre-Hispanic history as far back as the
Olmec The Olmecs () or Olmec were an early known major Mesoamerican civilization, flourishing in the modern-day Mexican states of Veracruz and Tabasco from roughly 1200 to 400 Before the Common Era, BCE during Mesoamerica's Mesoamerican chronolog ...
s, and the development of the tobacco industry, especially in the 19th century. One important piece is a crucified Christ image called El Señor de Matacapan, whose pieces were found in Matacapan and reconstructed by the
Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia The Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH, ''National Institute of Anthropology and History'') is a Federal government of the United Mexican States, Mexican federal government bureau established in 1939 to guarantee the researc ...
. The Casa de Cultura is on Hernandez y Hernandez Street and holds cultural events mostly attended by city residents. It also has a collection of pre-Hispanic artifacts. The city has a number of old houses with gardens and patios from the city's heyday, and Parque Chichipilco is popular with families and holds cultural events. La Maquina Vieja is an old industrial structure dating from 1840, located just outside the city.


The municipality

The city of San Andrés Tuxtla is the local government for 261 communities, with a population of 64,445 inhabitants as 2020, which together extend over an area of 9572020 San Andrés Tuxtla CENSUS
/ref>.2km2 . It borders the municipalities of Santiago Tuxtla, Ángel R. Cabada, Catemaco, Hueyapan de Ocampo and Isla, extending to the
Gulf of Mexico The Gulf of Mexico () is an oceanic basin and a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean, mostly surrounded by the North American continent. It is bounded on the northeast, north, and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States; on the southw ...
to the north and east. Five of the communities are considered urban and the rest are rural. Outside the seat, the largest communities are Comoapan (pop. 5,426), Calería (4,066), Salto de Eyipantla (4,008) and Sihuapan (3,930). Overall, the population density if 164.4 people per square km, and an estimated indigenous population of 1,505 with 540 of these speaking an indigenous language. The municipal government consists of a municipal president, a syndic and eleven representatives for the communities. There are 413 schools, most of which serves preschool and primary school students. There are high schools, vocational schools two university level schools and adult education. The Instituto Tecnológico Superior de San Andrés Tuxtla was founded in 1983 with three majors. Today it offers eight, mostly in engineering and computers. Theilliteracy rate is 15.7 percent. Most of the cigar making establishments are in the Matacapan area, between the cities of San Andres Tuxtla and Catemaco off Highway 180. The area is dotted with large house-like structure in which tobacco is cured. The coastline has a number of beaches which are promoted under the name of Costa de Oro, along with Puerto de Balzapote, a fishing village.


Socioeconomics

The municipality is classified as having a medium level of socioeconomic marginalization, with 75.2% living in poverty and 24.7 living in
extreme poverty Extreme poverty is the most severe type of poverty, defined by the United Nations (UN) as "a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, ...
. Agriculture employs 25.9% of the working population, with 21.8 working in industry and 51.4% in commerce and services. Main crops by volume are corn, mango and sugar cane. Most livestock is cattle, followed by domestic fowl, pigs and goats. Traditional dishes are based on local agriculture and include frijoles con chonegui, Puerco al acuyo, tamales, momocho, chochogo, chagalapoli, ilama and malanga. San Andrés Tuxtla is best known for the production of tobacco and cigars and cigarettes with their cigars considered the best in Mexico, and
Winston Churchill Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British statesman, military officer, and writer who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 (Winston Churchill in the Second World War, ...
is said to have favored cigars from the area. The area's tobacco history began in the 19th century when Cuban and German immigrants and decided that they could grow fine tobacco and make cigars here for export to Europe. Today, the area produces some of the finest cigars in the world. All steps from the growing of tobacco, to curing to wrapping are all done in the municipality with San Andres's own experts to assure quality. Torcedores, or those who create the cigars from cured tobacco leaves, apprentice for two years. Many families have worked in the industry for generations, with children learning the work as children in family workshops which make both cigars and cigarettes. The best known local producer of cigars is Te Amo in Sihuapan, ranked as among the best cigar producers in the world. The enterprise employs and average of 350 people although times of peak demand can raise this number to 1,200. Te Amo and other producers have large “houses” in which tobacco leaves are dried and fermented using firewood and steam over a course of fifteen days. The dried and fermented leaves are rehydrated for deveining and rolling. After this, the cigars are stored for one or two years before going to market. The flavor of the cigar depends on the selected leaves. Te Amo produces five kinds of cigars which vary in diameter and length. Other notable tobacco producers include Matacapan, Sihuapan, La Constancia and El Salto. There are 161 km of main highway, mostly state-maintained roads. The main highway through the area is Federal Highway 180.


Geography

The municipality is located in the south of Veracruz in the San Martin Mountain Range in the Los Tuxtlas region. It has rugged terrain of volcanic origin that extends to the Gulf of Mexico and an average altitude of 300 meters above sea level. The main elevations are San Martín, Mastagaga, Vigía and El Chilar. There are caverns at Roca Partida, De la Encantas, the Cerro del Borrego and Arrecife de la Poza. Along the Gulf shore there are beaches such as Salinas Roca Partida, Toro Prieto, Arroyo de Lisa, Costa de Oro, Playa Hermosa, Los Organos, Dos de Abril, Monte Pio and Balzapote (which is also a fishing port). There are cliffs at Roca Partida.


Hydrography

Most of the municipality's surface water is in the San Andrés River, streams such as the Sihuapan and San Juan and various small lakes. Laguna Encantada (Enchanted Lake) is an isolated lake, off the highway between the city and Sontecomapan in the neighboring Catemaco municipality. The road does not reach the lake, so it is necessary to walk about a kilometer over a rise. The name comes from the fact that its water level rises in the dry season and lowers during the rainy season. Its circumference is 1,500 meters. Other lakes include De Cuyapan, De Tizatal, Los Manantiales, Delicia and Carrizal. On the San Andrés River is the Eyipantla Falls, located twelve km from the municipal seat. The name comes from Nahuatl and means “three furrows of water.” Legend has it that Tlaloc, Aztec god of rain, governed the Los Tuxtlas area and the waterfall was his home. The falls are part of the San Andres River, which drains Lake Catemaco on its way to the Gulf of Mexico. The falls itself is forty meters wide and fifty meters high. It is popular with tourists, to descent 400 stairs to the foot of the falls. At the top of the falls, there is a lookout point which gives view of the surrounding mountains along with the falls. The entrance to the falls is crowded with restaurants and tourist shops. Another important waterfall in the municipality is Los Organos, located between Playa Hermosa and Costa de Oro. Other waterfalls include Del Río Revolución, Salto Maquina Vieja and Tres Chorros.


Flora and fauna

Most of the natural vegetation of the area has been destroyed with 410.1 km2 used for agriculture, 398.3 km2 for pasture and 7.7 km2 is urban. About 36 km2 contains secondary vegetation, 10.8 km2 is forest and 94.1km2 is rainforest. The soil is poor in nutrients and is susceptible to erosion. Despite this, much of the municipality is part of the second most important biosphere reserve in Mexico, the San Andres Tuxtla Reserve. The remaining dominant natural foliage is mostly high perennial rainforest, with dunes and secondary vegetation near the coast. Wildlife consists of
armadillo Armadillos () are New World placental mammals in the order (biology), order Cingulata. They form part of the superorder Xenarthra, along with the anteaters and sloths. 21 extant species of armadillo have been described, some of which are dis ...
s, rabbits,
opossum Opossums () are members of the marsupial order Didelphimorphia () endemic to the Americas. The largest order of marsupials in the Western Hemisphere, it comprises 126 species in 18 genera. Opossums originated in South America and entered North A ...
s,
skunk Skunks are mammals in the family Mephitidae. They are known for their ability to spray a liquid with a strong, unpleasant scent from their anal glands. Different species of skunk vary in appearance from black-and-white to brown, cream or gi ...
s and
anteater Anteaters are the four extant mammal species in the suborder Vermilingua (meaning "worm tongue"), commonly known for eating ants and termites. The individual species have other names in English and other languages. Together with sloths, they ar ...
s.


Climate

The climate of the municipality varies depending on location. It is warm in all parts but the amount of rain varies to areas with most rain in the summer to those that receive abundant rainfall year-round. Average annual temperature varies from 18 to 28C and average annual rainfall varies from 1,100 to 4,600mm.


History

The name “Tuxtla” is derived from
Nahuatl Nahuatl ( ; ), Aztec, or Mexicano is a language or, by some definitions, a group of languages of the Uto-Aztecan language family. Varieties of Nahuatl are spoken by about Nahuas, most of whom live mainly in Central Mexico and have smaller popul ...
and means “place of the rabbit.” San Andrés refers to the patron saint, Saint Andrew. In the 16th century, the area belonged to the Santiago Tuxtla province. In 1530 there was an eruption of the San Martín Volcano, which prompted the movement of people from Ixtlán to what is now the city of San Andrés Tuxtla, then called Tuzacoalco (land between the mountains). The settlement was recognized in 1580 by the head of the
Tlacotalpan Tlacotalpan is a city in Tlacotalpan Municipality in the Mexican state of Veracruz, declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1998 primarily for its architecture and colonial-era layout. The town was established in 1550 on what was originally an ...
, Tuztla and Cotaxtla region. Its tobacco history began in 1830 when a slow influx of Cubans and Europeans made their way here and decided that the climate was apt for the growing of fine tobacco. Today, the area produces some of the finest cigars in the world. Just prior to the
Mexican Revolution The Mexican Revolution () was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from 20 November 1910 to 1 December 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It saw the destruction of the Federal Army, its ...
the industry experienced strikes by workers, with the first occurring at the El Destino factory in 1896. The municipality was defined in 1825 and in 1826 the city was declared its seat. In 1830 the seat was declared a town, and in 1893 a city. In 1932, the city and municipality's name was changed to Los Tuxtlas, but this was changed back to San Andrés Tuxtla in 1938.


Sister City

San Andrés Tuxtla has one sister city.: * - Pharr,
Texas Texas ( , ; or ) is the most populous U.S. state, state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. It borders Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the we ...
, USA


See also

* Montepío


References


External links

* * {{DEFAULTSORT:San Andres Tuxtla Los Tuxtlas Municipalities of Veracruz