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Sabin Manuilă (or Mănuilă; February 19, 1894 – November 20, 1964) was an
Austro-Hungarian Austria-Hungary, also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy or the Habsburg Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. A military and diplomatic alliance, it consist ...
-born
Romania Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern and Southeast Europe. It borders Ukraine to the north and east, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Bulgaria to the south, Moldova to ...
n statistician, demographer and physician. A nationalist activist during World War I, he became noted for his pioneering research into the
biostatistics Biostatistics (also known as biometry) is a branch of statistics that applies statistical methods to a wide range of topics in biology. It encompasses the design of biological experiments, the collection and analysis of data from those experimen ...
of
Transylvania Transylvania ( or ; ; or ; Transylvanian Saxon dialect, Transylvanian Saxon: ''Siweberjen'') is a List of historical regions of Central Europe, historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and ...
and
Banat Banat ( , ; ; ; ) is a geographical and Historical regions of Central Europe, historical region located in the Pannonian Basin that straddles Central Europe, Central and Eastern Europe. It is divided among three countries: the eastern part lie ...
regions, as well as a promoter of
eugenics Eugenics is a set of largely discredited beliefs and practices that aim to improve the genetic quality of a human population. Historically, eugenicists have attempted to alter the frequency of various human phenotypes by inhibiting the fer ...
and social interventionism. As a bio- and geopolitician, Manuilă advocated the consolidation of
Greater Romania Greater Romania () is the Kingdom of Romania in the interwar period, achieved after the Great Union or the related pan-nationalist ideal of a nation-state which would incorporate all Romanian speakers.Irina LivezeanuCultural Politics in Greate ...
through population exchanges, colonization, state-sponsored assimilation, or discriminatory policies. Manuilă entered national politics in the early 1930s, representing the
National Peasants' Party The National Peasants' Party (also known as the National Peasant Party or National Farmers' Party; , or ''Partidul Național-Țărănist'', PNȚ) was an Agrarianism, agrarian political party in the Kingdom of Romania. It was formed in 1926 throu ...
as a junior cabinet member. A disciple of the sociologist
Dimitrie Gusti Dimitrie Gusti (; 13 February 1880 – 30 October 1955) was a Romanian sociologist, ethnologist, historian, and voluntarist philosopher; a professor at the University of Iași and the University of Bucharest, he served as Romania's Minister ...
, who obtained him a membership in the
Romanian Academy The Romanian Academy ( ) is a cultural forum founded in Bucharest, Romania, in 1866. It covers the scientific, artistic and literary domains. The academy has 181 active members who are elected for life. According to its bylaws, the academy's ma ...
, he directed Romania's first Statistical Institute. During World War II, he rose to prominence as an expert adviser of Romanian dictator
Ion Antonescu Ion Antonescu (; ; – 1 June 1946) was a Romanian military officer and Mareșal (Romania), marshal who presided over two successive Romania during World War II, wartime dictatorships as Prime Minister of Romania, Prime Minister and ''Conduc� ...
, applauding the antisemitic legislation and making antiziganism an official policy of the Romanian state. He was among the first intellectuals to propose the deportation of
Romanian Jews The history of the Jews in Romania concerns the Jews both of Romania and of Romanian origins, from their first mention on what is present-day Romanian territory. Minimal until the 18th century, the size of the Jewish population increased after ...
and Romanies into occupied
Transnistria Transnistria, officially known as the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic and locally as Pridnestrovie, is a Landlocked country, landlocked Transnistria conflict#International recognition of Transnistria, breakaway state internationally recogn ...
. Additionally, Manuilă involved himself in the diplomatic standoffs between Romania and the
Kingdom of Hungary The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from 1000 to 1946 and was a key part of the Habsburg monarchy from 1526-1918. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the Coro ...
, fighting against the loss of
Northern Transylvania Northern Transylvania (, ) was the region of the Kingdom of Romania that during World War II, as a consequence of the August 1940 territorial agreement known as the Second Vienna Award, became part of the Kingdom of Hungary (1920-1946), Kingdom ...
, then campaigning for her recovery. By 1944, Manuilă was an Antonescu opponent, and involved himself in the August coup d'état that toppled him. He remained active on the political scene even after the start of Soviet occupation, serving as Undersecretary of State on two successive coalition governments. He fell out with the
Romanian Communist Party The Romanian Communist Party ( ; PCR) was a communist party in Romania. The successor to the pro-Bolshevik wing of the Socialist Party of Romania, it gave an ideological endorsement to a communist revolution that would replace the social system ...
, and escaped the country before the imposition of a communist regime, rallying with the Romanian National Committee. He lived his final years in the United States, employed by
Stanford University Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University, is a Private university, private research university in Stanford, California, United States. It was founded in 1885 by railroad magnate Leland Stanford (the eighth ...
and the
Census Bureau The United States Census Bureau, officially the Bureau of the Census, is a principal agency of the U.S. federal statistical system, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The U.S. Census Bureau is part of the U ...
.


Biography


Early life and activism

Manuilă was born in Sâmbăteni,
Arad County Arad County () is an administrative division ( județ) of Romania roughly translated into county in the western part of the country on the border with Hungary, mostly in the region of Crișana and few villages in Banat. The administrative cente ...
, on the traditional border between the regions of Banat and
Crișana Crișana (, , ) is a geographical and historical region of Romania named after the Criș (Körös) River and its three tributaries: the Crișul Alb, Crișul Negru, and Crișul Repede. In Romania, the term is sometimes extended to include areas ...
, both of which were then in
Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy or the Habsburg Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe#Before World War I, Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. A military ...
. He was the son of Fabriciu Manuilă, a Romanian Orthodox
Protopope A protopope, or protopresbyter, is a priest of higher rank in the Eastern Orthodox and the Byzantine Catholic Churches, generally corresponding to Western Christianity's archpriest or the Latin Church's dean. History The rights and duties of th ...
from Lipova. As an ethnic Romanian activist, Father Fabriciu had been fighting the region's
Magyarization Magyarization ( , also Hungarianization; ), after "Magyar"—the Hungarian autonym—was an assimilation or acculturation process by which non-Hungarian nationals living in the Kingdom of Hungary, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, adop ...
, joining efforts with Sabin's uncle, Vasile Goldiș, who was a prominent militant in the
Romanian National Party The Romanian National Party (, PNR), initially known as the Romanian National Party in Transylvania and Banat (), was a political party which was initially designed to offer ethnic representation to Romanians in the Kingdom of Hungary, the Tran ...
. As noted by scholar M. Benjamin Thorne, the Manuilă family also harbored racist prejudice against the Romanies (Gypsies), which may have shaped Sabin's political stances. He was educated at home and later graduated high school in
Brașov Brașov (, , ; , also ''Brasau''; ; ; Transylvanian Saxon dialect, Transylvanian Saxon: ''Kruhnen'') is a city in Transylvania, Romania and the county seat (i.e. administrative centre) of Brașov County. According to the 2021 Romanian census, ...
. Since he could not pursue his studies in Romanian, Sabin entered the medical faculty of the University of Budapest in 1912, but remained active in Romanian nationalist circles, and published articles in political newspapers. He interrupted his studies from 1914 to 1918, taking part in
World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
. A medic in the
Austro-Hungarian Army The Austro-Hungarian Army, also known as the Imperial and Royal Army,; was the principal ground force of Austria-Hungary from 1867 to 1918. It consisted of three organisations: the Common Army (, recruited from all parts of Austria-Hungary), ...
, he saw action on the Russian Front,Bolovan & Bolovan, p. 129 and was wounded. Dan Dungaciu, ''Elita Interbelică: Sociologia românească în context european'', p. 232. Editura Mica Valahie, Bucharest, 2011, Wedekind, p. 55 By November 1918, following the split of Austria-Hungary and the democratization of Hungary, Manuilă was working as a physician in Lipova. He resumed his nationalist activities in support of Crișana and Transylvania's union with Romania, joining the Romanian National Guard and becoming its local commander. In December, he was called upon by his university colleagues to represent them at the
Alba Iulia Alba Iulia (; or ''Carlsburg'', formerly ''Weißenburg''; ; ) is a city that serves as the seat of Alba County in the west-central part of Romania. Located on the river Mureș (river), Mureș in the historical region of Transylvania, it has a ...
Great National Assembly, where he voted for union with Romania. The motion for union was read out by his uncle, Goldiș; Fabriciu and Sabin's brother, Camil Manuilă, were also present. In 1919, he obtained his doctorate in medicine.Moldovanu, p. 162 In 1920, he married Veturia Leucuția, a Banat native who would later become a doctor and set up an infrastructure for nursing education in Romania. She had also been a student representative at Alba Iulia. Sabin was soon after employed by the University of Cluj, first as head of its children's hospital and assistant lecturer to Victor Babeș, then as head the social hygiene department. His scientific, teaching and publishing career took off between 1919 and 1926. He collected thousands of blood samples throughout Transylvania, pioneering the study of
serology Serology is the scientific study of Serum (blood), serum and other body fluids. In practice, the term usually refers to the medical diagnosis, diagnostic identification of Antibody, antibodies in the serum. Such antibodies are typically formed in r ...
and
immunology Immunology is a branch of biology and medicine that covers the study of Immune system, immune systems in all Organism, organisms. Immunology charts, measures, and contextualizes the Physiology, physiological functioning of the immune system in ...
, and publishing his findings in Western scientific journals.Bolovan & Bolovan, p. 130 During this period, he also began writing articles about epidemiology and the healthcare system's organization. His monograph on ''Epidemiile din Transilvania'' ("Epidemics in Transylvania") was presented by Babeș to the Romanian Academy, earning Manuilă the Academy Prize for 1921. His project doubled as an inquiry into
racial science Scientific racism, sometimes termed biological racism, is the pseudoscience, pseudoscientific belief that the Human, human species is divided into biologically distinct taxa called "race (human categorization), races", and that empirical evi ...
: Manuilă followed
Ludwik Hirszfeld Ludwik Hirszfeld (; 5 August 1884 – 7 March 1954) was a Polish microbiologist and serologist. He is considered a co-discoverer of the inheritance of ABO blood types. Life He was a cousin of Aleksander Rajchman, a Polish mathematician, and ...
's ideas about the "racial index", concluding that there existed a distinct serological cluster of
Balkan The Balkans ( , ), corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch throug ...
peoples, of which Romanians were a distinct subtype. The conclusion was discussed by other serologists: Gheorghe Popoviciu, who concluded that Manuilă's data were flawed, and that Romanians were not a race apart; and Petru Râmneațeanu, who believed that Manuilă was largely correct. Manuilă became an assistant to Iuliu Moldovan, a pioneer in Romanian public health, but also a promoter of
eugenics Eugenics is a set of largely discredited beliefs and practices that aim to improve the genetic quality of a human population. Historically, eugenicists have attempted to alter the frequency of various human phenotypes by inhibiting the fer ...
—a field which also interested Manuilă, who suggested the sterilization of the disabled and the encouragement of births among the healthy. The recipient of a Rockefeller Scholarship, he studied biostatistics at
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (JHUSOM) is the medical school of Johns Hopkins University, a private research university in Baltimore, Maryland. Established in 1893 following the construction of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, th ...
in
Baltimore Baltimore is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland. With a population of 585,708 at the 2020 census and estimated at 568,271 in 2024, it is the 30th-most populous U.S. city. The Baltimore metropolitan area is the 20th-large ...
in 1925–1926. Visiting Charles Davenport's laboratory, he became convinced that American liberal eugenicism was a viable model for Romania. Also a Rockefeller scholar,Wedekind, p. 56 Veturia followed her husband to America. She became an enthusiast of
social work Social work is an academic discipline and practice-based profession concerned with meeting the basic needs of individuals, families, groups, communities, and society as a whole to enhance their individual and collective well-being. Social wo ...
and interventionism, and later an outspoken conservative feminist. Camil Manuilă, meanwhile, settled in
Timișoara Timișoara (, , ; , also or ; ; ; see #Etymology, other names) is the capital city of Timiș County, Banat, and the main economic, social and cultural center in Western Romania. Located on the Bega (Tisza), Bega River, Timișoara is consider ...
and became a noted figure in the business community, and eventually secretary of the Banat Chamber of Commerce and Industry. In 1925, he was president of the
Romanian Football Federation The Romanian Football Federation (; FRF) is the governing body of football in Romania. They are headquartered in the capital city of Bucharest and affiliated with FIFA and UEFA since 1923 and 1955 respectively. The Federation organizes the men's ...
.


Bucharest relocation and 1930 census

Upon his return, Manuilă was named inspector general for public health in Transylvania. In 1927, he gave lectures on eugenics and
biopolitics Biopolitics is a concept popularized by the French philosopher Michel Foucault in the mid-20th century. At its core, biopolitics explores how governmental power operates through the management and regulation of a population's bodies and lives. ...
at ASTRA Society. Founding a biopolitical and biometrical research center at Cluj University, he began cooperating with the eugenicist Sheldon C. Reed on "biological issues". Also in 1927, Manuilă moved to the national capital,
Bucharest Bucharest ( , ; ) is the capital and largest city of Romania. The metropolis stands on the River Dâmbovița (river), Dâmbovița in south-eastern Romania. Its population is officially estimated at 1.76 million residents within a greater Buc ...
, where he began collaborating with
Dimitrie Gusti Dimitrie Gusti (; 13 February 1880 – 30 October 1955) was a Romanian sociologist, ethnologist, historian, and voluntarist philosopher; a professor at the University of Iași and the University of Bucharest, he served as Romania's Minister ...
and with the statistical school of Octav Onicescu. Focusing on
biopolitics Biopolitics is a concept popularized by the French philosopher Michel Foucault in the mid-20th century. At its core, biopolitics explores how governmental power operates through the management and regulation of a population's bodies and lives. ...
, his research took him into the exploration of local demographics and demographic history. He was especially active in the field of "ethnodemographic prognosis", one of the first and few Romanians who took up this chore.Achim (2005), p. 141 According to fellow statistician
Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (born Nicolae Georgescu, 4 February 1906 – 30 October 1994) was a Romanian mathematician, statistician and economist. He is best known today for his 1971 Masterpiece, magnum opus ''The Entropy Law and the Economic Pr ...
, his "organisation of Romania's vital statistics was an international paragon". In 1929, he entered Gusti's Romanian Social Institute, and that year, together with five other doctors, he participated in a Gusti-coordinated monograph-writing campaign at Drăguș village in the vicinity of
Făgăraș Făgăraș (; , ) is a municipiu, city in central Romania, located in Brașov County. It lies on the Olt (river), Olt River and has a population of 26,284 as of 2021. It is situated in the historical region of Transylvania, and is the main city of ...
. As such, he led operations for the nationwide census of 1930, sponsored by the Rockefeller Foundation, subsequently leading the Institute of Demography and Census. At the Social Institute, with Gusti's consent, he established a section for eugenics and
biological anthropology Biological anthropology, also known as physical anthropology, is a natural science discipline concerned with the biological and behavioral aspects of human beings, their extinct hominin ancestors, and related non-human primates, particularly fro ...
. Supervised by Gusti and funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, Manuilă and his wife also created a Bucharest School of Social Work, which doubled as an institute for the propagation of eugenic ideals. It was located on
YMCA YMCA, sometimes regionally called the Y, is a worldwide youth organisation based in Geneva, Switzerland, with more than 64 million beneficiaries in 120 countries. It has nearly 90,000 staff, some 920,000 volunteers and 12,000 branches w ...
grounds, and had Henri H. Stahl, Francisc Rainer, Gheorghe Banu, Mircea Vulcănescu, and Xenia Costa-Foru among its lecturers. At the time, Manuilă himself made groundbreaking discoveries about the demography of
Transylvania Transylvania ( or ; ; or ; Transylvanian Saxon dialect, Transylvanian Saxon: ''Siweberjen'') is a List of historical regions of Central Europe, historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and ...
and the Romanianization of its cities. In 1929, he put out the treatise ("The Demographic Evolution of Cities and Ethnic Minorities in Transylvania"), which earned him another Academy prize.Bolovan & Bolovan, p. 131 He made projects about population exchanges between
Greater Romania Greater Romania () is the Kingdom of Romania in the interwar period, achieved after the Great Union or the related pan-nationalist ideal of a nation-state which would incorporate all Romanian speakers.Irina LivezeanuCultural Politics in Greate ...
and its various neighbors, with the goal of discarding "elements with a centrifugal tendency" and keeping "ethnic purity", and even proposed the colonization of his native Crișana with Romanians from Hungary. Moreover, Manuilă campaigned for the adoption of social welfare and biopolitical laws that, he argued, would curb emigration from Romania and promote the consolidation of a Romanian urban society. However, he believed that Romanianization was largely a natural phenomenon, and a facet of urbanization: the Romanian rural majority of the Austro-Hungarian period was moving into the cities. Uniquely among Romanian eugenicists, he endorsed fully the abortion-rights option, noting that
natalism Natalism (also called pronatalism or the pro-birth position) is a policy paradigm or personal value that promotes the reproduction of human life as an important objective of humanity and therefore advocates a high birthrate. Cf.: According to t ...
, while practical, should never infringe on a woman's informed choice.


ICS foundation

Active politically, Manuilă joined the
National Peasants' Party The National Peasants' Party (also known as the National Peasant Party or National Farmers' Party; , or ''Partidul Național-Țărănist'', PNȚ) was an Agrarianism, agrarian political party in the Kingdom of Romania. It was formed in 1926 throu ...
(PNȚ), Lavinia Betea, Cristina Vohn
"Inedit. Primul ziar legal al PCdR a fost falsificat"
in '' Jurnalul Național'', October 25, 2005
and began corresponding on social matters with the International Agrarian Bureau. From 1927 to 1930, he was a high-ranking civil servant within the Labor, Health and Social Protection Ministry, and was Undersecretary of State in a PNȚ cabinet, under
Prime Minister A prime minister or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. A prime minister is not the head of state, but r ...
Iuliu Maniu. He later became Maniu's adviser in matters of sociology.Moldovanu, p. 163 He represented Romania at congresses held by the
International Statistical Institute The International Statistical Institute (ISI) is a professional association of statisticians. At a meeting of the Jubilee Meeting of the Royal Statistical Society, statisticians met and formed the agreed statues of the International Statistical ...
, the International Institute of Sociology, the
League of Nations The League of Nations (LN or LoN; , SdN) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. It was founded on 10 January 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920), Paris Peace ...
Committee on Population, and International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP). He sided with Corrado Gini's wing of the IUSSP, which promoted the natalist and racialist dogmas of
Italian fascism Italian fascism (), also called classical fascism and Fascism, is the original fascist ideology, which Giovanni Gentile and Benito Mussolini developed in Italy. The ideology of Italian fascism is associated with a series of political parties le ...
. In 1933, the advent of
Nazi Germany Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German Reich, German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a Totalit ...
brought racism into the focus of Romanian intellectuals. In a 1934 interview, Manuilă expressed biopolitical reserves about Nazi racial doctrines. Although he believed in the "evident scientific facts" of racial determinism, he observed that "racial science" was still "young", and argued that Nazis were "compromising" the racial agenda. He also stated that
Romanian Jews The history of the Jews in Romania concerns the Jews both of Romania and of Romanian origins, from their first mention on what is present-day Romanian territory. Minimal until the 18th century, the size of the Jewish population increased after ...
were "not a racial, but an economic problem, to which was added a sentimental factor". In August 1935, he was Vice President of the IUSSP Congress in Berlin, which was effectively a propaganda display for Nazi biopolitics, with
Eugen Fischer Eugen Fischer (5 July 1874 – 9 July 1967) was a German professor of medicine, anthropology, and eugenics, and a member of the Nazi Party. He served as director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics, ...
as the host. By the end of the decade, Manuilă became convinced about the dangers of
miscegenation Miscegenation ( ) is marriage or admixture between people who are members of different races or ethnicities. It has occurred many times throughout history, in many places. It has occasionally been controversial or illegal. Adjectives describin ...
, an idea which came to him from fellow sociologist Iordache Făcăoaru. Returning to the Institute of Demography and Census, Manuilă helped Gusti organize another expedition, this time to his native Sâmbăteni (1934), and studied first-hand the region's depopulation. He also refocused on his eugenic projects: in 1935, he helped establish the Romanian Royal Eugenics Society (presided upon by Gheorghe Marinescu), also attending the Congress of Latin Eugenic Societies in
Mexico City Mexico City is the capital city, capital and List of cities in Mexico, largest city of Mexico, as well as the List of North American cities by population, most populous city in North America. It is one of the most important cultural and finan ...
. Also that year, he addressed a memo to the
Ministry of Education An education ministry is a national or subnational government agency politically responsible for education. Various other names are commonly used to identify such agencies, such as Ministry of Education, Department of Education, and Ministry of Pub ...
, proposing to assimilate, peacefully but resolutely, Romania's Hungarian-speaking
Székelys The Székelys (, Old Hungarian script, Székely runes: ), also referred to as Szeklers, are a Hungarians, Hungarian subgroup living mostly in the Székely Land in Romania. In addition to their native villages in Suceava County in Bukovina, a ...
. He also insisted on his old idea of "eradicating" the Hungarians of Crișana and bringing in their stead Romanians stranded across the border in Hungary, and demanded a strict policy of linguistic discrimination in Transylvania-proper. Nonetheless, Manuilă toned down the racialism of other eugenicists, who wanted the Székelys and their Csango relatives to be counted as separate from Hungarians, based on claims that both of the former had Romanian ancestry. He reputedly based his rejection on a linguistic rationale, as all three communities were Hungarian-speaking. In 1937, Sabin Manuilă was an official host, and Veturia a guest speaker, at the Bucharest Anthropological Congress, placed under the patronage of
King King is a royal title given to a male monarch. A king is an Absolute monarchy, absolute monarch if he holds unrestricted Government, governmental power or exercises full sovereignty over a nation. Conversely, he is a Constitutional monarchy, ...
Carol II Carol II (4 April 1953) was King of Romania from 8 June 1930, until his forced abdication on 6 September 1940. As the eldest son of Ferdinand I of Romania, King Ferdinand I, he became crown prince upon the death of his grand-uncle, King Carol I, ...
. From 1938, Manuilă headed his own Central Statistical Institute (''Institutul Central de Statistică'', ICS), while also serving as Secretary General of the Statistical Society, seconding Gusti. This move was a sign of his quarrels with Moldovan, who nevertheless continued to influence the Manuilă's work. His new research produced several detailed monographs, including a 1937 study on ''Populația României'' ("The Population of Romania"), and a 1938 Romanian encyclopedia (''Enciclopedia României''), which detailed and examined the 1930 census data. Dealing with the
Great Depression The Great Depression was a severe global economic downturn from 1929 to 1939. The period was characterized by high rates of unemployment and poverty, drastic reductions in industrial production and international trade, and widespread bank and ...
, his articles of the time discuss the "overpopulation" of Romania's universities as a cause of white-collar unemployment, proposing a government selection of the human capital. However, when Carol II ordered him to estimate the number of jobless people with a college diploma, Manuilă counted 6,000 individuals, which was well below official expectations.


World War II racism

Manuilă had a sinuous career during the first years of World War II, when his interest shifted toward
geopolitics Geopolitics () is the study of the effects of Earth's geography on politics and international relations. Geopolitics usually refers to countries and relations between them, it may also focus on two other kinds of State (polity), states: ''de fac ...
and historical geography. In 1938, upon Gusti's recommendation, he was elected a corresponding member of the Romanian Academy; until 1940, he was also a department head within Banu's Institute of Hygiene and Public Health. In 1939, Carol II's
National Renaissance Front The National Renaissance Front (, FRN; also translated as ''Front of National Regeneration'', ''Front of National Rebirth'', ''Front of National Resurrection'', or ''Front of National Renaissance'') was a Romanian political party created by King Ca ...
(FRN) terminated Manuilă's ICS, and all statisticians were left unemployed.
"Viața noastră cea de toate zilele"
in '' Observator Cultural'', Nr. 486, August 2009
During 1940, the regime again appealed to Manuilă's expertise. At the time, Romania had abandoned its friendship with the
Western Allies Western Allies was a political and geographic grouping among the Allied Powers of the Second World War. It primarily refers to the leading Anglo-American Allied powers, namely the United States and the United Kingdom, although the term has also be ...
, and was testing a rapprochement with
Nazi Germany Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German Reich, German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a Totalit ...
and the
Axis Powers The Axis powers, originally called the Rome–Berlin Axis and also Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis, was the military coalition which initiated World War II and fought against the Allies of World War II, Allies. Its principal members were Nazi Ge ...
. This, however, meant negotiating territorial exchanges with the Nazi-backed
Kingdom of Hungary The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from 1000 to 1946 and was a key part of the Habsburg monarchy from 1526-1918. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the Coro ...
. With Mihail Manoilescu and other
Foreign Affairs ''Foreign Affairs'' is an American magazine of international relations and foreign policy of the United States, U.S. foreign policy published by the Council on Foreign Relations, a nonprofit organization, nonprofit, nonpartisan, membership or ...
officials, Manuilă attended the meeting in
Turnu Severin Drobeta-Turnu Severin (), colloquially Severin, is a city in Mehedinți County, Oltenia, Romania, on the northern bank of the Danube, close to the Iron Gates. It is one of six Romanian county seats lying on the river Danube. "Drobeta" is the name ...
, where the Romanian side first took into consideration population exchanges between Romania and Hungary. In the end, a Nazi-mediated Vienna Award carved out the region of
Northern Transylvania Northern Transylvania (, ) was the region of the Kingdom of Romania that during World War II, as a consequence of the August 1940 territorial agreement known as the Second Vienna Award, became part of the Kingdom of Hungary (1920-1946), Kingdom ...
and assigned it to Hungary. Manuilă was present at the proceedings. The ICS returned to prominence in late 1940: following the Award and the political turmoil it generated, Romania became a
National Legionary State The National Legionary State () was a Totalitarianism, totalitarian Fascism, fascist regime which governed Kingdom of Romania, Romania for five months, from 14 September 1940 until its official dissolution on 14 February 1941. The regime was led ...
, ruled over by
Ion Antonescu Ion Antonescu (; ; – 1 June 1946) was a Romanian military officer and Mareșal (Romania), marshal who presided over two successive Romania during World War II, wartime dictatorships as Prime Minister of Romania, Prime Minister and ''Conduc� ...
. Manuilă and his staff were directly subordinated to the '' Conducător'', "substantiating governmental policy decisions" and, after Romania's entry into the conflict as a Nazi ally, making demographic projects in view of a future peace. Historian Viorel Achim noted in 2005: "Marshal Antonescu and other high-ranking officials would consult him on every population policy issue. While they did not always take his advice, he usually succeeded in bringing them round to his views." Historian
Vladimir Solonari Vladimir Solonari (born 20 October 1959, in Chișinău, Moldavian SSR, USSR) is a Moldovan-American historian, university professor, and former politician. Biography Solonari was born in a family of ethnic Ukrainians in Moldova, Ukrainian speak ...
notes that Antonescu's ascendency signified Manuilă's own promotion: "Antonescu ..absolutely trusted his expertise", and presented the ICS with a state monopoly on statistical research. Also according to Solonari, Manuilă transformed himself into "an enthusiastic supporter" of Nazi racial policies, "that he now wanted to introduce in Romania." The ICS remained "the most important" instrument of "ethnopolitics", and as such mediated between Antonescu and Nazi racial scientists, in particular members of the Expert Committee on Questions of Population and Racial Policy. Manuilă built contacts with Friedrich Burgdörfer, Wilfried Krallert, and Alessandro Molinari. As scholar Maria Bucur writes, Manuilă made a transition to the
far-right Far-right politics, often termed right-wing extremism, encompasses a range of ideologies that are marked by ultraconservatism, authoritarianism, ultranationalism, and nativism. This political spectrum situates itself on the far end of the ...
, but without establishing "explicit links" with the governing
Iron Guard The Iron Guard () was a Romanian militant revolutionary nationalism, revolutionary Clerical fascism, religious fascist Political movement, movement and political party founded in 1927 by Corneliu Zelea Codreanu as the Legion of the Archangel M ...
. When the Iron Guard was eventually banned, following the rebellion and pogrom of January 1941, its leadership insisted that Veturia Manuilă had played a hand in the affair. They cited her as an anti-Guardist influence on the dictator's wife, Maria Antonescu. Jean Ancel
"Anatomia unei repetate falsificări"
in '' Revista 22'', Nr. 864, October 13, 2006
Manuilă did however support the passage of Jewish segregation laws, adopting the corollaries of economic antisemitism, according to which Jewish wealth and influence needed to be kept in check. Manuilă's antisemitism was more nuanced than the Guard's own policies. In his 1940 article about "racial commands", where he proposed to create a "Superior Council for the Protection of the Race", Manuilă insisted that the Jews were a largely harmless community, both self-segregated and endogamous. He elaborated on this issue with articles hosted by the ''Deutsches Archiv für Landes- und Volksforschung'' (1941), describing the " Jewish Question" in Romania as "qualitative", not "quantitative", and insisting that the Jewish population figures circulated in Romanian antisemitic circles were unrealistic. Instead, he claimed that "Romania's racial issue" was to be found among the Romanies (Gypsies), whom he described as " dysgenic", subversive, and exogamous. He endorsed their
compulsory sterilization Compulsory sterilization, also known as forced or coerced sterilization, refers to any government-mandated program to involuntarily sterilize a specific group of people. Sterilization removes a person's capacity to reproduce, and is usually do ...
. This idea was supported by Burgdörfer, who described the Romanies as being of "capital importance" among Romania's issues in racial hygiene.Achim (2005), p. 145 Manuilă soon began work on a new census, "a giant, extremely complex operation" which was intended to give added weight to Romania's claims on her neighbors.Bolovan & Bolovan, p. 133 According to historian Victor Neumann, this enterprise was also notable for the "ideologized criteria and notions" which it vented in its published form. A special section of the 1941 census involved the cataloging of all Jewish property, a summary of which was sent to the German Main Security Office. Manuilă also advised government to add the criminal status of Romani individuals in its census data, including sentences for being " work-shy".


Manuilă and Transnistria deportations

In late 1941, with Romania's participation on the Eastern Front as a German ally, Manuilă again proposed, in his memos to Antonescu, a population exchange, meaning to solve the issue of Northern Transylvania. He and Antonescu discussed this matter face to face, during a meeting in the Bessarabian town of Tighina. Manuilă also envisaged the mass return of ethnic Romanians from Bulgaria and
Serbia , image_flag = Flag of Serbia.svg , national_motto = , image_coat = Coat of arms of Serbia.svg , national_anthem = () , image_map = , map_caption = Location of Serbia (gree ...
, the eventual relocation to Germany of all Germans in Romania, and a voluntary repatriation of the Csángós and Romanian Turks. He later advised Antonescu on resettling scattered communities of Romanian Ukrainians into the more compact
Transnistria Transnistria, officially known as the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic and locally as Pridnestrovie, is a Landlocked country, landlocked Transnistria conflict#International recognition of Transnistria, breakaway state internationally recogn ...
. These were to be then moved in other areas, where they were to replace Jews,
Ukrainians Ukrainians (, ) are an East Slavs, East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine. Their native tongue is Ukrainian language, Ukrainian, and the majority adhere to Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodoxy, forming the List of contemporary eth ...
and Russian Bessarabians—a measure that was actually set in motion in November 1941. Manuilă also discussed Romania's new shape in the New Order, proposing a revision of Greater Romania's pre-1940 borders, excluding most of
Southern Dobruja Southern Dobruja or South Dobruja ( or simply , ; or , ), also the Quadrilateral (), is an area of north-eastern Bulgaria comprising Dobrich and Silistra provinces, part of the historical region of Dobruja. It has an area of 7,412 square km an ...
. The country was to annex Pokuttya and
Békéscsaba Békéscsaba (; ; see also #Name, other alternative names) is a city with county rights in southeast Hungary, the capital of Békés County. Geography Békéscsaba is located in the Great Hungarian Plain, southeast from Budapest. Highway 44, 47 ...
, but not Transnistria. She was also to cede much of Hotin, Storojineț, and
Cernăuți Chernivtsi (, ; , ;, , see also #Names, other names) is a city in southwestern Ukraine on the upper course of the Prut River. Formerly the capital of the historic region of Bukovina, which is now divided between Romania and Ukraine, Chernivt ...
counties to a Nazified Ukraine, and some western areas (including
Salonta Salonta (; , colloquially , ; ) is a municipiu, city in Bihor County, in the geographical region of Crișana, north-western Romania, near the Hungarian border. Population According to the 2021 Romanian census, 2021 census, Salonta has a popu ...
,
Oradea Oradea (, , ; ; ) is a city in Romania, located in the Crișana region. It serves as the administrative county seat, seat of Bihor County and an economic, social, and cultural hub in northwestern Romania. The city lies between rolling hills on ...
, and
Satu Mare Satu Mare (; ; ; or ) is a city with a population of 102,400 (2011). It is the capital of Satu Mare County, Romania, as well as the centre of the Satu Mare metropolitan area. It lies in the region of Maramureș, broadly part of Transylvania ...
) to Hungary. Some references were made to the Timok Valley and the traditional homelands of the
Aromanians The Aromanians () are an Ethnic groups in Europe, ethnic group native to the southern Balkans who speak Aromanian language, Aromanian, an Eastern Romance language. They traditionally live in central and southern Albania, south-western Bulgari ...
, but the project made no explicit annexation proposal concerning those lands. More significantly, the paper also envisaged the unilateral deportation to Transnistria of all Romanian Jews and Romanies, identifying them as stateless peoples with no outside protection. This measure was supposed to enforce Romania's "ethnic homogeneity", and was presumably influenced by Manuilă's confidence in Moldovan's eugenic movement, but did not, in fact, call for the physical elimination of either community. The Manuilă's working relationship with Antonescu also involved them in other issues specific to the Holocaust in Romania. Veturia Manuilă worked with Maria Antonescu on the state-run charity office, called Patronage Council. Ioan Scurtu
"«Cucoanele» mareșalului Antonescu"
in ''Historia'', August 2013
In addition to its social work attributes, the institution was involved in extorting Jews who were subject to deportation. In 1942, Manuilă's demographic inspections in Transnistria made him a silent witness of the 1941 Odessa massacre and death marches to Berezivka. Later that year, Transnistria Governor
Gheorghe Alexianu Gheorghe Alexianu (January 1, 1897 – 1 June 1946) was a Romanian lawyer, high school teacher and associate professor who served as governor of Transnistria between 1941 and 1944. In 1946, he was accused and convicted of war crimes, crim ...
ordered Manuilă and Făcăoaru to carry out an
anthropometric Anthropometry (, ) refers to the measurement of the human individual. An early tool of physical anthropology, it has been used for identification, for the purposes of understanding human physical variation, in paleoanthropology and in various a ...
study of the Romanian soldiers, to gather evidence on possible Jewish exogamy. In 1943, Antonescu assigned Manuilă, Făcăoaru, and Banu to a governmental task-force "for the Promotion and Protection of the Biological Capital of the Nation"; Moldovan was its chairman. According to Achim, the population-exchange texts do not exhibit a racist agenda, and are also "non-imperialistic". They are "in unison" with Antonescu's policies of
ethnic cleansing Ethnic cleansing is the systematic forced removal of ethnic, racial, or religious groups from a given area, with the intent of making the society ethnically homogeneous. Along with direct removal such as deportation or population transfer, it ...
, but were not in themselves the basis of a government program. Nonetheless, one of the memos stands as a historical premiere, since Manuilă made official claims about a "Gypsy problem", again describing the Romanies as a "dysgenic" threat, "social and national non-values, and a racial hazard". Andrei Oișteanu, ''Inventing the Jew. Antisemitic Stereotypes in Romanian and Other Central East-European Cultures''.
University of Nebraska Press The University of Nebraska Press (UNP) was founded in 1941 and is an academic publisher of scholarly and general-interest books. The press is under the auspices of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, the main campus of the University of Ne ...
, Lincoln, 2009, , p. 13
He also assessed that Romanies had been systematically under-counted in the 1930 census, and that this apparent assimilation reflected "extreme humanitarianism" on the Romanian side, and had gone on for far too long. According to scholar Dennis Deletant, this approach is "redolent of Nazi ideology", seeking "scapegoats for the woes of the Romanian people". Both Deletant and Thorne note that Manuilă's eugenic ideas about the Romanies did in fact shape Antonescu's "ethnic policies", leading to the Romanies' deportation.


1944 Coup and aftermath

Despite his official positions and involvement in racial projects, Manuilă was still affiliated with the PNȚ, which was in the semi-clandestine opposition to Antonescu.
Radu Lecca Radu D. Lecca (February 15, 1890–1980) was a Romanian spy, journalist, civil servant and convicted War crime, war criminal. A World War I veteran who served a prison term for espionage in France during the early 1930s, he was a noted support ...
, an Antonescu adviser who oversaw the deportations to Transnistria, later claimed that Manuilă was spying on the regime for the Americans. As noted by Achim: "Manuilă, despite his antiminority opinions, was perceived by many contemporaries, both before and after the war, as a democrat."Achim (2005), p. 140 At the ICS, he revived Gusti's old team in 1941, assigning them their own Office for Studies. He therefore collaborated with sociologists of all backgrounds: leftists such as Stahl and Anton Golopenția, alongside Făcăoaru, arrested by Antonescu for his role in the Iron Guard (Golopenția was directly involved in the project to resettle Romanians from Ukraine to Transnistria). With Manuilă's acquiescence, members of this team extended their protection to some 5,000 Jews, employing them at the ICS and preventing their deportation or internment in labor camps.Boia, p. 235 This was contrary to Manuilă's regular agenda: in early 1942, he himself had sent Antonescu notes about deporting all "useless" Jews, the latter being defined by race. According to Bucur, both Manuilă and Făcăoaru were probably informed that the deportees were being decimated on arrival by a massive
typhus Typhus, also known as typhus fever, is a group of infectious diseases that include epidemic typhus, scrub typhus, and murine typhus. Common symptoms include fever, headache, and a rash. Typically these begin one to two weeks after exposu ...
epidemic. The ICS also hosted an illegal cell of the
Romanian Communist Party The Romanian Communist Party ( ; PCR) was a communist party in Romania. The successor to the pro-Bolshevik wing of the Socialist Party of Romania, it gave an ideological endorsement to a communist revolution that would replace the social system ...
(PCdR), which worked closely with the communist resistant
Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu (; 4 November 1900 – 17 April 1954) was a Romanian communist politician and leading member of the Communist Party of Romania (PCR), also noted for his activities as a lawyer, sociologist and economist. For a while, he ...
. This group and the Institute as a whole played a major part in the antifascist coup of August 1944. During the events, Golopenția and his men occupied the building housing Radio Bucharest, while Manuilă, from his home on Schitu Măgureanu Boulevard, ensured communications between the PCdR and Maniu. Following the start of Soviet occupation, Manuilă joined the Romanian Society for Friendship with the Soviet Union (ARLUS), for a while heading its Sociological Section. At the same time, with an article in '' Revista Fundațiilor Regale'', he argued that America's victory in the war was a direct evidence of its superior health policies. Manuilă and Făcăoaru were publicly congratulated by the Jewish community for their role in rescuing their coreligionists. At the time, Manuilă was obfuscating his earlier participation in the passage of antisemitic regulations. In his December 1944 interview with the Jewish magazine ''Curierul Israelit'', he asserted: "The adoption of racial laws constitutes a great aberration in the mind, is not congruent with this century, and is alien to the traditions of the Romanian nation." Manuilă soon joined the Union of Patriots, a PCdR ally, and, in November, was appointed Undersecretary of State for Stately Organization, serving under
Constantin Sănătescu Constantin Sănătescu (14 January 1885 – 8 November 1947) was a Romanian general and statesman who served as the 44th Prime Minister of Romania after the 23 August 1944 coup after which Romania left the Axis powers and joined the Allies. Ea ...
. According to other sources, however, he was still (or also) a PNȚ representative. Under Sănătescu, Romania joined the Allies, and fought in particular against the Hungarians in Northern Transylvania. Manuilă was co-opted on the advisory council of the Commissariat for Transylvania's Liberated Regions, created by his patron Maniu as a special branch of government. Alongside the goal of returning Romanian administrators to the area, the Commissariat also made a specific point of dissuading
Hungarian irredentism Hungarian irredentism or Greater Hungary ( ) are irredentist political ideas concerning redemption of territories of the historical Kingdom of Hungary. The objective is to at least regain control over Hungarian-populated areas in Hungary's neighb ...
. Manuilă also campaigned internationally for the recognition of Romanian rule in Northern Transylvania, citing demographic and historical evidence in his English-language tract, ''The Vienna Award and Its Demographical Consequences'' (1945). He was consumed with a project to set up the Western Faculty of Medicine in
Timișoara Timișoara (, , ; , also or ; ; ; see #Etymology, other names) is the capital city of Timiș County, Banat, and the main economic, social and cultural center in Western Romania. Located on the Bega (Tisza), Bega River, Timișoara is consider ...
, with which he hoped to tackle the Banat depopulation issue.


Communist takeover and defection

Manuilă kept his government post after Sănătescu fell and was replaced with
Nicolae Rădescu Nicolae Rădescu (; 30 March 1874 – 16 May 1953) was a Romanian army officer and political figure. He was the last pre- communist rule Prime Minister of Romania, serving from 7 December 1944 to 1 March 1945. Biography Early life and education ...
, but was forced out by the communist purge of the power structures, in March 1945. He returned to the ICS, but found himself in conflict with both the party cell and the corporate trade union. Having lost his job at ARLUS and his seat on the Romanian delegation to the Paris Peace Conference, he was eventually demoted by the Institute in August 1947. His position was filled in by Golopenția, who, although a protégé of the communist
Miron Constantinescu Miron Constantinescu (13 December 1917 – 18 July 1974) was a Romanian communist politician, a leading member of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR, known as PMR for a period of his lifetime), as well as a Marxist sociologist, historian, academic ...
, was seen by Manuilă as a worthy successor. Manuilă became a political suspect, but not because of his Nazi contacts; rather, Manuilă was perceived as an Americophile. With Georgescu-Roegen and the state carrier inspector Max Manolescu, Manuilă considered a plan to escape from Romania by plane, but this was thwarted by police during a routine checkup. According to Georgescu-Roegen, their plan also involved Pătrășcanu, who had fallen out with his communist partners. Seizing his last opportunity just before the communist regime took over, Manuilă appealed to the anti-communist resistance figure Silviu Craciunas, who ran a people-smuggling operation. Using this channel, and with assistance from three Jewish anticommunists (Lola Roth and the brothers Leibovici), Manuilă crossed the porous border into the Hungarian Republic. Sabin and Veturia Manuilă defected in Austria, and eventually made their way to the United States. In 1948, Manuilă settled in
New York City New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive w ...
, where he continued his scientific and publishing work. Additionally, he was involved in the exile community, taking part in its cultural and political activities. He worked with the Iuliu Maniu Foundation, the Assembly of Captive European Nations (ACEN), the
National Committee for a Free Europe The National Committee for a Free Europe, later known as Free Europe Committee, was an anti-communist Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) front organization, founded on June 1, 1949, in New York City, which worked for the spreading of NATO influence ...
, and a virtual government-in-exile, the Romanian National Committee (RNC). He also headed a section on the Study of Displaced Populations at the International Institute of Sociology, under Gini's presidency. Veturia Manuilă was also involved in such work, joining the National Council of Romanian Women in Exile and speaking on
Radio Free Europe Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is a media organization broadcasting news and analyses in 27 languages to 23 countries across Eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Caucasus, and the Middle East. Headquartered in Prague since 1995, RFE/RL ...
. In 1952, Manuilă became an RNC representative to the
United Nations The United Nations (UN) is the Earth, global intergovernmental organization established by the signing of the Charter of the United Nations, UN Charter on 26 June 1945 with the stated purpose of maintaining international peace and internationa ...
and, three years later, was sworn in as an executive member of the RNC. His brother Camil was also a member of the RNC staff by 1956, by which time the committee's hope for an anticommunist takeover in Romania were evidently unrealistic. In 1950, Manuilă debated over Romania's fate behind the
Iron Curtain The Iron Curtain was the political and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. On the east side of the Iron Curtain were countries connected to the So ...
with George Sokolsky, the American broadcaster, who had noted that, as home to a fascist regime, Romania deserved its status. Manuilă retorted that: "for a period, omaniahad a fascist government, it is true. But Romania has overthrown it with decision and firmness. Italy had, Germany had, Japan had fascist governments, which were never overthrown until conquered. Yet they are today recipients of American favors." As noted by scholar Johanna Granville, this reply omitted to mention that the overthrow of fascism had in fact resulted in Northern Transylvania being returned to Romania. Stranded in Romania and sacked from his position at the institute, Golopenția drew up schemes for the decommunization in Romania, recording his thoughts and his intention to contact Manuilă. His notes were picked up by the
Securitate The Department of State Security (), commonly known as the Securitate (, ), was the secret police agency of the Socialist Republic of Romania. It was founded on 30 August 1948 from the '' Siguranța'' with help and direction from the Soviet MG ...
during the Pătrășcanu trial, and resulted in Golopenția's fatal imprisonment.


Later life and legacy

Professionally, Manuilă was employed by
Stanford University Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University, is a Private university, private research university in Stanford, California, United States. It was founded in 1885 by railroad magnate Leland Stanford (the eighth ...
Institute for Food Research, where he published a monograph on ''The Agricultural Economy of the Danubian Countries: 1935–1945'', then as a Counselor for the
United States Census Bureau The United States Census Bureau, officially the Bureau of the Census, is a principal agency of the Federal statistical system, U.S. federal statistical system, responsible for producing data about the American people and American economy, econ ...
. Working at ACE and the Commission for Refugees Help, he dealt with issues of social security, population trends, and refugees' social integration. During the 1950s, he also completed work on demographic histories of the Romanian Jews (''Regional Development of the Jewish Population in Romania'' in 1957, ''Populația Evreiască din România'' in 1958). These brought him close to Wilhelm Filderman, the exile Jewish Romanian political activist and RNC affiliate, who helped him obtain raw data. Manuilă presented his and Filderman's findings at the International Statistical Institute's 30th Congress, in
Stockholm Stockholm (; ) is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in Sweden by population, most populous city of Sweden, as well as the List of urban areas in the Nordic countries, largest urban area in the Nordic countries. Approximately ...
(1957). However, according to Holocaust historian Jean Ancel, Filderman "knew nothing of Manuilă's 'other face'", and Manuilă profited from his "good faith" to grossly underestimate Romania's share in the genocide. Filderman's more realistic notes were never published by Manuilă, who mis-cited them as backing his own data; Filderman, Ancel notes, never had a chance to question the text, having fallen ill with
Alzheimer's disease Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease and the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia. The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events. As the disease advances, symptoms can include problems wit ...
between their compiling and the Stockholm presentation. In September 1963, Manuilă attended the 20th International Congress of Sociology, in
Córdoba, Argentina Córdoba () is a city in central Argentina, in the foothills of the Punilla Valley, Sierras Chicas on the Primero River, Suquía River, about northwest of Buenos Aires. It is the capital of Córdoba Province, Argentina, Córdoba Province an ...
, where he presented a paper on wartime demographics in Romania, noting the increase of living standards in the 1960s. He died on November 20, 1964, of a cerebral hemorrhage at Parkchester General Hospital in
the Bronx The Bronx ( ) is the northernmost of the five Boroughs of New York City, boroughs of New York City, coextensive with Bronx County, in the U.S. state of New York (state), New York. It shares a land border with Westchester County, New York, West ...
. His widow Veturia continued to publish memoirs and studies in social science. She died in Brick Township in 1986. Stripped of his Romanian Academy membership during the four decades of communist rule, Manuilă was posthumously readmitted in July 1990, that is to say six months after the
Romanian Revolution The Romanian revolution () was a period of violent Civil disorder, civil unrest in Socialist Republic of Romania, Romania during December 1989 as a part of the revolutions of 1989 that occurred in several countries around the world, primarily ...
. Access to his archive at the ICS was strictly prohibited under communism, and remained restricted after 1989. As critically noted by Bucur, his subsequent depictions in Romanian historiography are those of a "tolerant, rational, balanced" scientist, glossing over his wartime activities. Controversially, in the mid-1990s Manuilă's studies on minority populations were included in works of Holocaust revisionists Kurt Treptow and Larry Watts, alongside fabricated quotes from Filderman, in what was read as an effort to induce doubt about Antonescu's antisemitic crimes. Manuilă's claims and the related fabrications were reused in denialist claims stated by authors such as
Gheorghe Buzatu Gheorghe Buzatu (6 June 1939 – 20 May 2013)
and Raoul Șorban.Dragoș Constantin Sdrobiș, "Considerații cu referire la naționalismul lui Raoul Șorban", in ''Studia Universitatis Cibiniensis. Series Historica'', Vol. 5, 2008, pp. 227–228


Notes


References

* ''Final Report'' of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania. Polirom, Iași, 2004, * Viorel Achim, ** "The Romanian Population Exchange Project Elaborated by Sabin Manuilă in October 1941", in ''Annali dell'Istituto Storico Italo-germanico in Trento'', Vol. XXVII, 2001, pp. 593–617 ** "Romanian-German Collaboration in Ethnopolitics: The Case of Sabin Manuilă", in Ingo Haar, Michael Fahlbusch (eds.), ''German Scholars and Ethnic Cleansing 1920-1945''.
Berghahn Books Berghahn Books is a New York and Oxford–based publisher of scholarly books and academic journals in the humanities and social sciences, with a special focus on social and cultural anthropology, European history, politics, and film and media ...
, Providence, 2005, , pp. 139–154 * Lucian Boia, ''Capcanele istoriei. Elita intelectuală românească între 1930 și 1950''. Humanitas publishing house, Humanitas, Bucharest, 2012, * Sorina Bolovan, Ioan Bolovan, "Considérations sur la vie et l'activité de Sabin Manuilă", in ''Transylvanian Review'', Nr. 1/1995, pp. 128–134 * , "National Projects, Regional Identities, Everyday Compromises. Szeklerland in Greater Romania (1919–1940)", in ''The Hungarian Historical Review'', Vol. 2, Issue 3, 2013, pp. 477–511 * Maria Bucur, ''Eugenie și modernizare în România interbelică''. Polirom, Iași, 2005, * Lucian T. Butaru, ''Rasism românesc. Componenta rasială a discursului antisemit din România, până la Al Doilea Război Mondial''. Editura Fundației pentru Studii Europene, Cluj-Napoca, 2010, * Laura Coșovanu, ''Register of the Sabin Manuila Papers, 1893-1976. 76102''. Hoover Institution Library and Archives, Stanford, 1998 * Dennis Deletant, ''Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania, 1940-1944''. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2006, *
Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (born Nicolae Georgescu, 4 February 1906 – 30 October 1994) was a Romanian mathematician, statistician and economist. He is best known today for his 1971 Masterpiece, magnum opus ''The Entropy Law and the Economic Pr ...
, "An Emigrant from a Developing Country. Autobiographical Notes, II", in ''BNL Quarterly Review'', Nr. 184, March 1993, pp. 3–30 * Johanna Granville
"'If Hope Is Sin, Then We Are All Guilty': Romanian Students' Reactions to the Hungarian Revolution and Soviet Intervention, 1956–1958"
The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, No. 1905, University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh, April 2008 * Michael H. Impey, "Testimony from within the ''Anchetă''. The Ordeal of Anton Golopenția", in ''Philologica Jassyensia'', Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2007, pp. 279–300 * Irina Livezeanu, ''Cultural Politics in Greater Romania''. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 2000, * Liviu Moldovanu, "The Medical Staff of Arad and the Great Union", in ''Educația-Plus. Culegere Semestrială de Studii Științifice și Didactice'', Nr. 2/2008, pp. 131–175 * Marius Petraru, "The History of the Romanian National Committee: 1947–1975", in Katalin Kádár Lynn (ed.), ''The Inauguration of "Organized Political Warfare": Cold War Organizations Sponsored by the National Committee for a Free Europe/Free Europe Committee'', Central European University Press, Budapest, 2013, , pp. 121–198 *
Vladimir Solonari Vladimir Solonari (born 20 October 1959, in Chișinău, Moldavian SSR, USSR) is a Moldovan-American historian, university professor, and former politician. Biography Solonari was born in a family of ethnic Ukrainians in Moldova, Ukrainian speak ...
, "Ethnic Cleansing or 'Crime Prevention'? Deportation of Romanian Roma", in Anton Weiss-Wendt (ed.), ''The Nazi Genocide of the Roma: Reassessment and Commemoration''. Berghahn Books, New York City, 2013, , pp. 96–119 * Henri H. Stahl, ''Amintiri și gînduri din vechea școală a monografiilor sociologice''. Editura Minerva, Bucharest, 1981 * M. Benjamin Thorne, "Assimilation, Invisibility, and the Eugenic Turn in the 'Gypsy Question' in Romanian Society, 1938–1942", in ''Romani Studies (journal), Romani Studies'', Vol. 21, Issue 2, December 2011, pp. 177–205 * Marius Turda, "The Nation as Object: Race, Blood, and Biopolitics in Interwar Romania", in ''Slavic Review'', Vol. 66, Issue 3, 2007, pp. 413–441 * Marius Turda, Aaron Gillette, ''Latin Eugenics in Comparative Perspective''. Bloomsbury Publishing, London & New York City, 2014, * Michael Wedekind, "The Mathematization of the Human Being. Anthropology and Ethnopolitics in Romania in the Late 1930s and Early 1940s", in ''New Zealand Slavonic Journal'', Vol. 44, 2010, pp. 27–67 {{DEFAULTSORT:Manuila, Sabin 1894 births 1964 deaths People from Arad County Romanian public health doctors Hygienists Serologists Romanian sociologists 20th-century Romanian anthropologists Physical anthropologists 20th-century geographers Romanian geographers Romanian demographers Romanian food scientists Biostatisticians Romanian statisticians Biopolitics Geopoliticians Romanian eugenicists Abortion-rights activists Proponents of scientific racism Antiziganism in Romania Romanian encyclopedists 20th-century Romanian essayists Romanian opinion journalists Corresponding members of the Romanian Academy Academic staff of Babeș-Bolyai University Stanford University staff Romanian Austro-Hungarians Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I Eötvös Loránd University alumni 20th-century Romanian civil servants Delegates of the Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia National Peasants' Party politicians Romanian fascists Romanian people of World War II The Holocaust in Romania Romanian Holocaust deniers Romanian emigrants to the United States Romanian defectors Members of the Romanian Academy of Sciences Deaths from intracranial haemorrhage