Saint Mary's Cathedral, Yangon
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Saint Mary's Cathedral or Immaculate Conception Cathedral is a
Catholic The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwid ...
cathedral A cathedral is a church (building), church that contains the of a bishop, thus serving as the central church of a diocese, Annual conferences within Methodism, conference, or episcopate. Churches with the function of "cathedral" are usually s ...
located on the corner of
Bogyoke Aung San Road Bogyoke Aung San Road (, formerly Montgomery Road) is a major road of southern Yangon, Burma Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; and also referred to as Burma (the official English name until 1989), is a country i ...
and Bo Aung Kyaw Street in
Botahtaung Township Botataung Township ( ; also Botahtaung Township) is an area of Yangon, Myanmar. Named after the Botahtaung Pagoda, the township consists of ten wards, and shares borders with Pazundaung Township is in the north and the east, Seikkan Township and ...
,
Yangon Yangon, formerly romanized as Rangoon, is the capital of the Yangon Region and the largest city of Myanmar. Yangon was the List of capitals of Myanmar, capital of Myanmar until 2005 and served as such until 2006, when the State Peace and Dev ...
, Myanmar. The cathedral's exterior, of red brick, consists of spires and a
bell tower A bell tower is a tower that contains one or more bells, or that is designed to hold bells even if it has none. Such a tower commonly serves as part of a Christian church, and will contain church bells, but there are also many secular bell to ...
. It was designed by Dutch architect
Joseph Cuypers Josephus Theodorus Joannes Cuypers (10 June 1861, Roermond – 20 January 1949, Meerssen) was a Dutch people, Dutch architect; primarily known for his Catholic churches. Life and work He was born to the architect, Pierre Cuypers, and his wif ...
, son of
Pierre Cuypers Petrus Josephus Hubertus "Pierre" Cuypers (16 May 1827 – 3 March 1921) was a Dutch architect. His name is most frequently associated with the Amsterdam Central Station (1881–1889) and the Rijksmuseum (1876–1885), both in Amsterdam. ...
. The cathedral is the largest in
Burma Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; and also referred to as Burma (the official English name until 1989), is a country in northwest Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and ha ...
. Located on the grounds of the cathedral is Basic Education High School No. 6, which is locally known as "Paul of Tarsus, Saint Paul's High School", although it has no religious affiliation with the Catholic Church today.


History of the origin and construction

Construction began in 1895 and was completed 19 November 1899 under a land grant from the Government of India, whilst Lower Burma was a province of British India. During the 1930 Bago earthquake, 1930 Rangoon earthquake, St. Mary's Cathedral suffered little damage and it withstood the Japanese invasion during World War II. However, the cathedral's stained glass windows were damaged during the Operation Dracula, Allied invasion of Rangoon.


Bishop Paul Bigandet's work for a new cathedral

For some time before his death, Paul Ambroise Bigandet, Paul Bigandet Paris Foreign Missions Society, MEP (1856–1894), Vicar Apostolic of Burma, started planning of a new and larger cathedral, as the Catholic community in the city was growing. It was decided that the new structure should take the form of a metropolitan cathedral of considerable size and of the best architectural design. A suitable piece of land measuring over fifteen acres east of St. Paul's High School was found, and the Bishop submitted an application to the Government of Burma, asking permission to sell, as a freehold, the site of the old cathedral, with a view to the proceeds being entirely applied towards the expenditure of erecting the new cathedral. The concession of the land applied for was, in the Chief Commissioner's opinion, excessive, but he was prepared to recommend that the government should sanction the grant of so much of the remaining portion "on either side of St. Paul's school as is at the disposal of the Government: viz, about five subsidiary buildings, provided that the site of the present Cathedral is relinquished to the Government." The Bishop in his reply pointed out that his plea to sell the site of the old cathedral was based on similar concessions made by the government, only a few years previously, to other Christian communities. It was for the government to decide whether the Catholic community should be treated with equal liberality. Two months later, on 23 January 1893, the French Bishop was informed that the Government of India sanctioned the proposal to sell the site of the cathedral in Barr Street and to appropriate the proceeds for the erection of a new one. Just prior to the commencement of this project, Bishop Bigandet died.


Bishop Alexandre Cardot and a new cathedral

Bishop Bigandet was succeeded by Bishop Alexandre Cardot MEP (1893–1925). A deed of grant was executed and signed by the Secretary to the Commissioner of the Revenue Department and by Bishop Cardot. No time was lost in commencing the foundations of the future edifice. Under the supervision of Mr. H. Hoyne-Fox, consulting architect to the Burmese Government, plans for a Cathedral of the Byzantine model was drawn up. These plans provided for the erection of a dome over the junction of the nave, choir and transepts. As the first efforts to sink the foundation resulted in the discovery of a marshy and yielding substratum, it was decided to drive down into the substratum a series of Xylia xylocarpa, pyinkado piles, eighteen feet long and three feet in girth as a basis upon which to build. This tedious work was started in June, 1895, and concluded on 1 January 1899. While these important changes were in progress, Bishop Cardot, at the urgent advice of his doctors, was compelled to go back to France. Mr Hoyne-Fox was proceeding on long leave, and there was no one to replace him in carrying on the work of supervisor and consulting architect. The Bishop, therefore, was asked to search in Europe for an architect.


Father Hendrick Janzen and Bishop Cardot

Among the students assembled for Ordination, one was noticeable for his pallid and worn aspect and emaciated figure. Bishop Cardot enquired as to his identity and learned that Rev. Father Janzen (30 September 1858 – 1 August 1911) had been sent home on account of his suffering from tuberculosis two years previously. Father Janzen had studied in the "École Polytechnique" under Dr.
Pierre Cuypers Petrus Josephus Hubertus "Pierre" Cuypers (16 May 1827 – 3 March 1921) was a Dutch architect. His name is most frequently associated with the Amsterdam Central Station (1881–1889) and the Rijksmuseum (1876–1885), both in Amsterdam. ...
, a Netherlands, Dutch architect, who designed many of the catholic churches built in the Netherlands, as well as the Rijksmuseum at Amsterdam. Father Janzen had collaborated with Dr. Cuyper's son, Joseph Cuypers, himself an architect, in the erection of the Amsterdam museum. Bishop Cardot prevailed upon the Superiors of the Paris Foreign Missions Society to allow Father Janzen to accompany him back to Rangoon. Father Janzen went to his native Netherlands to consult his old classmate, Dr. Cuypers Jr. who prepared a new plan for a French Catholic Cathedral in Neo-Gothic style. In November 1898, Bishop Cardot and Father Janzen arrived at Rangoon.


Father Hendrick Janzen and a new cathedral

To adapt the existing foundation to the new plan, Father Janzen set about to extend the first plan. The altered structure was to be thirty feet longer and capable of seating 1,500 people. Thus, the size of the cathedral was in length and in breath. As a basis, a layer of sand nine feet in depth was substituted for pyinkado piles while an additional hundred of the latter was driven down to strengthen and support the rest. The cornerstone of white marble was solemnly blessed and laid by Bishop Cardot on 19 November 1899. Father Janzen found only bricks and cement, an army of untrained coolies and a few Chinese maistries. The secret of Father Janzen's construction lay in his close and constant supervision and in his patience and perseverance. Never tired of training and directing his subordinates, he simplified their labor by providing them with wooden rules, frames, and other devices to render their operations more mechanical and exact. By the aid of reinforced concrete and wooden moulds, he fabricated tiled and decorative blocks of every description. Many of them he bored through to make them lighter and to save material in such a way, however, as to interfere in no way with their strength and solidity. Father Janzen sawed through the connection between the towers and the rest of the edifice from top to bottom so as not to damage the main structure. The sinking slowly continued, so much so, that Father Jazen abandoned the idea of adding spires. The sinking stopped for more than a year and Father Janzen began the work of constructing the spires, 86 feet above the towers.


Accident

On August 11, 1907, Father Janzen slipped on a plank and fractured his thigh in three places. Father Janzen came out of the hospital permanently crippled. Thanks however, to the supervision of the Chinese maistry, Ah Yen, who for the preceding eight years had been his principal assistant, the construction continued. The Most Rev. Dr. Kelly, Archbishop of Sydney, had this to say in the ''Catholic Press of Sydney'' of the cathedral and Father Janzen: "The Cathedral at Rangoon, now almost complete in the exterior outline, is a work of genius, it has twin spires rising from its facade, and so setting their surmounting crosses as a to draw the visitor's attention. Father Janzen lives hidden away in his single room in the ground floor having but the plainest technical apparatus, restricted to very scant funds, and quite uncertain as to the future. For many months, he has been deprived of the consolation of celebrating Mass, on account of a fractured limb, which no longer serves for standing at the altar. Yet, the Cathedral works and keeps going; designs are forthcoming as required by each detail of workmanship; expedients for overcoming difficulties and for accommodating disarrangement are invented; and many curses, which have nonplussed professional skill in Burma, have been successfully dealt with by the wonderful spirit that dwells in the dying and broken body of this devoted priest."


Dedication

The cathedral was dedicated as Our Lady of Immaculate Conception on 22 February 1911. The names of the chief donors were written on it, and it was signed by Rev. Father P. St. Guily. Five months after the dedication, on 1 August 1911, Father Janzen died and was interred at the entrance to the nave of the cathedral. A plain inlaid marble slab indicated the spot whereafter "life's fitful fever, he sleeps well". A new Cathedral and sad disasters: The earthquake of May 5, 1930, wrought havoc in the city. The cathedral behaved splendidly under the shock it received. Only two interior vaults came down and others showed a few cracks. Two arches next to the towers were badly cracked but in a few months repairs were completed. The cathedral well withstood the Bombing of Rangoon (1941–1942), Japanese bombings of 1941–42 but the Allied bombing of 14 December 1944 blew all the stained glasses to smithereens. They were redone with the ordinary local made glasses. On 2 May 2008, again the cathedral glasses were strongly hit and damaged by the Cyclone Nargis. This time, tarpaulin sheets were used to fix the broken glass, as it would have costed a lot for the glass to be replaced.


Information

Cathedral address: 372, Bo Aung Kyaw Street, Botahtaung Township, Yangon, Myanmar. Tel: (95)-1-245647 *Daily Masses: 6.00 am (English), 5.00 pm (English). *Sunday Masses: 6.00 am (English), 8.00 am (English), 5.00 pm (Myanmar).


See also

* Yangon City Heritage List


References


External links

{{Authority control Catholic Church in Myanmar Roman Catholic cathedrals in Myanmar Cathedrals in Myanmar Christianity in Yangon Buildings and structures in Yangon Churches in Yangon Churches completed in 1899 19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings